scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) on Liver and Kidney of Switzerland Mice

Sains Medika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astika Widy Utomo ◽  
Neni Susilaningsih ◽  
Desy Armalina
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Introduction: The soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) has widely been used as traditional medicine for cancer. No studies have been conduct to investigate the safety of the extract. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity test of soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) on Swiss mice’s liver and kidney.Methods: Twenty four mice were divided into 4 groups. Group I was control group, while group II-IV was given soursoup leaves extract as single dose orally via sonde. The mice were obsereved until day 7 to determine the LD50 and at the end were terminated to collect the liver and kidney. The organs later were made into histopathology slides. The slides read with light microscope. The data analyzed with ANOVA and was considered significant at p<0.05.Results: All mice were alive during the 7 days observation and no mice showing the toxic spectrum after the dosing. Microscopically, no damage on the liver and kidney organ among the groups.Conclusion: The LD50 of soursoup leaves extract is more than 2000 mg/kgBW. This result indicate that the extract is practically non toxic and do not damage the liver and kidney.

scholarly journals Toxicological implications of the fruit of Harungana madagascariensis on wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusayo Aderonke Shorinwa ◽  
Barizonmdu Monsi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract Background The unopened buds of the fruit of Harungana madagascariensis is used in the treatment of anaemia and skin diseases in traditional medicine. Hence, this study aims to scientifically evaluate the effects of oral administration of the fruit extract of Harungana madagascariensis on haematological, biochemical and histological parameters in Wistar rats. Methods Phytochemical screening of the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis was carried out. Acute toxicity test was done using Lorke’s method. Sub-acute toxicity studies were done using 24 rats of both sexes which were randomized into four groups of six rats each. Animals in groups A, B, C were administered with the extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively while group D animals were given distilled water (5 mg/kg) and served as the control group. All administrations were done through the oral route for 30 consecutive days. Body weights of the animals were taken weekly during the study. The animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether anaesthesia and blood samples collected for evaluation of haematological (red blood cell, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and white blood cell) and biochemical (alanine transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol and total protein) parameters. Histological examination was conducted on the liver and kidney of the animals. Results Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, steroidal nucleus, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and tannins. Acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the RBC, HB, PCV and WBC of the extract treated groups when compared to the control group. There was however, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the creatinine level of the 500 mg/kg extract –treated group and the control. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in other biochemical parameters of the extract treated groups and the control group except for a marginal increase in the total protein in the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract (60 g/L) compared with control (54.80 g/L). Histopathological examination showed alterations in the morphology of the liver and kidney in extract treated groups as compared to the control groups. Conclusion The findings have revealed that the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis should be used with caution especially during prolonged usage as the histology showed it has nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potentials. Further studies will be done to establish the effects of the extract on white blood cells.

scholarly journals The Safety of Areca Seed Ethanolic Extract as Potential Chemopreventive Agent is Proven by Acute Toxicity Test

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Sri Handayani ◽  
Riris Istighfari Jenie ◽  
Ratna Asmah Susidarti
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Test Animal ◽  
Chemopreventive Agent ◽  
Areca Catechu

Areca (Areca catechu L.) seeds ethanolic extract (AE) exhibits antiproliferative activity and induces apoptosis on T47D and MCF-7 cells. This study aimed to verify AE safety using acute toxicity test to support its development as chemopreventive agent. Male Sprague Dawley Rat (Rattus norvegicus) age 8 weeks divided into five groups, one group of control treated with 0.5% CMC-Na only and four groups for treatment. Single dose in oral administration was done to test animal with various dose of AE starts from lowest dose to highest dose expected toxic to all of test animal (0.1; 0.72; 5.36 and 10 gram/kgBW). Observation was done during 24 hours and continued for 14 days. The observation criteria were toxic symptoms, appearance and mechanism of toxic effect and pathology of vital organ. Histopathology analysis of some vital organs was done with Haematoxyllin&Eosin (H&E) staining. Toxic effect did not appear either on treatment groups or control group. Treatment of single dose of areca ethanolic extract, even in highest dose, did not cause the death of the animals. Therefore, observation extended to 14 days and terminated by necroption of the animals. All of groups did not show histopathological alterations in microscopic observation. Category of the potential toxicity of AE is practically non-toxic, ie 10 g/kgBW. The result shows the safety of areca seed ethanolic extract which is important for its development as chemopreventive agent.Keywords: Areca catechu, acute toxicity, rat

