scholarly journals A REVIEW ON OVERVIEW ROLE OF MUTATION IN PLANT BREEDING

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Rabindra Yadav ◽  
Sharada Gorathoki ◽  
Saroj Dhakal ◽  
Purnima BC ◽  
Aakash Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Induced Mutation ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The World

Genetic diversity is the basis for plant breeders to develop new and improved cultivars with desirable, suited, and adaptive characteristics. Several factors such as hybridization, recombination, and mutation (Spontaneous and induced) are useful measures for providing variation in plants. However, naturally occurring mutation rate offers less for their optimum utilization. Hence induced mutation is considered to be a prime alternative other than naturally occurring variation. It has been considered a verified way of creating new variation within a crop variety which offers a possibility for the induction of desirable attributes which either can’t be expressed in nature or have been faded away during the process of evolution. Some of the mutant varieties of several crop species have led to a global contribution to crop improvement. The fate of the induced mutation largely depends on how induced mutagenesis underpins plants’ functional genome. Plant mutagenesis is had already played a significant role in crop improvement by successful enhancement of the yield, better nutritional quality, and wider adaptability. This review article is primarily centered around mutation, selection of mutant, how and when to use induced mutation, their treatment dose, and roles of mutation in Plant Breeding. Lastly, there still lies a huge potential aspect for future crop improvement through the application of induced mutation in plant species. In barley, a mutant that is resistant to mildew was 1st recorded in 1942. From the 170 diverse plant species, 3222 mutant varieties are evolved in 60 countries across the world officially. That release of varieties is possible due to the extensive use of induced mutation for 50 years in plant breeding activities all over the world. The modification of the nucleotides sequence of the genetic material of an organism, virus, extrachromosomal DNA is called a mutation. Mutagen is the agent causing mutation. There is extensive use of mutants in different subjects such as genetics, plant breeding, and plant physiology. Hugo deVries coined the term ‘mutation’ in 1901 to show sudden alteration in character considered to be heritable. Hence transmittable to the offspring while an agent causing mutation is called a mutagen. Mutation can occur naturally (spontaneous mutation) or by different agents such as chemical mutagen, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays, and so on (induced mutation). Mutagenesis is defined as the process in which the genetic information of an organism changed in a stable manner resulted in mutation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary insights into plant breeding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Diane Turner-Hissong ◽  
Makenzie E. Mabry ◽  
Timothy M. Beissinger ◽  
Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra ◽  
J. Chris Pires
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Community Resources ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Selection Strategies

Crop domestication is a fascinating area of study, as evidenced by a multitude of recent reviews. Coupled with the increasing availability of genomic and phenomic resources in numerous crop species, insights from evolutionary biology will enable a deeper understanding of the genetic architecture and short-term evolution of complex traits, which can be used to inform selection strategies. Future advances in crop improvement will rely on the integration of population genetics with plant breeding methodology, and the development of community resources to support research in a variety of crop life histories and reproductive strategies. We highlight recent advances in the role of selective sweeps and demographic history in shaping genetic architecture, how these breakthroughs can inform selection strategies, and the application of precision gene editing to leverage these connections.

scholarly journals Insights into Marker Assisted Selection and Its Applications in Plant Breeding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Kumawat ◽  
Chander Kanta Kumawat ◽  
Kailash Chandra ◽  
Saurabh Pandey ◽  
Subhash Chand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Genetic Purity ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Germplasm Diversity

Burgeoning the human population with its required food demand created a burden on ever-decreasing cultivated land and our food production systems. This situation prompted plant scientists to breed crops in a short duration with specific traits. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has emerged as a potential tool to achieve desirable results in plants with the help of molecular markers and improves the traits of interest in a short duration. The MAS has comprehensively been used in plant breeding to characterize germplasm, diversity analysis, trait stacking, gene pyramiding, multi-trait introgression, and genetic purity of different cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and fiber crops, etc. Mapping studies pointed out several marker-trait associations from different crop species, which specifies the potential application of MAS in accelerating crop improvement. This chapter presents an overview of molecular markers, their genesis, and potential use in plant breeding.

scholarly journals Flora Capture: a citizen science application for collecting structured plant observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Boho ◽  
Michael Rzanny ◽  
Jana Wäldchen ◽  
Fabian Nitsche ◽  
Alice Deggelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Central European ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Central European Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Collections ◽  
Science Application

Abstract Background Digital plant images are becoming increasingly important. First, given a large number of images deep learning algorithms can be trained to automatically identify plants. Second, structured image-based observations provide information about plant morphological characteristics. Finally in the course of digitalization, digital plant collections receive more and more interest in schools and universities. Results We developed a freely available mobile application called Flora Capture allowing users to collect series of plant images from predefined perspectives. These images, together with accompanying metadata, are transferred to a central project server where each observation is reviewed and validated by a team of botanical experts. Currently, more than 4800 plant species, naturally occurring in the Central European region, are covered by the application. More than 200,000 images, depicting more than 1700 plant species, have been collected by thousands of users since the initial app release in 2016. Conclusion Flora Capture allows experts, laymen and citizen scientists to collect a digital herbarium and share structured multi-modal observations of plants. Collected images contribute, e.g., to the training of plant identification algorithms, but also suit educational purposes. Additionally, presence records collected with each observation allow contribute to verifiable records of plant occurrences across the world.

