scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF QUARANTINE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RELATED CATEGORIES

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has forced most states to establish quarantine measures, and quarantine has been introduced throughout Ukraine since March 2020. The purpose of the article is a complete comprehensive study of the concept of "quarantine" both etymologically and medically and legally; identification of its main features that allow to distinguish quarantine from such related categories as observation and (self) isolation. In the study to establish the essence of the concept of "quarantine" used methods such as: etymological, historical, comparative law. Summary of the main research results. It is noted that quarantine was first introduced in the 14th century in Italy during the plague outbreak. In explanatory dictionaries, quarantine is considered in two meanings: 1) sanitary point (medical post); 2) stay (detention) for a certain period of time of persons who came from places where there is plague or any infection, or persons who have suffered an epidemic disease or had contact with patients to avoid the spread of the disease. From a medical point of view, quarantine is considered as a system of state or local sanitary measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases and the elimination of epidemiological outbreaks. The Law of Ukraine "On Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases" defines quarantine as administrative and health measures used to prevent the spread of particularly dangerous infectious diseases. In the legal literature, quarantine is considered a legal regime. Conclusions. The study identified such important features of quarantine as: quarantine - a set of administrative, health, organizational, legal, restrictive, anti-epidemic measures; such measures are limited in time and place; measures have a specific purpose - to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in the country; quarantine involves isolating the quarantine object from others. These features allow to distinguish quarantine from such related categories as observation and (self) isolation. Observation is the stay of a person at risk of spreading an infectious disease in the observatory for the purpose of its examination and medical supervision. Self-isolation is defined as the presence of a person in respect of whom there are reasonable grounds for the risk of infection or spread of an infectious disease in a place (premises) designated by him in order to comply with anti-epidemic measures on the basis of the person’s obligation. It is emphasized that the terms "quarantine", "observation" and "isolation" are related, provide for certain anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Phonetic Laws Related to Vowels in Dialects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrokhim Omonovich Darveshov
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Initial Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Areal Linguistics ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Today, in carrying out the reforms for the development of our society, there are created full opportunities and conditions for the fulfillment of the tasks set before the Uzbek linguistics, purposeful research work is carried out on the issue of comprehensive study of our language. At the same time, the study of the features of Uzbek dialects, relying on the theoretical bases of areal linguistic research, is defined as one of the priority directions in the historical-comparative and ethnolinguistic aspects.This sphere consists of imperfect, simple descriptive and illustrative aspects, indefinite places need to learn and fill on the basis of new views, from a mental point of view. The article gives an idea of the peculiarities of the Namangan Kipchak and Karluk dialects, the historical genesis of the system of vowels, the issues areal of their prevalence and application. The phonetic-phonological linguistic character of the dialect is a comparative-historical reflection of the processes of events of features and laws. In its turn, there are described opinions about the events of umlaut in the Turkic dialects of synharmonism and Karluk dialects in Kipchak dialects related to the vowels in the Turkic languages. Key policy insights.The study through areal-typological and areal-linguistic methods, which gave Mahmud Kashgariy in Turkic languages, the initial point of any linguistic theory and conceptions, the study of dialects, their specific features, is still one of the important issues today. The emergence of areal linguistics has opened up a wide way to evaluate new issues and concepts in the field of dialectology, to solve them in new ways. Relying on the theoretical basis of dialect and slang areas in the holistic study of the language system, the fact that historical-comparative and ethnologic research is defined as one of the priority areas imposes new responsibilities on Uzbek linguistics and Uzbek linguists.

scholarly journals O sędziach pokoju w pracach Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-280
Author(s):  
Mariusz Mohyluk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Justices Of The Peace ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article presents work on the unification of the Polish judiciary in the Second Republic in the years 1918–1928. It was carried out in three tracks. The initiator of the first moves consisting in unification of district regulations, reorganisation and taking over the judiciary was the government and the Ministry of Justice. Since February 1919, these measures were supported and approved by the Legislative Sejm (later the Sejm). Since November 1919 the burden of work was taken over by the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland. The aim of this article is to discuss the course of work on the law on the system of common courts within the Codification Committee of the Republic of Poland, with particular emphasis on the provisions on justices of the peace. From this point of view, it will help to solve the main research problem of the article: to what extent did the Polish Codification Commission contribute to shaping the institution of justices of the peace in the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland on Law on the System of Judiciary of 6 February 1928. The article makes use of archival materials, protocols from the sessions of the Codification Commission of the Second Polish Republic, the legal literature of the Second Republic and the current literature on the subject.

scholarly journals Preparations for the European football championship (EURO 2008) in Switzerland

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Dreyfus ◽  
J Marfurt ◽  
A Birrer ◽  
H. C. Matter ◽  
P-A Raeber
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
National Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mass Gathering ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
European Football

The European football championship (EURO 2008) is taking place in Austria and Switzerland between 7 and 29 June 2008. From a public health point of view, such a mass gathering requires attention with regard to infectious disease prevention because of (i) a potential increased risk for disease transmission (ii) increased media attention and (iii) its potential as a target for actions of a bioterrorist nature [2,6,8,9]. This article gives an overview of the preparations for Euro 2008 on the national level in Switzerland with regards to infectious diseases.

