Unfair Termination Review During Probationary Period

Probation is a trial period to test a new employee for a particular position. It is commonplace for many employers to stipulate that the contract begins with probation based on a mutual agreement with the employee. During the probationary period, more flexible standards are given to review unfair termination. Notwithstanding, a degree of protection insofar as it safeguards employees from the risk of unfair termination shall be granted. Article 37 in the Iraqi Labour Code No. 37 of 2015 permits the employer to test the employee for a maximum of three months if the latter has no professional certificate. The same article empowers the employer to terminate the contract if the employee has failed in the suitability test without setting any standards for such a test. In reviewing cases arising on the basis of unfair termination claims, the judiciary in some developed countries has come up with basic standards of the suitability test. This paper, therefore, attempts to examine Article 37 in the Iraqi Labour Code in light of the new judiciary trends and finally suggests redrafting the mentioned article to be more compatible with the rights of contractual parties.

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Immunological and Pathophysiological Outcomes of Helminth Infections and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity Studies in Humans and Experimental Animals—A Scoping Review

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11178079 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (17) ◽

pp. 8079

Author(s):

Ekuyikeno Silas ◽

Siyanda Ndlovu ◽

Selaelo Ivy Tshilwane ◽

Samson Mukaratirwa

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Immune Modulation ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Future Research ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Degree Of Protection ◽

Helminth Infections

Animal and human studies have demonstrated that helminth infections are associated with a decreased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Lack of exposure to helminth infections has been postulated to be one mechanism to explain the markedly increased prevalence of T2DM in developed countries. However, there is still paucity of information regarding the immunological interactions between helminth infections and T2DM. The study aimed at reviewing peer-reviewed articles on host immune and pathophysiological outcomes from human and laboratory animal studies of helminth infections and T2DM comorbidity. A literature search was carried out in Google Scholar, PubMed, and EBSCOhost databases using the following keywords; immune responses OR immune modulation of helminth infections OR parasites infections AND Type 2 diabetes comorbidity in humans AND experimental/laboratory animals. Results showed that helminth infections provided some degree of protection from the pathology associated with T2DM by modulating the surrounding cytokine and chemokine milieu in humans and animals. Whilst there is some evidence regarding the protective effects of helminth infections to T2DM in cases of comorbidity, there is paucity of research in both laboratory animals and humans, with reference to the immunological and pathophysiological mechanisms which occur during comorbidity, and these constitute gaps for future research.

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Rancangan Aplikasi Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (SPK) Pengangkatan Karyawan Menggunakan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Pada PT. Ultra Prima Plast - Flexible Packaging

Jurnal Sistem Informasi dan Informatika (Simika) ◽

10.47080/simika.v1i01.34 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (01) ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Dadang Amiruddin ◽

Ely Nuryani ◽

Hani Faturrohmah

Keyword(s):

Selection Process ◽

System Modeling ◽

Unified Modeling Language ◽

Design Tool ◽

Design Decision ◽

Trial Period ◽

Flexible Packaging ◽

New Employee ◽

Simple Additive Weighting

PT. Ultra Prima Plast - Flexible Packaging always performs a trial period on every new employee. In appointment of new employee candidate required selection process and proper observation during the trial period to maximize the quality of the prospective employee, so far decision-making in the appointment of employees after the completion of the trial period is still done manually by using the assessment of several criteria. The criteria used from the assessment of employee performance are: absenteeism, quality of work, initiative, discipline, responsibility, communication ability and organizational skills. The purpose of holding research on PT. Ultra Prima Plast is to find out what problems or constraints exist in managing employee data, refining existing processes and getting new employee appointments using Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. As for data collection methods, the authors used literature study methods, field studies and interviews. In system development, writer use tool (model) of structured system modeling with design tool that is Diagram Unified Modeling Language (UML). Implementation and program design using PHP programming language and MYSQL database. Therefore the authors lift the title "Design Decision Support System (DSS) Application Employee Appointment Using Simple Additive Weighting Method (SAW) At PT. Ultra Prima Plast - Flexible Packaging”

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The plebeians rehearse the uprising

Journal of Business Strategy ◽

10.1108/jbs-07-2015-0067 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 50-54

Author(s):

Peter Buell Hirsch

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Best Practices ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Investment Strategy ◽

