scholarly journals Risiko Penyakit Kulit Akibat Kerja di Perusahaan Perkebunan dan Pengolahan Karet

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Mei Ahyanti ◽  
Purwono Purwono
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disease ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Business Unit ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Time Required

<p>Skin disease is a disease that attacks the body's surface and is caused by a variety of causes. PTPN VII Business Unit Way Berulu Regency Pesawaran, Lampung company plantation, and rubber/ latex. The length of time required in the processing and the addition of chemical substances at risk against the workers. The research aims to know the risk factors of occupational skin disease occurrences in PTPN VII Business Unit Berulu Way, using design case control with the total sample as many as 73 cases and 73 controls so that the total sample is 146 people, held on June-October 2017. The determination of cases based on Medical Records that are in the health service center of the plantation (Puskesbun). The analysis is done in univariate, and bivariate using Chi-Square test. The results of the analysis concluded that there was a significant relationship between previous skin disease history (pv=0,000, OR=4,399, 95% CI=1,995-9,698), personal hygiene (pv=0,000, OR=4,100, 95% CI = 1,953 - 8,608), supply of clean water (pv=0.020, OR=2.304, 95% CI=1.187-4.472) and use of APD (pv=0.037, OR=2.177, 95% CI=1.123-4.220) with the incidence of skin diseases due to work.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Characteristics of Scavengers With Skin Diseases in Wukirsari Landfill, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surahma Asti Mulasari ◽  
Novianingrum Novianingrum
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Skin diseases are disorders of the skin caused by fungi, bacteria, parasites, viruses, and infections. Based on the health profile of Indonesia 2010, the number of acquired skin disorder cases in Indonesia was 122076 cases. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the characteristics of scavengers and the incidence of skin diseases at the land-fill at Wukirsari Gunung kidul Yogyakarta. The study design was cross-sectional. The samples were 32 Wukirsari Gunungkidul land-fill scavengers and selected through totality sampling. The data was analyzed using chi square test. Measurement instruments used were questionnaires, checklists sheet, and doctors diagnosis. The result showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between personal hygiene and skin disease incidence (p =0.005; RP=3.193) and between usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) and skin disease incidence (p =0.001; RP=3.086), while there was no statistically significant relationship between skin disease and working duration (p =0.755; RP=1.111).

scholarly journals Relationship of Personal Hygiene and Environmental Conditions with Complaints of Skin Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Sumantri Alikhan Sains
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Village

Based on data from the Tikep Health Center, for the last three years Waturempe Village has become the village with the highest incidence of skin diseases and accounts for almost 50% of skin diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between personal hygiene and environmental conditions in Waturempe Village. The population in this study were all heads who live in Waturempe Village as many as 120 heads of families (KK). The sample size was 92 respondents, taken by simple random sampling. The data were obtained using a questionnaire then analyzed descriptively and inferentially using the chi square test. The results showed that there was a strong relationship between personal hygiene (X²hit=39,21 2> X²tab = 3,841), moisture (X²hit=36,655 > X²tab=3,841), temperature (X²hit=45,126 > X²tab=3,841), natural lighting (X²hit=29,362> X²tab=3,841), and occupancy density (X²hit=27,273 > X²tab=3,841) with complaints of skin diseases. There was a moderate relationship between water quality and complaints of skin diseases (X²hit=19,354 > X²tab=3,841). It is expected that the community always maintains personal hygiene and improves condition of the home environment and is always aware of the transmission of skin diseases.

scholarly journals ANALISIS HUBUNGAN POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DENGAN TINGKAT KEMANDIRIAN PERSONAL HYGIENE PADA ANAK USIA PRA SEKOLAH DI DUSUN CELEGEH DESA BAREBALI LOMBOK TENGAH TAHUN 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Yulianti Yulianti ◽  
Amalia Mastuty ◽  
Edy Surya Pratama
Keyword(s):  
Total Sample ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Village

