Depression Among Delivery Agents and its Determinants due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic has led to depression and anxiety in many people. AIM: To assess depression and its determinants among delivery agents in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab State, India.MATERIALS AND METHOD: The present study was online, cross sectional in nature and was conducted among 1248 delivery agents. The level of depression was assessed using a modified version of the Centre for Epidemiological studies- Depression scale (CES-D). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and student’s independent t-test followed by the modified Bonferroni post-hoc test applied using SPSS version 21.0.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of depression was found to be 53.7%; Most of the agents belonged to the lower class (59.3%) and Lower Middle Class (36.1%) group. The highest percentage of depression was observed as a result of mortgage (91.3%, non-significant), followed by the fear of losing their job (88.8%) due to the COVID-19 pandemic (p=0.03), and fear of getting COVID-19 (85.9%, non-significant difference). Delivery agents having their own transport seemed to have the lowest depression (26.7%, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, governmental and industrial policies towards the benefit of the delivery agents is advised and during these testing times, assurance of job security and paid leaves in case of contracting COVID-19 should be beneficial.

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Depression, anxiety and associated factors among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak: a comparison of two cross-sectional studies

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-021-01271-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xu Chen ◽

Han Qi ◽

Rui Liu ◽

Yuan Feng ◽

Wen Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depression Scale ◽

Female Gender ◽

Exercise Duration ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

School Enrollment ◽

Chinese Adolescents ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Depression

AbstractThe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern. In China, all schools were shut down and students were home quarantined to prevent disease spread; these steps could have potential negative effects on mental health of adolescents. This study aimed to examine changes in depression and anxiety among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 epidemic, and explore factors associated with depression and anxiety. Two survey administrations were conducted among Chinese adolescents between February 20 and February 27 and between April 11 and April 19, 2020, respectively. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale were used to assess depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms, respectively. A total of 9554 and 3886 adolescents participated in the first and second surveys. During the initial survey, the prevalence of depression was 36.6% (95% CI: 35.6–37.6%) while the prevalence of anxiety was 19% (95% CI: 18.2–19.8%). Rates of depression and anxiety increased to 57.0% (95% CI: 55.4–58.6%) and 36.7% (95% CI: 35.2–38.2%), respectively, in the second survey. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that group membership in the second survey, female gender, senior secondary school enrollment, and concerns about entering a higher grade were positively associated with both depression and anxiety. Conversely, a sleep duration of ≥6 h/day, an exercise duration ≥30 min/day, having the same as typical or higher study efficiency during the COVID-19 outbreak, and living in provinces with 1000–9999 confirmed COVID-19 cases were negatively associated with depression and anxiety. In conclusion, compared to figures reported during the COVID-19 outbreak, the prevalence of depression and anxiety in Chinese adolescents significantly increased after the initial outbreak. Regular screening and appropriate interventions are urgently needed to reduce the risk for emotional disturbances among adolescents during and after the initial COVID-19 outbreaks.

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Correlates of Depression Among Elderly Population Residing in a Community in Eastern Nepal

Birat Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/bjhs.v3i1.19729 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 325-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Khem Raj Sharma ◽

Birendra Kumar Yadav ◽

Meika Battachan

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Population Growth ◽

Population Growth Rate ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Short Form ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Lower Class ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Depression

Introduction: With an increase in life expectancy, demographic transition has led to sharp rise in number of elderly population. The elderly population growth rate per year has always been more than the total population growth rate, signifying the start of the ageing dynamics in Nepal. Mental health is a neglected health problem of the elderly in Nepal, with depression topping the list. This needs to be addressed in the national programs for the elderly to bring about an overall improvement in their health status.Objectives: This study was conducted with objectives to identify the prevalence of depression and factors associated with it in an urban municipality of eastern Nepal.Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted using the Geriatric Depression Scale- Short Form (GDS-SF) with 15 questions to screen for depression with a cutoff of 4/5. Door to door visit was done for data collection and face to face interviews were conducted. Pearson's Chi-square was used and Odds Ratio (OR) with confidence limits was calculated for inferential statistics. Logistic regression analysis was performed for all independent variables significantly associated in the bivariate analysis.Results: Among the 353 study subjects interviewed, depression was identified in 65.2% by GDS-SF. Regression Model showed that age more than 70 years, being in the lower class of Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic scale and elderly who were not satisfied with the respect given by their community had more odds of being depressed.Conclusion: Prevalence of depression among elderly was found to be very high in this study which was significantly associated with older age, low socio-economic status and perceived lack of respect from the community. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 325-330

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Prevalence of depressive disorders in shanghai children aged 8∼12 years

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72329-x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 623-623

Author(s):

J. Fan ◽

H.-L. Gu ◽

H.-L. Yang ◽

W.-Y. Wang ◽

J. Yi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Disorder ◽

Prevalence Rate ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Dsm Iv

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigated the prevalence child depression in primary schools.Methods3685 students from Grade 3 to Grade 5 were selected from 7 primary schools of Pudong district in Shanghai by random and cluster sampling. The study design consisted of a screening stage in which the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children(CES-DC) were used, and a clinical interview stage in which the K-SADS-present state version (K-SADS) and DSM-IV were used. The diagnoses of depressive disorder were made according the DSM-IV criteria.ResultsThe prevalence of children depression was 1.60% (95%CI = 1.19%∼2.00%). The prevalence rate of male(2.08%) was significant higher than that of female (1.09%)(X2=5.40, P = 0.02). The rate of depressive disorder increased with age from 0.57% (8 years old) to 2.47% (12 years old). The prevalence of depression was no significant difference between ages from 8 to 12 years old (X2 = 4.49, P = 0.34).ConclusionThe prevalence rate of children depression in Shanghai is low. The prevalence of depression among boys is much higher than that of girls.It shows the prevalence of depression is no significant difference between ages from 8 to 12 years old.

