scholarly journals Hayvan Besleme Stratejileri ile Metan Emisyonunun Azaltılması

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1700-1713
Author(s):  
Hatice Nur Kılıç ◽  
Mustafa Boga
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Animal Feeding

The methods applied for yield increases per unit animal are also progressing rapidly, along with the rapid progress of agricultural and animal production in parallel with the rapidly developing population and the food demand. The increase in animal products increases the environmental impacts per unit of animal product. With the increase in animal wastes in recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased even more, thus negatively affecting the environment and animal health. In order to prevent this negative effect, sustainable methods and strategic measures related to animal feeding and care are important in order to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. Methane, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, is found in large amounts in the atmosphere as a molecule, the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere more than CO₂ increases the interest in this subject. Different practices related to the nutrition of ruminant animals (use of feed additives, feeding strategies) in order to optimize rumen conditions and increase productivity per unit animal is a developing area. Sharing this information with animal breeders will also benefit the environment, and therefore human and animal health, in terms of reducing both methane and nitrogen emissions. In ruminant animals, it can cause a loss of 2-12% of the gross energy taken with the feed so that the methane gas can be removed from the body. There are many studies on feeding to reduce nitrogen losses in faeces and urine, which cause methane emissions for ruminants, and many of these studies still do not reach a permanent conclusion. The reduction in enteric CH₄ emissions to be made must be tailored to the specific needs of farmers and livestock, and to be cost-effective. In our study, it is aimed to compile animal feeding strategies and reduction of methane emissions under different conditions.

Ruminant enteric methane mitigation: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Cottle ◽  
J. V. Nolan ◽  
S. G. Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
National Level ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Future Price ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Management Options

In Australia, agriculture is responsible for ~17% of total greenhouse gas emissions with ruminants being the largest single source. However, agriculture is likely to be shielded from the full impact of any future price on carbon. In this review, strategies for reducing ruminant methane output are considered in relation to rumen ecology and biochemistry, animal breeding and management options at an animal, farm, or national level. Nutritional management strategies have the greatest short-term impact. Methanogenic microorganisms remove H2 produced during fermentation of organic matter in the rumen and hind gut. Cost-effective ways to change the microbial ecology to reduce H2 production, to re-partition H2 into products other than methane, or to promote methanotrophic microbes with the ability to oxidise methane still need to be found. Methods of inhibiting methanogens include: use of antibiotics; promoting viruses/bacteriophages; use of feed additives such as fats and oils, or nitrate salts, or dicarboxylic acids; defaunation; and vaccination against methanogens. Methods of enhancing alternative H2 using microbial species include: inoculating with acetogenic species; feeding highly digestible feed components favouring ‘propionate fermentations’; and modifying rumen conditions. Conditions that sustain acetogen populations in kangaroos and termites, for example, are poorly understood but might be extended to ruminants. Mitigation strategies are not in common use in extensive grazing systems but dietary management or use of growth promotants can reduce methane output per unit of product. New, natural compounds that reduce rumen methane output may yet be found. Smaller but more permanent benefits are possible using genetic approaches. The indirect selection criterion, residual feed intake, when measured on ad libitum grain diets, has limited relevance for grazing cattle. There are few published estimates of genetic parameters for feed intake and methane production. Methane-related single nucleotide polymorphisms have yet to be used commercially. As a breeding objective, the use of methane/kg product rather than methane/head is recommended. Indirect selection via feed intake may be more cost-effective than via direct measurement of methane emissions. Life cycle analyses indicate that intensification is likely to reduce total greenhouse gas output but emissions and sequestration from vegetation and soil need to be addressed. Bio-economic modelling suggests most mitigation options are currently not cost-effective.

Methylotrophic methanogens everywhere — physiology and ecology of novel players in global methane cycling

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1895-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Söllinger ◽  
Tim Urich
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Model System ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Methane Cycling ◽  
Ruminant Animals