The role of parents as caregivers and the response from the enviroment is needed for children in the formation of children’s independence. Based on data from the national statistical agency in 2014, the number of pre-school age children in indonesia was 28.022 people. This study aims to study the relationship of parenting parents with the level of personal hygiene independence in pre-school age children in the village of celegeh, barebali village, central lombok. This research is a descriptive correlational research with a cross sectional approach. The population in study amounted to 34 people. Sampling is done by using purposive sampling which amounts to 32 people, but in sampling there are exclusion criteria so that the total sample is 30 respondents. Research instruments using questionnaires. Data analysis techniques using the chi-square test α=0,05. The results showed that most of the patterns of adoption by respondents were 14 people (46,7%) authoritarian parenting, with 7 independent children (23,3%) and 7 non-independent children (23,3%). So it can be concluded there is a relationship between parenting parents with the level of personal hygiene independence in pre-school age children in the village of celegeh, barebali village, central lombok.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN FAKTOR PEKERJAAN TERHADAP KEJADIAN KATARAK NUKLEARIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 516-521
Author(s):  
Uun Kurniasih ◽  
Lien Herlina ◽  
Siti Ni'mawati
Keyword(s):  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Occupational Factors ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Chi Square Test

Pekerjaan  dengan paparan sinar matahari merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya katarak. Paparan sinar matahari yang lama cenderung menderita katarak khususnya nuklearis.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan hubungan faktor pekerjaan terhadap kejadian katarak nuklearis.Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional study.Jumlah sampel sebanyak 52 orang penentuan sampelnya dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data akan dilakukan oleh peneliti, dengan cara observasi dan wawancara dan dianalisa secara statistika menggunakan uji Chi Square (X2). Dari hasil uji statistika didapatkan bahwa dari hasil tabulasi silang ada kecenderungan faktor pekerjaan karena paparan sinar matahari dengan katarak nuklearis, sedangkan berdasarkan uji Chi Square tidak ada hubungan antara faktor pekerjaan karena paparan sinar matahari dengan katarak nuklearis dengan nilai    p = 0,795 (p > 0,1).Kata Kunci          : Faktor pekerjaan  katarak nuklearis ABSTRACTWork with exposure to sunlight is a risk factor for cataracts. Long exposure to the sun tend to suffer from cataracts, especially nuklearis.The purpose of this study is to prove the correlation between the incidence of cataracts nuklearis work.This research is a descriptive study with cross -sectional correlation study. Total sample of 52 people who were taken through the large sample formula in which the determination of the sample by using purposive sampling. The data obtained by observation and interviews, and analyzed statistically using Chi Square ( X2 ).while based on Chi Square test was no association between occupational factors as sun exposure with cataract nuklearis with p = 0.795 ( p > 0.1 ).Keywords             : Occupational factors, cataract nuklearis

scholarly journals The Relation of Personal Hygiene with The Incidence of Scabies at Al Falah Male Boarding School Students Sub-district of Liang Anggang in the Year 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nur Muafida ◽  
Imam Santoso ◽  
Darmiah Darmiah
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Poor personal hygiene can be a factor supporting the development of skin diseases such as scabies. In Indonesia the scabies disease numerous in boarding school. One of the things that support the transmission of scabies is personal hygiene students who are not good. The study aimed to determine the relationship of personal hygiene with the incidence of scabies on students Al Falah male boarding school students at sub-district of Liang Anggang in the year 2016. This research is an analytic observational  with cross sectional design. The sample of research are students of Al Falah for boys boarding school Sub-district of Liang Anggang as many as 127 people. Data analysis using statistical Chi-square test (X2). The results showed among 127 students, 59 of them in a poor condition of personal hygiene 53 of them categorized affected with scabies (89.8 %). While the remaining 68 students were in a good condition of personal hygiene with 23 of them having scabies (33.8%). X2 test results showed that there was a significant relationship, personal hygiene with the incidence of scabies on students boarding school Al Falah for boys Sub-district of Liang Anggang in the year 2016 at p-value = 0.000. Efforts should be made to reduce the incidence of scabies among others: showering twice a day using clean water, use personal belongings are not mutually borrowing, keep clean hands and nails, hygiene clothing and cleanliness of the bed.