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THE DETERMINATION OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY LEVEL IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Pakistan Heart Journal ◽

10.47144/phj.v54i1.2065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Pelin İlhan ◽

Sıdıka Oğuz

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Chronic Heart Failure ◽

Nyha Class ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety Level ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anxiety Levels

Objective: This study was planned to assess the depression and anxiety level in individuals with Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in a training and research hospital in Istanbul. The population of the study consisted of patients with CHF who stayed in the cardiology and internal medicine clinics between the months of March and June 2017. One hundred consecutive patients of CHF were included in the study. The "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" (HAD) was used to assess the anxiety and depression level of the patients and other demographic and exploratory variables data was collected on a questionnaire. Results: The anxiety and depression was found in 62% and 84%, CHF patients respectively. The anxiety levels were found to be high in the individuals with no social insurance, females, primary school graduates and housewives. Also, the depression levels of the cases whose duration of disease was longer were found to be high. The anxiety levels were found to be high in the individuals with DM, with NYHA class 3-4, using diuretic and performing salt restrictions. There was no statistically significant difference between both subscales in patients with hypertension, using beta blockers or anticoagulants, and exercising. Conclusion: In our study both anxiety and depression are found to be common in patients with CHF.

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Depression Among Elderly Patients /Mosul City

AL-Kindy College Medical Journal ◽

10.47723/kcmj.v13i2.34 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 34-39

Author(s):

Abdul Rasoul Alyasiri

Keyword(s):

Elderly Patients ◽

Short Form ◽

Past History ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Depression

Background: Depression in elderly aged (60 year and above )is a widespread mental health problem . The current primary healthcare systeminadequately recognize and treat elderly patients with depression.. Objectives:To determine the prevalence of depression among elderly patientsin Mosul city, its correlation with some sociodemographic variablesand to assess severity of depression in relation to past history of depression. Type of the study: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: This study assess the prevalence of depression in a randomly selected sample 150 elderly patients aged 60 years and above (89 female & 61 male) who attended the geriatric clinic in Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital /Mosul City between the 1st/March /2014 to the 10th /June 2014.A short form of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) the Arabic version was used to assess depressionand a semi-structured interview were applied after screening the patients for cognitive impairment using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) to exclude those who scored less than 23 on this scale . Results:The study showed that the Prevalence of depression was 65.3% , statistically significant difference was not found with any variable used. Strong positive relation was found in severely depressed patients with the past history of depression, multiple physical complaint was found in the depressed sample. Conclousin:As the prevalence of depression among elderly patients was high , National programs should be developed in community & health services focusing on early detection and treatment of depression among the elderly population.

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Incidence of Depression and Anxiety among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction during COVID-19 Pandemic

Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery ◽

10.36552/pjns.v24i4.473 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 428-433

Author(s):

Saima Dastgeer ◽

Abubakr Ali Saad ◽

Shabbih Fatima ◽

Imran Javaid ◽

Khalil-ur- Rehman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Patients ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anxiety Depression

Objective: This study aimed to assess the incidence of anxiety and depression among AMI patients during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Material & Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted from February 27 to June 2, 2020, at the Cardiology ward of Dera Ghazi Khan Teaching Hospital. Total 611 patients selected through convenience sampling. The patients were requested to respond to Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and demographic information. An independent samples t test was applied for comparisons. Results: Patients’ age was ranging from 41 to 79 years, with a mean age of 52.35 ± 5.12. There was a high frequency of anxiety (51.72%) and depression (34.86%) among AMI patients. A significant difference was observed in the level of anxiety (p = 0.001) and depression (p = 0.000) among male and female patients. Conclusion: The present study findings affirmed that increased level of anxiety and depression are prevalent in AMI patients. Additionally, both anxiety and depressive symptoms were more common in female patients. Keywords: COVID-19, Anxiety, Depression, Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI).