Business Community ◽

Employee Relations ◽

Content Type ◽

New Employee ◽

The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of rising concerns about income inequality on the reputation of large global employers. In an era in which middle class incomes have stagnated for several decades, the continuing decline of labor unions seems paradoxical. The paper suggests that the impassivity of the workforces of the developed countries may be coming to an end and that thoughtful employers can and should be doing more to address the needs of their employees from both a benefits and job satisfaction perspective. Otherwise, they may face renewed repetitional threats that could translate into regulatory penalties. Design/methodology/approach – The paper cites evidence of an increasing concern about income inequality in the developed economies and examines best practices in employee relations from a number of leading corporations to suggest ways in which companies can manage new repetitional threats relating to the way they manage their employees. Findings – The paper provides insights into three strategies that well-managed companies can adopt with respect to their employee relations: they can become leader brands, consistently pursuing employee benefits strategies at the cutting edge; they can develop a distinctive employee investment strategy; or they can create workplaces focused from innovation from the bottom up. Research limitations/implications – Due to the anecdotal nature of the evidence adduced to suggest best practices in employee relations, further research needs to be done to examine the question presented in a more empirical fashion. Practical implications – The employee relations strategies described can be deployed by any corporation seeking to create a new employee compact with its employees to safeguard its reputation and be perceived as a builder, rather than despoiler, of communities. Social implications – Concerns about income inequality and its negative impact on the social fabric are being voiced by leading voices in the business community. If the strategies recommended in the paper are adopted broadly, this could have a significant impact on the regeneration of struggling communities. Originality/value – Although substantial attention has been devoted to the subject of income inequality from an economic perspective, there is very little in the literature that addresses income inequality from the viewpoint of its impact on corporate reputation and the threat of future anti-business government action.

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ECONOMIC AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR COMBATING LEGALIZATION (LAUNDERING) OF INCOME RESULTING FROM TAX EVASION IN THE CONTEXT OF DEOFFSHORIZATION OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMY

Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice ◽

10.18371/fcaptp.v5i40.245204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (40) ◽