scholarly journals Faktor yang berhubungan dengan personal hygiene pada remaja putri SMP Negeri 4 Majene

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Muh fauzar Hijrah
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Chi Square Test

  Abstract: Personal hygiene is an action to maintain the cleanliness and health of a person for his welfare, both physical and psychological. If someone is sick, usually the health problem is less attention. This happens because it considers the problem of cleanliness is a trivial problem, even though if it is not paid attention to can affect general health. This study aims to determine the factors associated with personal hygiene in young women at SMP Negeri 4 Majene. This study used an analytic survey design with a cross sectional study approach. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 4 Majene, Majene Regency with a total sample of 47 young women. Sampling is done by total sampling method. The results showed sufficient personal hygiene behavior of 31 people (65.1%) and less by 16 people (34.9%). Chi-Square test results showed no relationship between the level of knowledge of young women with personal hygiene with Fisher Exact values ​​obtained p = 1.00 and there was no relationship between the level of confidence of young women with personal hygiene with continuity correction values ​​obtained p = 0.533. The conclusion of this study is that there is no relationship between the factors of knowledge and belief in personal hygiene of teenage girls at Majene Neg 4 Middle School.  

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT DENGAN KEJADIAN PENYAKIT KULIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Atik Setiyaningsih ◽  
Sutriyanti .
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disease ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Poor Individual ◽  
Measuring Tool ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Prevalensi scabies di Indonesia menurut Depkes RI berdasarkan data dari puskesmas seluruh Indonesia tahun 2014 adalah 7,4%-12,9. Di Boyolali penyakit scabies merupakan urutan ke 10 penyakit menular pada tahun 2009.. Iklim tersebut yang mempermudah perkembangan bakteri, parasit maupun jamur. Penyakit yang sering muncul karena kurangnya kebersihan diri adalah berbagai penyakit kulit. Penyakit ini mudah menular dan banyak faktor yang membantu penyebarannya antara lain kemiskinan, higiene individu yang jelek dan lingkungan yang tidak sehat. Tujuan Penelitian : Mengetahui Hubungan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat dengan kejadian penyakit kulit. Metode Penelitian : penelitian yang dilakukan ini merupakan penelitian Observasi analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dan menggunakan teknik sampling total sampling. Dari semua anak Panti Asuhan , jumlah sampel sebanyak 41 responden. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan alat pengukuran kuesioner. Hasil Penelitian : Hasil penelitian mengenai hubungan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat dengan kejadian penyakit kulit dengan program SPSS 16. Didapatkan p-value 0.001 < 0.05 dan X2hitung 13,824 > X2tabel 5,591. Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat dengan kejadian penyakit kulitKata kunci : Perilaku Hidup Bersih Dan Sehat, Kejadian Penyakit KulitRELATIONSHIP BEHAVIOR CLEAN AND HEALTHY WITH GENESIS SKIN DISEASESABSTRACTBackground : The prevalence of scabies in Indonesia according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health based on data from health centers throughout Indonesia in 2014 was 7.4% -12.9. In Boyolali, scabies was the 10th infectious disease in 2009. The climate that facilitates the development of bacteria, parasites and fungi . Disease that often arise due to lack of personal hygiene is a variety of skin diseases . The disease is easily spread and a lot of factors that help spread include poverty , poor individual hygiene and unhealthy environment. Research  Objective: To identify the relationship clean and healthy behaviors with the incidence of skin disease. Research  Methods: This study was conducted observation studies using cross sectional analytic and total sampling using sampling techniques . Of all the children's orphanage , the total sample of 41 respondents . Instrument research using questionnaires measuring tool . Research  Results: The results of research on the relationship of the behavior of living clean and healthy with the incidence of skin disease with SPSS 16. Obtained p-value 0.001 < 0.05, and X2hitung 13.824 > 5.591 X2tabel. Conclusion : There is a relationship clean and healthy behaviors with the incidence of skin disease  Keywords : Behavior Clean And Healthy , Genesis Skin Diseases