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AWARENESS ABOUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN GENERAL POPULATION OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v8i2.118 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 80-83

Author(s):

Nadia Tariq ◽

Tamkeen Jaffry ◽

Rahma Fiaz ◽

Abdul Majid Rajput ◽

Sadaf Khalid

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

General Population ◽

Indoor Air ◽

Indoor Air Pollution ◽

Economic Status ◽

Educational Status ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Indoor air pollutants are increasingly being associated with respiratory illnesses leading to high degree of morbidity and mortality. There are not sufficient epidemiological studies from Pakistan which assess level of awareness of indoor air pollution resulting in respiratory diseases in population. Methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out on general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Sample size was 223 study subjects selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Knowledge of the study subjects was determined with regard to indoor air pollution, its effects on health and different sources of indoor air pollution with the help of a questionnaire. The influence of age, gender, educational status and socio economic status on the level of awareness was also analyzed. Results: Out of total 223 participants, 115 were males and108 females. Participants aware of indoor air pollution were 91.5% and adequate awareness about its sources was 80.7%. Those who knew indoor air pollution is detrimental to health were 95.1%. Awareness about building construction dust as source of indoor air pollution was maximum (84.8%). There was significant difference in awareness among participants with different monthly incomes and educational status and also between males and females. Conclusion: This study concludes that general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad has fairly good awareness about sources of indoor air pollution. Use of harmful material causing indoor air pollution should be limited or substituted with better ones where possible.

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Assessment of new-onset depression and anxiety associated with COVID-19

Middle East Current Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s43045-021-00112-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eman Hurissi ◽

Ethar Abu-jabir ◽

Amnah Mohammed ◽

Mashael Mahnashi ◽

Sana Alharbi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Final Sample ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patient Health ◽

Males And Females ◽

Arabian Population ◽

New Onset

Abstract Background Psychological disorders are common among individuals who experienced COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that females report higher depression and anxiety than males. The present study aims to test the differences in depression and anxiety between males and females who have experienced COVID-19. This a descriptive, observational, comparative study, among Saudi Arabian population. A total of 686 participants have been recruited. Participants completed an online questionnaire that contains questions about sociodemographic, COVID-19, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure anxiety and depression, respectively. Results Twenty-six percent of the participants were excluded and our final sample consisted of 507 participants (median age 23; 65% females). Of the final sample, 23% (118) have been previously diagnosed with COVID-19. There is no significant difference in GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores between COVID-19- positive and COVID-19-negative populations. However, females who have experienced COVID-19 reported significantly higher GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores compared to males. Conclusion The results of our study show that females are significantly at a higher risk for depression and anxiety as a result of COVID-19 infection compared to males. Further epidemiological studies are required for a better understanding of this correlation.

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Association between self-care agency and depression and anxiety in patients with diabetic retinopathy

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-021-01883-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bo Zhang ◽

Qin Wang ◽

Xuancan Zhang ◽

Li Jiang ◽

Lezhi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Self Care ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Clinical Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Care Agency

Abstract Background This study aimed at investigating: 1) the relationship between self-care agency and depression and anxiety; 2) the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with depression and anxiety in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. One-hundred and five patients with DR were recruited. Self-care agency was assessed by the exercise of self-care agency (ESCA) scale. Depression and anxiety were assessed by the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS-D and HADS-A). Pearson or Spearman correlations were performed to assess the association between self-care agency and depression and anxiety. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the contribution of the sociodemographic and clinical factors to depression and anxiety. Results Thirty-six (34.3%) and 43 (41.1%) patients exhibited depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Only 24 (22.9%) patients showed a high self-care agency. The ESCA total and subscale scores were negatively correlated depressive symptoms (P < 0.05). Self-care skills were negatively correlated with anxiety symptoms (P < 0.05). ESCA total score, rural residence, history of hypertension and visual acuity were associated with depression; self-care skills and diastolic blood pressure were associated with anxiety. Conclusions Self-care agency negatively correlates with depression and anxiety in patients with DR. Special attention should be paid to patients living in rural areas and/or those having a history of hypertension when assessing depression and anxiety in patients with DR. Future studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between self-care agency and depression and anxiety.

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Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety amongst Cancer Patients in a Hospital Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study

Psychiatry Journal ◽

10.1155/2016/3964806 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anish Khalil ◽

Muhammad Faheem ◽

Ammad Fahim ◽

Haran Innocent ◽

Zainab Mansoor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mental Wellbeing ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Background. The biomedical care for cancer has not been complemented by psychosocial progressions in cancer care.Objectives. To find the prevalence of anxiety and depression amongst cancer patients in a hospital setting.Design and Setting. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the tertiary care hospitals Shifa International Hospital Islamabad and Nuclear Medicine, Oncology, and Radiotherapy Institute [NORI].Patients and Methods. 300 patients were interviewed from both the outpatient and inpatient department using The Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS).Main Outcome Measures. Using a score of 20 and above on the AKUADS, 146 (48.7%) patients were suffering from anxiety and depression.Results. When cross tabulation was done between different factors and the cancer patients with anxiety and depression, the following factors were found out to be significant with associatedpvalue < 0.05: education of the patient, presence of cancer in the family, the severity of pain, and the patient’s awareness of his anxiety and depression. Out of 143 (47.7%) uneducated patients, 85 (59.4%) were depressed, hence making it the highest educational category suffering from depression and anxiety.Conclusion. The prevalence of anxiety and depression amongst cancer patients was high showing that importance should be given to screening and counseling cancer patients for anxiety and depression, to help them cope with cancer as a disease and its impact on their mental wellbeing.Limitations. The frequency of female patients in our research was higher than those of male patients.

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