Research on methanogenic Archaea has experienced a revival, with many novel lineages of methanogens recently being found through cultivation and suggested via metagenomics approaches, respectively. Most of these lineages comprise Archaea (potentially) capable of methanogenesis from methylated compounds, a pathway that had previously received comparably little attention. In this review, we provide an overview of these new lineages with a focus on the Methanomassiliicoccales. These lack the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway and employ a hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic methanogenesis pathway fundamentally different from traditional methylotrophic methanogens. Several archaeal candidate lineages identified through metagenomics, such as the Ca. Verstraetearchaeota and Ca. Methanofastidiosa, encode genes for a methylotrophic methanogenesis pathway similar to the Methanomassiliicoccales. Thus, the latter are emerging as a model system for physiological, biochemical and ecological studies of hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic methanogens. Methanomassiliicoccales occur in a large variety of anoxic habitats including wetlands and animal intestinal tracts, i.e. in the major natural and anthropogenic sources of methane emissions, respectively. Especially in ruminant animals, they likely are among the major methane producers. Taken together, (hydrogen-dependent) methylotrophic methanogens are much more diverse and widespread than previously thought. Considering the role of methane as potent greenhouse gas, resolving the methanogenic nature of a broad range of putative novel methylotrophic methanogens and assessing their role in methane emitting environments are pressing issues for future research on methanogens.

scholarly journals RESEARCH RESULTS OF THE PROCESS OF CLEANING POTATO TUBERS AND CARROT ROOT CROPS USING ULTRASOUND

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
Sh.R. Zyalalov ◽  
◽  
V.S. Dezhatkina ◽  
N.V. Sharonina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Natural Milk ◽  
Modified Diatomite

The manifestation of mineral deficiency in the body of animals contributes to a decrease in their productivity and the development of diseases such as perversion and loss of appetite, anemia, endemic goiter, rickets, and osteoporosis. One of the ways to solve the problem of mineral insufficiency is the scientific search and development of advanced formula of feed additives based on natural minerals processed by high technologies. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using modified diatomite as a feed additive for dairy cows. The exeriment was carried out in Ulyanovsk region during 100 days. We formed groups of animals of 50 cows, the 1st group (control) did not receive additives, but only a household diet, in the 2nd group an additive based on modified diatomite was additionally introduced into the diet in a mixture with feed at the rate of 250 g/head/day, . For the physiological experiment, 5 cows were selected by the method of pairs of analogues. It was established that the introduction of additives based on modified diatomite into the diet of cows improves the morphological composition of their blood. Intake of the additive increases milk yield by 24.7% at p<0.05, the amount of milk fat by 16.2 % compared to the control. The effect of afteraction after stopping feeding the additive was revealed. The use of an additive based on a modified mineral is a cost-effective measure that reduces feed costs and gets additional profit. The average daily yield of natural milk increased by 8.2 % for 1 ruble, and a profit of 4.30 rubles was received . There was a decrease in feed costs for the production of 1 kg of natural milk, up to 0.85.

scholarly journals Use of feed additives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roonal Pritam Kataria
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Selection Of

This review analyses methane emissions from dairy farms due to enteric fermentations and use of different feed additives as a strategy to control them. CH4 is a product that forms during the fermentation of food in the rumen of ruminants and on average represents a 7% loss of the energy ingested by the animal. CH4 is also a potent greenhouse gas. Various approaches have been studied in many countries with the aim of reducing methane emissions of digestive origin like the use of biotechnologies to modify the microbial ecosystem. This include selection of rumen micro-organisms through the elimination of protozoans or the inoculation of exogenous bacterial strains, vaccination against methanogenic micro-organisms, etc. or use of new food additives like plant extracts, organic acids, etc. and are theoretically promising paths. Their application is however still not known because trials are being performed mainly <em>in vitro</em>. This article focuses on reducing methanogenesis by adjusting the composition of the feed distributed to animals.

68 Utility of 3-NOP in Beef Production Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
Karen A Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Net Zero

Abstract Ruminant production systems need to embrace the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to be in sync with other sectors of society that are adopting net-zero emission goals. The major greenhouse gas from ruminants is enteric methane, which contributes 3% to 5% of total global greenhouse gases. A broad range of potential mitigation strategies has been proposed to decrease methane emissions from ruminants. One promising strategy is the investigational methane inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland), which when fed to beef cattle, has decreased methane yield (g methane/kg dry matter intake) by 20% to 80%, depending upon the diet composition and dose. Furthermore, the decrease in methane production persists over several months. 3-NOP reduces methanogenesis in the rumen by inactivating the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase used by archaea. 3-NOP is most effective when incorporated into a total mixed ration. Some advantages of 3-NOP are: only a small dose is required (1–2 g/d); no negative effects on digestibility, animal health or carcass characteristics; rapid degradation to compounds naturally occurring in the rumen (e.g., nitrate, nitrite and 1,3-propanediol); sustained efficacy over time; and risk assessments indicate residues in meat and milk are unlikely. However, 3-NOP is not yet approved for commercial use. Research studies in small pens indicate up to 5% improvement in gain:feed ratio for backgrounding and finishing cattle, although recently completed studies at a commercial feedlot indicate improvements in feed conversion may be less. This presentation will highlight the current findings of beef cattle research using 3-NOP to decrease methane emissions, with emphasis on its potential for decreasing the carbon footprint of beef.