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN JENIS KELAMIN, TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN DAN PENGETAHUAN TERHADAP KEJADIAN SKABIES PADA SANTRI PONDOK PESANTREN QOTRUN NADA KOTA DEPOK

Biomedika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaira Naftassa ◽  
Tiffany Rahma Putri
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
School Management ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test

ABSTRAKSkabiesis merupakan penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh infestasi dan sensitisasi tungau Sarcoptes  Scabiei Varietas Hominis. Penyakit ini menginfeksi sebagian besar pelajar yang tinggal di asrama, hal ini bisa disebabkan oleh beberapa kemungkinan, diantaranya: kurangnya higienitas kamar tidur dan personal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan terhadap kejadian penyakit skabies di Pondok Pesantren Qotrun Nada Cipayung, Depok tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Subjek penelitian ini adalah santri MTs dan MA Pondok Pesantren Qotrun Nada dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 santri. Analisis data berdasarkan kejadian penyakit skabies menggunakan uji Chi-Square (p < 0,05) dan CI 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan terhadap penyakit skabies.Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Pendidikan, Skabiesis ABSTRACTScabiesis is one of many skin disease caused by an infestation and sensitization of Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. It can infected almost students living in boarding school, caused by several abilites, such as roomfacilities and personal hygiene. This study held on Qotrun Nada Islamic Boarding School, Cipayung, Depok, on year 2017, and focused on prevalence of scabies correlated to sex, education level and knowledge of students. The study used cross – sectional analytical- descriptive methode. Subjects were all students of Qotrun Nada Islamic Boarding School, and 50 samples were taken. All data based on prevalence of scabies were analized by Chi - square test (p < 0,05) and CI 95%. The result showed positive correlation among sex, education level, and knowledge towards scabies. Some suggenstions could be given by school management and government to take actions on demolishing the parasite and took some preventions against S. Scabiei infection to maintain students healthcare on boarding school. Keywords: Knowledge, Education, Scabiesis

HUBUNGAN UMUR DAN PARITAS DENGAN PEMILIHAN ALAT KONTRASEPSI METODE OPERASI WANITA (MOW) DI POLIKLINIK KEBIDANAN RS BHAYANGKARA PALEMBANG TAHUN 2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Widyastuti Y. Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Family Planning Services ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Family Planning Methods ◽  
Selection Of