Acute Toxicity Test on Old Smelting Slag

2010 ◽  
Vol 160-162 ◽  
pp. 1564-1568
Author(s):  
Guo Hong Shui ◽  
Dong Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Liver And Kidney

The total amount of heavy metal in Ming and Qing dynasties smelted residue was analyzed. Also leaching solution’s acute toxicity of heavy metal in waste residue was discussed.The results showed that the residual quantity of heavy metal(zinc and plumbum) in residue was up to 6.97%. After several hundred years of lixiviation by rainwater, heavy metal (zinc and plumbum) which had released to circumstance was more than 1.71%.Heavy metal in ancient leaching has declined and Residue in Zn is only a very small part of the leaching, Pb leaching below the detection limit ,Cr, and Cd there was leachingonly a small amount .According to pre-test results, limiting test method was adopted to carry out acute toxicity test on waste residue’s leaching solution.The results of acute toxicity test showed that acute oral LD50(median lethal doses) in mice of waste residue’s leaching solution was bigger than 20ml/kg.bw. Mice in the experiment appeared no dead and no abnormal behavior. But mice significantly decreased bodyweight gain. At the end of the experiment, mice were anatomical examined for liver and kidney. No abnormal change was found. It was no significant difference compared with the control group. It showed that residual quantity of heavy metal in residue was high. Although reduce the leaching toxicity, but the acute toxicity harm still existed.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Test of Pigeon Pea Leaves Extract (Cajanus cajan) in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 01043
Author(s):  
Tutik Wresdiyati ◽  
Stephany Stephany ◽  
Ekowati Handharyani ◽  
Siti Sa’diah ◽  
Made Astawan
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test

Acute toxicity test was conducted to evaluate the safety level of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) leaves extract, using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 423) guideline method. The pigeon pea leaves were extracted using 96%ethanol as a solvent. A total of 9 male rats were used divided into 3 groups: 1 control group and 2 treatment groups. The rat in control group (group 1) received a single dose of distilled water while the rat in groups 2 and 3 received a single dose of pigeon pea leaves extract at doses of 300 mg/kg BW and 2000 mg/kg BW, respectively. The aquadest and extract suspension were administered orally using rat stomach tubedos. Mortality and clinical signs were examined in the first 4 hours (critical time), 24 hours, and 14 days after the treatments. The result revealed that the LD50 values of the extract was estimated at more than 5000 mg/kg BW and classified as practically nontoxic.

scholarly journals Acute oral toxicity study of Tectona grandis LInn. methanolic seed extract in albino mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
Sudheer Kumar Dokuparthi ◽  
◽  
Amer Khan ◽  
A Anusha ◽  
Mashma Bee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Albino Mice

Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity studies of methanolic seed extract of Tectona grandis in albino mice. Method: The present study has been carried out to evaluate the adverse and hazardous effects of methanolic seed extract of Tectona grandis in albino mice through oral route. Acute oral toxicity of methanolic extract was carried out in two phases. In first phase, a single dose of 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000mg/kg (dissolved in water) body weight in test group, while mice in control group received normal saline was administered. All the animals were individually studies for the mortality, wellness parameters and body weight for 14 days. The experiment was performed under OECD guidelines 423. No mortality or any significant physiological changes in the animals were observed up to 1000mg/kg bodyweight. The experiment was again repeated for second phase with a single doses of 1000, 1250, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg. Mortality was found at 1250 mg/kg. Therefore LD50 of the extract was estimated to be more than 1000mg/kg body weight. Finally, administration of a single dose of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg of the extract did not showed any significant differences in food and water consumption and other behavioral changes. The extract starts showing toxicity at a dose of 1250 mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: The analysis of these results with the information of signs, behavior and health monitoring leads to the conclusion that the oral administration of T.grandis methanolic seed extract for 15 days does not cause acute toxicity. But, higher doses on long term administering can cause considerable toxicity.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity of Aristolochia longa L. of aqueous extract in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawel Merouani ◽  
Rachid Belhattab
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Aristolochia longa L. (Aristolochiaceae) is widely used to treat breast cancer in Algerian traditional medicine. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ingestion of aqueous extracts of different parts of the plant on liver and kidney functions in wistar albinos mice. Acute oral toxicity was performed to determine DL50, this toxicity was carried out by the oral administration in single doses of 0–12 g/kg for tubers aqueous extracts and 2 g/kg and 5 g/kg for aerial and fruit aqueous extract respectively.  General behavior, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. The animals were sacrificed and biochemical study was done. The acute oral toxicity result revealed that LD50 of the tubers and fruit aqueous extracts was respectively more than 12 g/kg and 5 g/kg, but DL50 of the aerial aqueous extract was at 5 g/kg. The result revealed also that liver and kidney function of different groups receiving high doses was affected as ASAT, ALAT, Urea, creatinine was significantly increased as compared to control group. Histological examination showed alterations of the renal parenchyma and the liver which is greater in animals treated with high dose. Thus, caution should be exercised with its usage. Keywords: Acute toxicity, Biochemical parameters, Histological examination Aristolochia longa L.