pp. 497-505

Author(s):

``````M. Blikhar ◽

N. Ortynska ◽

О. Dufeniuk ◽

M. Vinichuk ◽

О. Matviienko

Keyword(s):

National Economy ◽

Tax Evasion ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Jel Classification ◽

Legal Analysis ◽

State Budget ◽

National Interests ◽

Degree Of Protection ◽

Criminal Offenses ◽

Legal Mechanism

Abstract. Growing trends in the shadowing of the international and national economy contribute to the strengthening of legalization of income resulting from tax evasion, using offshore zones, which have favorable fiscal and monetary and financial regimes, with a high degree of protection of banking and trade secrecy, as well as loyalty to institutional regulation. In recent years, the problem of legalization (laundering) of income from tax evasion in offshore zones has become more acute, caused by the violation of Ukraine’s national interests due to the reduction of tax revenues to the state budget and the outflow of capital outside the country. The offshoring of the national economy has reached alarming proportions as the country, in a prolonged financial and economic crisis, chronic underfunding of sectors of the national economy and acute shortage of financial resources, invests in highly developed countries. Given this situation, the problem of studying the mechanism of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of income received as a result of tax evasion in offshore zones becomes especially relevant. The article identifies the features and prerequisites for the functioning of offshore zones, outlines the main problems of effective counteraction to legalization (laundering) of income received as a result of tax evasion in offshore zones. The research of the basic schemes and methods of legalization (laundering) of the incomes received as a result of tax evasion with use of offshore zones is carried out; the economic and legal analysis of normative and legislative maintenance in the field of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of the incomes received as a result of tax evasion, in offshore zones is performed; the dynamics of the number of criminal offenses in the field of tax evasion with the use of offshore zones is analyzed. Measures of the system of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of incomes received as a result of tax evasion through offshore zones are systematized and improvement of the economic and legal mechanism of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of the incomes received as a result of tax evasion through offshore zones is offered. Keywords: legalization (laundering) of income, tax evasion, economic and legal mechanism, offshore zones. JEL Classification H26, O17 Formulas: 0; fig.: 4; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 13.

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Historical Introduction

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100077670 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 2-5

Author(s):

R. D. Heidenreich

Keyword(s):

Electron Emission ◽

Secondary Electron ◽

Secondary Electron Emission ◽

50Th Anniversary ◽

Secondary Emission ◽

Wave Nature ◽

Nobel Prize In Physics ◽

Primary Electrons ◽

The U.S ◽

Mutual Agreement

This program has been organized by the EMSA to commensurate the 50th anniversary of the experimental verification of the wave nature of the electron. Davisson and Germer in the U.S. and Thomson and Reid in Britian accomplished this at about the same time. Their findings were published in Nature in 1927 by mutual agreement since their independent efforts had led to the same conclusion at about the same time. In 1937 Davisson and Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in physics for demonstrating the wave nature of the electron deduced in 1924 by Louis de Broglie.The Davisson experiments (1921-1927) were concerned with the angular distribution of secondary electron emission from nickel surfaces produced by 150 volt primary electrons. The motivation was the effect of secondary emission on the characteristics of vacuum tubes but significant deviations from the results expected for a corpuscular electron led to a diffraction interpretation suggested by Elasser in 1925.

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Emerging Nutrition Gaps in a World of Affluence - Micronutrient Intake and Status Globally

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000068 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

pp. 238-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Manfred Eggersdorfer ◽

Paul Walter

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Human Health ◽

Old Age ◽

Molecular Basis ◽

Health Benefit ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

New Science ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Micronutrient Intake

Nutrition is important for human health in all stages of life - from conception to old age. Today we know much more about the molecular basis of nutrition. Most importantly, we have learnt that micronutrients, among other factors, interact with genes, and new science is increasingly providing more tools to clarify this interrelation between health and nutrition. Sufficient intake of vitamins is essential to achieve maximum health benefit. It is well established that in developing countries, millions of people still suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. However, it is far less recognized that we face micronutrient insufficiencies also in developed countries.

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Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Italian Single-Center Study

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000220 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 85 (1-2) ◽

pp. 23-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Aneta Aleksova ◽

Rita Belfiore ◽

Cosimo Carriere ◽

Salam Kassem ◽

Salvatore La Carrubba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Primary Source ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Female Gender ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

High Exposure

Abstract. Background: Hypovitaminosis D is a vitamin deficiency that has been increasing in developed countries; it was also suggested as an emerging risk factor for developing of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. The primary source of vitamin D is its cutaneous synthesis under exposure to sunlight. It has been suggested that 30 min of sun exposure twice weekly leads to sufficient vitamin D synthesis. The residents of Trieste (Italy) are well-known for their high exposure to sunlight in all seasons. We aimed to investigate the vitamin D status in subjects with acute myocardial infarction living in this area. Methods: Vitamin D status was identified in 478 subjects diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. Results: The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 14.5 [7.8 - 22.7] ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were present in 324 (68 %) and 107 (22 %) subjects, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was less frequent among subjects enrolled in the period from July to the end of September (p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis vitamin D deficiency was predicted by older age (p = 0.02), female gender (p = 0.002), higher body mass index (p = 0.05), autumn/winter sampling (p < 0.001), increased parathyroid hormone (p = 0.03) and alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.003). Conclusions: We observed very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among subjects with myocardial infarction in all seasons of enrollment. However, it was lower in the summer when sun exposure is higher. The exposure to sunlight may be a cost-saving therapeutic strategy for the management of vitamin D deficiency.

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Quantification of Vitamin A in Fortified Rapeseed, Groundnut and Soya Oils Using a Simple Portable Device: Comparison to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000154 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 122-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cécile Renaud ◽

Jacques Berger ◽

Arnaud Laillou ◽

Sylvie Avallone

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Vitamin A ◽

High Performance ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Portable Device ◽

Least Developed Countries ◽

Control Food ◽

Assay Precision

Vitamin A deficiency is still one of the major public health problems in least developed countries. Fortification of vegetable oils is a strategy implemented worldwide to prevent this deficiency. For a fortification program to be effective, regular monitoring is necessary to control food quality in the producing units. The reference methods for vitamin A quantification are expensive and time-consuming. A rapid method should be useful for regular assessment of vitamin A in the oil industry. A portable device was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for three plant oils (rapeseed, groundnut, and soya). The device presented a good linearity from 3 to 30 mg retinol equivalents per kg (mg RE.kg- 1). Its limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg RE.kg- 1 for groundnut and rapeseed oils and 4 mg RE.kg- 1 for soya oil. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.48 % to 3.98 %, considered satisfactory. Accuracy estimated by the root mean squares error ranged from 3.99 to 5.49 and revealed a lower precision than HPLC (0.4 to 2.25). Although it offers less precision than HPLC, the device estimates quickly the vitamin A content of the tested oils from 3 or 4 to 15 mg RE.kg- 1.

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