  ABSTRACT [In advanced countries the number of permanent contraception option ( kontap ) approximately 10 % of all national family planning methods , while in Indonesia reached approximately 5.7 % . Based on data obtained from medical records Bhayangkara Hospital Palembang in 2010 the number of achievement when seen from the percentage of contraceptive use is only 9.10 % The purpose of this study is known age and parity relationship with the selection of contraceptive methods Surgery Women ( MOW ) in Palembang RS.Bhayangkara obstetrics clinic in 2012 . This study uses the analytic survey with cross sectional approach . The population in this study were women who become new acceptors were recorded in medical records at the hospital . Palembang Bhayangkara Hospitals January 1, 2012 to December 31 in 2012 . The sample in this study is part of a whole number of new acceptors ( either using contraception methods MOW and other family planning methods ) were registered in the hospital . Palembang Police Hospitals of January 1, 2012 to December 31 years of data 2012.Analisa univariate and bivariate statistical Chi - Square test with significance level α = 0.05 . The results showed there were 80 respondents ( 46.3 % ) who became MOW contraceptive acceptors , acceptors who have old age by 45 respondents ( 56.3 % ) and who has a young age by 35 respondents ( 43.8 % ) . acceptors which have high parity were 44 respondents ( 55 % ) who had low parity and a total of 36 respondents ( 45 % ) . From the results of Chi-square test value obtained ρ = 0.00 is smaller than α = 0.05 . There is a significant correlation between age and the selection of MOW Chi square test results obtained ρ value = 0.00 and there was a significant association between parity with the election MOW Chi square test results obtained ρ value = 0 , . From these results , it is expected to power health, especially family planning services at the hospital . Palembang Police Hospitals in order to improve the quality of family planning services in an effective, efficient , and safe are considered particularly suitable for users of contraception OperatingMethodWomen(MOW).                                      ABSTRAK Di negara sudah maju jumlah pilihan kontrasepsi mantap (kontap) sekitar 10% dari semua metode KB nasional, sedangkan di Indonesia baru mencapai sekitar 5,7 %. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari Rekam medik  Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara Palembang tahun 2010 Jumlah pencapain tersebut jika dilihat dari persentasi penggunaan kontrasepsi MOW hanya  9,10% Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya hubungan umur dan paritas dengan pemilihan alat kontrasepsi Metode Operasi Wanita (MOW) di poliklinik kebidanan RS.Bhayangkara Palembang Tahun 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah wanita yang menjadi akseptor KB Baru yang tercatat di rekam medik  di RS. Bhayangkara Palembang tanggal 1 januari 2012 sampai dengan 31 Desember  tahun 2012. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagian dari seluruh jumlah akseptor KB Baru (baik yang menggunakan alat kontrasepsi Metode MOW maupun Metode KB lain) yang teregister di RS. Bhayangkara Palembang dari tanggal 1 januari 2012 sampai dengan 31 Desember  tahun 2012.Analisa data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji statistik Chi-Square dengan tingkat kemaknaan α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 80 responden terdapat (46,3%) yang menjadi akseptor kontrasepsi MOW, akseptor yang memiliki umur tua sebanyak 45 responden (56,3%) dan yang memiliki  umur muda sebanyak 35 responden (43,8%). akseptor yang memiliki paritas tinggi sebanyak 44 responden  (55%) dan yang memiliki  paritas rendah sebanyak 36 responden (45%). Dari hasil uji Chi square didapatkan ρ value = 0,00 lebih kecil dari α = 0,05. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur dengan pemilihan MOW dari hasil uji Chi square didapatkan ρ value = 0,00 dan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara paritas dengan pemilihan MOW hasil uji Chi square didapatkan ρ value = 0,.Dari hasil penelitian ini, diharapkan kepada tenaga kesehatan khususnya pelayanan KB  di RS. Bhayangkara Palembang  agar dapat meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan KB secara efektif, efisien, dan aman yang dianggap cocok bagi penggunanya khususnya mengenai kontrasepsi Metode Operasi Wanita (MOW).    

Skull and Face Injuries and Associated Factors in Pedestrian Victims of Traffic Accidents: A Single Trauma Center Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Josimara A. de Araújo Varela ◽  
Tatiana F.T. Palitot ◽  
Smyrna L.X. de Souza ◽  
Alidianne F.C. Cavalcanti ◽  
Alessandro L. Cavalcanti
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The City

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the presence of lesions in the skull and face and the associated factors in pedestrian victims of traffic accidents. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study carried out through the analysis of medical records of pedestrian victims of traffic accidents in an emergency service in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil, during the year of 2016. Information was collected regarding gender, age group, day of the week, time of the accident, type of vehicle involved, presence of trauma to the skull and face, and outcomes. The Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: A total of 1,884 medical records were evaluated, out of which 7.1% (n = 133) involved pedestrians. Men were the most frequent victims (68.4%), and victims of age 60 years old or over (30.5%) predominated. Almost one-third of the cases were recorded during the weekends (30.5%), and the most prevalent time was at night (52.7%). Regarding the type of vehicle involved, motorcycles predominated (47.4%). Head trauma was present in 37.6% of victims, while facial injuries corresponded to 8.2%. In 12% of cases, the victims died. The variables of gender, age group, occurrence on weekends, and trauma to the face showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of traffic accidents (Chi-square test; p<0.05). Conclusion: Among pedestrian victims of traffic accidents, there is a predominance of men aged 65 years or over. Accidents are frequent at night, and motorcycles are the main vehicles involved. The presence of trauma to the skull and face regions is high.

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