THE METADIALOGUE CONCEPT IN ITS LINGUISTIC ASPECT

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-726
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Kupriyanova ◽  
I.M. Vasilyanova
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Aspect

The article summarizes the key points in the development of the metadialogue phenomenon from a linguistic point of view. Some stages of the development of this concept and the difficulties associated with its structuring are covered. The main research findings of modern foreign and domestic experts on its study are considered. Some characteristics of the subject of the research from the standpoint of various pragmatic installations are given. On the basis of the dynamic structure of the metadialogue development, certain principles of semantic relations connected with the dialectical nature of human cognition are presented. Excursion into the history and evolution of the concept is presented. Several types of formulation of the subject matter are given. In accordance with the goal of speech exposure, internal problems of the development of metadialogue are highlighted and the critical points related to solving these problems are described. The rules of metadialogue flow are explained at the level of steps, the success/failure of which directly affects the final result of communication. The prospects of development of the concept research in accordance with various types of discourse are indicated.

Communicable and Other Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Frischhut
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
And Control

This chapter discusses the most important features of EU law on infectious diseases. Communicable diseases not only cross borders, they also often require measures that cross different areas of policy because of different vectors for disease transmission. The relevant EU law cannot be attributed to one sectoral policy only, and thus various EU agencies participate in protecting public health. The key agency is the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Other important agencies include the European Environment Agency; European Food Safety Authority; and the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency. However, while integration at the EU level has facilitated protection of the public's health, it also has created potential conflicts among the different objectives of the European Union. The internal market promotes the free movement of products, but public health measures can require restrictions of trade. Other conflicts can arise if protective public health measures conflict with individual human rights. The chapter then considers risk assessment and the different tools of risk management used in dealing with the challenges of infectious diseases. It also turns to the external and ethical perspective and the role the European Union takes in global health.

scholarly journals HLA and Infectious Diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenefer M. Blackwell ◽  
Sarra E. Jamieson ◽  
David Burgner
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen

SUMMARY Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.

scholarly journals Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 074873042098732
Author(s):  
N. Kronfeld-Schor ◽  
T. J. Stevenson ◽  
S. Nickbakhsh ◽  
E. S. Schernhammer ◽  
X. C. Dopico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Timing Phase

Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.

scholarly journals Application of 3D bioprinting in the prevention and the therapy for human diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Gyeong Yi ◽  
Hyeonji Kim ◽  
Junyoung Kwon ◽  
Yeong-Jin Choi ◽  
Jinah Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Infectious Disease Research

AbstractRapid development of vaccines and therapeutics is necessary to tackle the emergence of new pathogens and infectious diseases. To speed up the drug discovery process, the conventional development pipeline can be retooled by introducing advanced in vitro models as alternatives to conventional infectious disease models and by employing advanced technology for the production of medicine and cell/drug delivery systems. In this regard, layer-by-layer construction with a 3D bioprinting system or other technologies provides a beneficial method for developing highly biomimetic and reliable in vitro models for infectious disease research. In addition, the high flexibility and versatility of 3D bioprinting offer advantages in the effective production of vaccines, therapeutics, and relevant delivery systems. Herein, we discuss the potential of 3D bioprinting technologies for the control of infectious diseases. We also suggest that 3D bioprinting in infectious disease research and drug development could be a significant platform technology for the rapid and automated production of tissue/organ models and medicines in the near future.

scholarly journals Computational Forecasting Methodology for Acute Respiratory Infectious Disease Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4540
Author(s):  
Daniel Alejandro Gónzalez-Bandala ◽  
Juan Carlos Cuevas-Tello ◽  
Daniel E. Noyola ◽  
Andreu Comas-García ◽  
Christian A García-Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Projection Model ◽  
Channel Calculation ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Disease Behavior ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Google Search ◽  
Infectious Disease Dynamics ◽  
Absolute Percent Error

The study of infectious disease behavior has been a scientific concern for many years as early identification of outbreaks provides great advantages including timely implementation of public health measures to limit the spread of an epidemic. We propose a methodology that merges the predictions of (i) a computational model with machine learning, (ii) a projection model, and (iii) a proposed smoothed endemic channel calculation. The predictions are made on weekly acute respiratory infection (ARI) data obtained from epidemiological reports in Mexico, along with the usage of key terms in the Google search engine. The results obtained with this methodology were compared with state-of-the-art techniques resulting in reduced root mean squared percentage error (RMPSE) and maximum absolute percent error (MAPE) metrics, achieving a MAPE of 21.7%. This methodology could be extended to detect and raise alerts on possible outbreaks on ARI as well as for other seasonal infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Spread of Epidemic Disease on Edge-Weighted Graphs from a Database: A Case Study of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4432
Author(s):  
Ronald Manríquez ◽  
Camilo Guerrero-Nancuante ◽  
Felipe Martínez ◽  
Carla Taramasco
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Weighted Graph ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Weighted Graphs ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
The Real

The understanding of infectious diseases is a priority in the field of public health. This has generated the inclusion of several disciplines and tools that allow for analyzing the dissemination of infectious diseases. The aim of this manuscript is to model the spreading of a disease in a population that is registered in a database. From this database, we obtain an edge-weighted graph. The spreading was modeled with the classic SIR model. The model proposed with edge-weighted graph allows for identifying the most important variables in the dissemination of epidemics. Moreover, a deterministic approximation is provided. With database COVID-19 from a city in Chile, we analyzed our model with relationship variables between people. We obtained a graph with 3866 vertices and 6,841,470 edges. We fitted the curve of the real data and we have done some simulations on the obtained graph. Our model is adjusted to the spread of the disease. The model proposed with edge-weighted graph allows for identifying the most important variables in the dissemination of epidemics, in this case with real data of COVID-19. This valuable information allows us to also include/understand the networks of dissemination of epidemics diseases as well as the implementation of preventive measures of public health. These findings are important in COVID-19’s pandemic context.

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