scholarly journals Holistic Assessment of Rumen Microbiome Dynamics through Quantitative Metatranscriptomics Reveals Multifunctional Redundancy during Key Steps of Anaerobic Feed Degradation

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Söllinger ◽  
Alexander Tøsdal Tveit ◽  
Morten Poulsen ◽  
Samantha Joan Noel ◽  
Mia Bengtsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Biomass Degradation ◽  
Plant Biomass Degradation ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Ruminant Animals

ABSTRACTRuminant livestock is a major source of the potent greenhouse gas methane. The complex rumen microbiome, consisting of bacteria, archaea, and microbial eukaryotes, facilitates anaerobic plant biomass degradation in the cow rumen, leading to methane emissions. Using an integrated approach combining multidomain quantitative metatranscriptomics with gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiling, we aimed at obtaining the most comprehensive picture of the active rumen microbiome during feed degradation to date. Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic biomass, but also methane emissions and VFA concentrations, increased drastically within an hour after feed intake. mRNA profiling revealed a dynamic response of carbohydrate-active enzyme transcripts, transcripts involved in VFA production and methanogenesis. While the relative abundances of functional transcripts did not mirror observed processes, such as methane emissions, transformation to mRNA abundance per gram of rumen fluid echoed ruminant processes. The microbiome composition was highly individual, with, e.g., ciliate,Neocallimastigaceae,Prevotellaceae,Succinivibrionaceae, andFibrobacteraceaeabundances differing between cows. Microbiome individuality was accompanied by inter- and intradomain multifunctional redundancy among microbiome members during feed degradation. This likely enabled the robust performance of the anaerobic degradation process in each rumen.Neocallimastigaceaeand ciliates contributed an unexpectedly large share of transcripts for cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes, respectively. Methyl-reducing but not CO2-reducing methanogens were positively correlated with methane emissions. WhileMethanomassiliicoccalesswitched from methanol to methylamines as electron acceptors,Methanosphaerabecame the dominating methanol-reducing methanogen. This study for the first time linked rumen meta-omics with processes and enabled holistic insights into the contribution of all microbiome members to feed degradation.IMPORTANCERuminant animals, such as cows, live in a tight symbiotic association with microorganisms, allowing them to feed on otherwise indigestible plant biomass as food sources. Methane is produced as an end product of the anaerobic feed degradation in ruminants and is emitted to the atmosphere, making ruminant animals among the major anthropogenic sources of the potent greenhouse gas methane. Using newly developed quantitative metatranscriptomics for holistic microbiome analysis, we here identified bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic key players and the short-term dynamics of the rumen microbiome during anaerobic plant biomass degradation and subsequent methane emissions. These novel insights might pave the way for novel ecologically and economically sustainable methane mitigation strategies, much needed in times of global climate change.

scholarly journals Immunomodulation of Domestic Animals Using Conventional Methods and Panchgavya

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
Rinkal Sundriyal Aarti Adhikari ◽  
Siddharth Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
New World ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Sick Animal

With increase in the prevalence of diseases mainly the new emerging diseases, finding a cure is like dodging a bullet. Not only this, but the new world also has to fight against emerging drug resistance among pathogens. Overall, the possibility of survival not only depends on combating the diseases by using expensive resources but it now relies more on immunity building. This fact is applicable in the livestock sector as well. The farmer's economy mainly depends upon the production performance of his livestocks. Also, maximum part of his earnings spends on the feed, fodder, feed additives and other production enhancing drugs. But a single sick animal can disturb the entire planning of a small farmer. Hence the main objective of this article is to focus on the herbal ways that could help in the immunomodulation of livestock and thus conserving both time and money of the farmers. Many villagers of India use their heritage and knowledge to defeat the diseases and enhance the productivity of their livestock. On other side, Panchgavya came like a missile against the body ailments of humans. Research product of algae and their use as immunomodulators and production enhancers is now available as a boon in the market. But still there is a lot to search. Overall, relying totally on the drugs for relief, creates loss both in terms of animal health, productivity and farmer's economy. So, prevention via immunomodulators is the best weapon to make our animals healthy and to be wealthy.