scholarly journals ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF HOLOTHURIA ATRA IN MICE

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-153
Author(s):  
PANDU SALIM HANAFI ◽  
AJI SUTRISNO ◽  
TUTIK MURNIASIH ◽  
HARIJONO ◽  
MASTERIA YUNOVILSA PUTRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Holothuria Atra

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the toxicological potential of the ethanol extract of Holothuria atra through the acute oral toxicity – acute toxic class method. Methods: The sample was immersed in ethanol for 72 h at room temperature and repeated 3 times. The extracts were evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator. The identification of compounds in the ethanol extract of H. atra was carried out using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis. The acute toxicity test was examined the effects of treating male mice with the ethanol extract of H. atra at 300 and 2000 mg/kg by oral administration for 14 days. On the past day of the toxicity test, liver of all experimental animals was taken for histopathological testing. Results: LCMS analysis showed that the ethanol extract of H. atra is contained polar compounds (chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, a glycosaminoglycan, and holothurin) and non-polar compounds (fatty acids). Acute toxicity study was performed at a dose of 300 and 2000 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. No deaths or behavioral changes were observed during the administration of both doses. Histopathological test results on the liver showed a few changes at doses of 2000 mg/kg. Conclusions: The LD50 is equal to 5000 mg/kg and the ethanol extracts of H. atra can be classified as practically nontoxic. However, further studies are required to proceed to clinical studies in humans.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Test of Amomum cardamomum (Kapulaga) Seed Extract on Hepatic Trasaminase Enzyme in Winstar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Ratih D. Yudhani ◽  
Riza N. Pesik ◽  
Sarah Azzahro ◽  
Adliah F. Anisa ◽  
Rizka Hendriyani
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
T Test ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Hepatic Transaminase