scholarly journals Plant breeding in the turn of the millennium

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aluízio Borém ◽  
Sandra Cristina Kothe Milach
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Large Acreage

The transition from hunting and gathering to farming happened about 10,000 years ago, independently and diffusely in several places in the world. Plant breeders were responsible for genetic progress in a number of crop species. It included hybrids, the introgression of wild species genes and also the Green Revolution, which started in the 1960's with the cereals. The varieties developed by breeding, along with the use of new crop technology (fertilization, soil tillage, etc.) changed the status of some countries from importers to exporters of food. In the turn of the millennium,, plant breeding, faces new challenges in a globalized world, but it has new tools to deal with them. Notwithstanding the present contributions of plant breeding and crop management, its future contributions may be even greater. The partnership being developed between plant breeding and biotechnology will assure a more consistent and predictable genetic progress. Current contributions of biotechnology have arrived for many crops in different places of the world. Varieties developed by transformation are grown in large acreage in some countries. Some concerns have also arisen from the use of GMOs. For example, the introgression of a gene for insect resistance 4 into many different species could result in an undesirable endemic risk, here called interespecific biotechnological vulnerability. Another concern is that biotechnology race may create yield plateaus in programs using genes pyramiding for all new traits made available by biotechnology, resulting in what is called genetic gridlock. Nevertheless, the benefits of using biotechnology will substantially enhance the contributions of plant breeding to human life

Bioinformatics tools and Databases for Genomics Assisted Breeding and Population Genetics of Plants: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya Babasaheb Aglawe ◽  
Amit Kumar Verma ◽  
Atul Kumar Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Sequencing Technologies

Genomics is the study of complete genetic material of an organism. It would not be an exaggeration to say that we are at the peak of genomics era as with the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies we have an enormous amount of genomic data coming every day. Genomics assisted breeding (GAB) is becoming increasingly popular in the field of crop improvement. GAB utilizes available genomics information of different crops and their relatives for the purpose of plant breeding to produce improved varieties of the crops. Proper knowledge of these tools and databases helps in speeding up the process of plant breeding. The available tools can be categorize in several groups such as: genetic diversity, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)/gene mapping, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) based Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, Molecular breeding, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), Genomic Selection (GS), Marker Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS), Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) etc. Most of the available tools are user friendly and where it is not, needs to be updated soon. There is an urgent need of the hour to develop the scientific resources and technical expertise for the proper and effective use of these tools. In this review, we have extensively covered the available tools and databases for the genomic assisted breeding and population genetics study of the plants. The details of these tools and databases along with their web links are also provided. We believe this review will be handy and useful for the scientists and researches of plant breeding, population genetics and genomics.

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Meri Yulvianti ◽  
Christian Zidorn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Sugar Moiety ◽  
Plant Natural Products ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds.

scholarly journals Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5585
Author(s):  
Sajid Fiaz ◽  
Sunny Ahmar ◽  
Sajjad Saeed ◽  
Aamir Riaz ◽  
Freddy Mora-Poblete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Protein System ◽  
Breeding Techniques

A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from Prevotella and Francisella1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated.

scholarly journals Big hitting collectors make massive and disproportionate contribution to the discovery of plant species

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1736) ◽  
pp. 2269-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Bebber ◽  
Mark A. Carine ◽  
Gerrit Davidse ◽  
David J. Harris ◽  
Elspeth M. Haston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
The Right ◽  
Geographical Locations

Discovering biological diversity is a fundamental goal—made urgent by the alarmingly high rate of extinction. We have compiled information from more than 100 000 type specimens to quantify the role of collectors in the discovery of plant diversity. Our results show that more than half of all type specimens were collected by less than 2 per cent of collectors. This highly skewed pattern has persisted through time. We demonstrate that a number of attributes are associated with prolific plant collectors: a long career with increasing productivity and experience in several countries and plant families. These results imply that funding a small number of expert plant collectors in the right geographical locations should be an important element in any effective strategy to find undiscovered plant species and complete the inventory of the world flora.

Design and Application about System of Plant Science Popularization Based on the QR Code

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 1303-1308
Author(s):  
Jing Hua Han ◽  
Ming Jia Li
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
General Public ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Science Popularization ◽  
The World

Plant is not only closely related to human beings’ life, but also an integral part of raw materials in production. Protection of nature and plant resources is an increasingly urgent needs around the world. Cognition is a prerequisite for the protection of plant. But the way of plant science popularization is old, the knowledge of plant is too obscure to the general public. The system of plant science popularization based on the QR code spreads the knowledge of plant with illustrations interactively, to facilitate ordinary users to learn, understand and identify plant species. The article will detail all aspects of development of the system, allowing more scholars to understand the digitized plant science popularization under the new media.

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