scholarly journals Effects of Veterinary Preparations Based on Microelement Nanoparticles on Animal Health and Product Quality

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Т.И. Лебедева ◽  
И.А. Красочко ◽  
П.А. Красочко
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Livestock Products

При интенсивном развитии животноводства и ветеринарной медицины от фармацевтической отрасли требуется создание новых эффективных ветеринарных препаратов, направленных на поддержание биохимических механизмов гомеостаза и повышение продуктивности у животных. При этом большая роль отводится макро- и микроэлементам, поступающим в организм животным. Однако в составе различных кормовых и витаминно-минеральных добавок эти вещества не всегда полностью усваиваются организмом и не оказывают должного воздействия на органы и системы. Макро- и микроэлементы способны значительно изменять свои химические свойства и реакционную способность в зависимости от количества атомов – в виде наночастиц, которые обладают высокой химической активностью и способны вступать в реакции с другими веществами фактически без участия дополнительной энергии. Препараты, содержащие наночастицы макро- и микроэлементов, по сравнению с традиционными формами, обладают экологичностью, биодоступностью и эффективностью действия при использовании на практике. Препараты на основе наночастиц металлов являются альтернативой использования антибиотиков, не способствуют эволюции бактерий и возникновению резистентности, а вновь созданные ветеринарные препараты и кормовые добавки на основе наноструктур жизненно важных для организма животных химических элементов позволят более эффективно и с наименьшими затратами лечить и профилактировать многие болезни у животных, а также получать больше продукции животноводства с наименьшими экономическими затратами. With the intensive development of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, the pharmaceutical industry requires the creation of new effective veterinary drugs aimed at maintaining the biochemical mechanisms of homeostasis and increasing productivity in animals. At the same time, a large role is given to macro- and microelements entering the body of animals. However, in the composition of various fodder and vitamin-mineral supplements, these substances are not always fully absorbed by the body and do not have a proper effect on organs and systems. Macro- and trace elements are able to significantly change their chemical properties and reactivity depending on the number of atoms – in the form of nanoparticles, which have high chemical activity and are able to react with other substances with virtually no additional energy. Preparations containing macro- and trace-element nanoparticles, compared to traditional forms, have environmental friendliness, bioavailability and effectiveness when used in practice. Preparations based on metal nanoparticles are an alternative to the use of antibiotics, do not contribute to the evolution of bacteria and the emergence of resistance, and newly created veterinary drugs and feed additives based on nanostructures of chemical elements vital to the animal body will more effectively and with the least cost treat and prevent many diseases in animals, as well as receive more livestock products with the lowest economic costs.

245 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 195-196
Author(s):  
Ermias Kebreab ◽  
Mallory Honan ◽  
Breanna Roque ◽  
Juan Tricarico
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Enteric Methane Emissions

Abstract Livestock production contributed 3.9% to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the US in 2018. Most studies to mitigate GHG from livestock are focused on enteric methane because it contributes about 70% of all livestock GHG emissions. Mitigation options can be broadly categorized into dietary and rumen manipulation. Enteric methane emissions are strongly correlated to dry matter intake and somewhat sensitive to diet composition. Dietary manipulation methods include increasing feed digestibility, such as concentrate to forage ratio, or increasing fats and oils, which are associated with lower methane emissions. These reduce digestible fiber that are positively related to methane production and more energy passing the rumen without being degraded, respectively. Rumen manipulation through feed additives can be further classified based on the mode of action: 1. rumen environment modifiers indirectly affecting emissions and 2. direct methanogenesis inhibitors. The rumen environment modifiers act on the conditions that promote methanogenesis. These include ionophores, plant bioactive compounds such as essential oils and tannins, and nitrate rich feeds that serve as alternative hydrogen sinks and directly compete with methanogens thereby reducing methane emissions. The inhibitor category include 3-nitroxypropanol and seaweeds containing halogenated compounds. The former was reported to reduce enteric methane emissions (g/d) by 39% in dairy and 22% in beef cattle. Seaweed, in particular Asparagopsis spp., reduced emissions intensity (g/kg milk) by up to 67% in dairy and emissions yield (g/kg dry matter intake) by up to 98% in beef cattle. Because inhibitors are structural analogs of methane, their mode of action is through competitive inhibition of the methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by methyl coenzyme-M reductase, the last enzyme in methanogenesis. The combination of dietary and rumen manipulation options, including feed additives, is expected to reduce enteric methane emissions by over 30% in the next decade without compromising animal productivity and health.

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