The herb frequently used as spices or remedies in the Indonesian community, with the seed as the most common part is kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum). According to earlier evidence, this possessed antibacterial, antifungal and several biological properties, reduced blood glucose and atherogenic parameter, and is developed as standardized herbal cures. However, the application of herbal medicine requires validating evidence of safety and effectiveness, including toxicity tests, particularly in clinical settings. The target organs in this comprised hepar, due to the role in several drug metabolism. This study aimed at discovering the safety profile of kapulaga seed extract based on the hepatic transaminase enzyme (SGOT and SGPT) level, by conducting an acute toxicity test in Winstar rats. Also, this was implemented with the OECD 420 Fixed-Dose Procedure, and the preliminary test employed 300 mg/kg BW dose followed by a maximum single quantity (2000 mg/kg BW) of kapulaga. The main test was executed by a separation into control and treatment groups of 5 rats each. Therefore, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg BW kapulaga seed extract was administered to the treatment group, while the control group received standard pellets and water ad libitum. The blood from orbital vein was acquired on day 14, and SGOT and SGPT were subsequently assessed by an enzymatic-photometric method. Also, this data was analyzed using an independent sample t-test, and the mean of SGOT in both groups were 116.92±22.35 and 98.02±16.38 (p=0.17), with 58.72±8.79 and 47.64±7.30 (p=0.06) as SGPT respectively. Therefore, there was no statistical difference, and no acute toxicity signs were discovered. The maximum dose was not toxic and did not result in poisonous symptoms or alter hepatic transaminase enzyme (SGOT and SGPT) in rats.Keywords: Amomum cardamomum, kapulaga, acute toxicity, SGOT, SGPT  Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Biji Kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) Berdasarkan Kadar Enzim Transaminase Hepar Tikus WinstarAbstrakKapulaga (Amomum cardamomum), merupakan salah satu herbal Indonesia yang secara umum dimanfaatkan sebagai rempah-rempah maupun obat, terutama bagian biji. Beberapa bukti sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa kapulaga memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis seperti antibakteri, antijamur, dan sudah dibuktikan mampu menurunkan glukosa darah dan parameter arterogenik. Bukti tersebut mendukung pengembangan kapulaga sebagai obat herbal terstandar. Penggunaan obat herbal terutama di klinik harus didukung dengan adanya bukti keamanan maupun efektivitasnya termasuk uji toksisitas. Hepar merupakan salah satu target organ dari uji toksisitas karena perannya yang penting pada metabolisme sebagian besar obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai profil keamanan ekstrak biji kapulaga melalui uji toksisitas akut menggunakan tikus Winstar berdasarkan kadar enzim transaminase hepar (SGOT dan SGPT). Uji toksisitas akut berpedoman pada OECD 420 Fixed Dose Procedure. Uji pendahuluan menggunakan ekstrak biji kapulaga dosis 300 mg/kg BB dan diikuti dengan dosis tinggi 2000 mg/kg BB yang diberikan secara tunggal. Uji utama dilakukan dengan membagi tikus ke dalam kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan, masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas 5 tikus. Berdasarkan hasil uji pendahuluan, uji utama menggunakan dosis tunggal 2000 mg/kg BB untuk kelompok perlakuan, sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya mendapatkan pelet dan air secukupnya. Pada hari ke-14, darah dari vena orbital diambil, lalu kadar SGOT dan SGPT diukur menggunakan metode enzymatic-photometric. Independent sample t-test digunakan untuk menilai data rata-rata kadar SGOT dan SGPT dari kedua kelompok. Rata-rata kadar SGOT pada kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan sebesar 116,92±22,35 dan 98,02±16,38 (p=0,17), sedangkan rata-rata SGPT sebesar 58,72±8,79 dan 47,64±7,30 (p=0,06). Perbedaan rata-rata SGOT dan SGPT pada kedua kelompok tersebut secara statistik tidak bermakna dan tidak ditemukan tanda toksisitas pada semua hewan coba. Ekstrak biji kapulaga dosis maksimal 2000 mg/kg BB tidak toksik pada hepar tikus karena tidak menimbulkan tanda toksisitas maupun mengubah enzim transaminase hati (SGOT dan SGPT). Kata kunci: Amomum cardamomum, kapulaga, toksisitas akut, SGOT, SGPT

scholarly journals Uji Toksisitas Akut Air Limbah Industri Sasirangan Terhadap Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 733
Author(s):  
Akhmad Yafi Kusuma ◽  
Rahmawati Rahmawati ◽  
Hardiono Hardiono
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Ammonia Content

Abstract: Toxicity Test Of Acute Industrial Waste Water On Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis Niloticus). The sasirangan industrial liquid wastes containing high ammonia and high pH when discharged into the receiving water body without treatment will result in changes in water quality and even the death of aquatic biota so that an acute toxicity test is necessary. This study aims to determine the value of LC50 from waste sasirangan against tilapiaI. This research used the experimental method of Post Control Only Control Group Design design. Samples taken as much as 100 liters of waste in one industry sasirangan existing in the city of Banjarmasin. Concentrations of the sasirangan waste solution to be used in the acute toxicity test are: 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%. Parameters studied include ammonia, DO, pH, and temperature. To determine the value of LC50 using probit analysis. The results showed that LC50 for exposure time 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 14.73%, 10.21%, 8.26%, and 7.35%, respectively. The results of the analysis show that pH and ammonia content of industrial effluent sasirangan affect the death of tilapia fish. This research is hoped that the sasirangan industry does not dispose of its waste directly to the water body but needs to process it first. For further research it can complement the untested parameters such as BOD, COD, and TSS that affect fish survival.

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