Impacto de Secas e Antropização na Dinâmica da Cobertura Florestal em Fragmento do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da antropização e de secas severas na dinâmica da cobertura florestal de um fragmento de caatinga na região semiárida do Brasil, ao longo de 32 anos. Para o cálculo do índice de seca, agrupou-se os valores de precipitação média pondera da anual da série histórica (1988 - 2019) em Decis. A partir do quantitativo de área encontrada nas classes de uso e ocupação (cobertura florestal conservada, cobertura natural campestre, área antropizada e corpos d’água) dos anos extremos secos e chuvosos, procedeu-se à análise estatística multivariada pelo método da análise de agrupamento hierárquico. Os valores médios dos agrupamentos foram submetidos à análise estatística e confrontados pelo teste T de Student (p ≤ 0,05). Foram encontrados três grupos distintos: G1 constituído por anos secos e muito secos da década de 90, o agrupamento 2 formado por anos extremos úmidos e muito úmidos, independentemente do período, e G3 (agrupamento intermediário) constituído tanto por anos típicos secos quanto chuvosos, especificamente de períodos mais recentes (2000 a 2019). Os grupos G2 e G3 contribuíram com as maiores quantitativo de cobertura florestal conservada, 143.176,50 e 144.928,13 ha, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram que a precipitação pluviométrica está mais estritamente correlacionada com as áreas antropizadas do que propriamente com a regeneração natural da cobertura florestal. A vegetação arbórea-arbustiva do fragmento investigado tem passado por um processo de regeneração natural na década recente (2002 - 2019) em virtude do abandono de áreas anteriormente antropizadas na década de 90. Drought and Anthropogenic Effect on the Dynamics of Forest Cover in a Fragment of Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain A B S T R A C TThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic action and severe drought on the dynamics of forest cover in a fragment of caatinga in the semi-arid region of Brazil, over 32 years. To calculate the drought index, the values for weighted mean annual precipitation from an historical series (1988 - 2019) were grouped into deciles. Based on the quantification of the area found in the classes of use and occupation (conserved forest cover, natural rural cover, anthropogenic area and water bodies) for the extreme dry and rainy years, multivariate statistical analysis was carried out using hierarchical cluster analysis. The mean values of the clusters were submitted to statistical analysis and compared by Student's t-test (p ≤ 0.05). Three distinct groups were found: G1, consisting of dry and very dry years from the 1990s; G2, formed by extreme wet and very wet years regardless of the period; and G3 (intermediate group), comprising both dry and rainy years, specifically from more recent periods (2000 to 2019). Groups G2 and G3 contributed the greatest amount of conserved forest cover, 143,176.50 and 144,928.13 ha respectively. The results show that rainfall is more closely correlated with the anthropogenic areas than with the natural regeneration of forest cover. The woody vegetation of the fragment under investigation has undergone a process of natural regeneration during the last decade (2008 - 2016), due to previously anthropogenic areas being abandoned in the 1990s.Keywords: Caatinga, remote sensing, desertification.

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Detection of drought events in Greece using daily precipitation

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.2010.001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 126-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

N. Kalamaras ◽

H. Michalopoulou ◽

H. R. Byun

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽

Daily Precipitation ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Seasonal Distribution ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Cluster Analysis Method ◽

Insight Into

In this study a method proposed by Byun & Wilhite, which estimates drought severity and duration using daily precipitation values, is applied to data from stations at different locations in Greece. Subsequently, a series of indices is calculated to facilitate the detection of drought events at these sites. The results provide insight into the trend of drought severity in the region. In addition, the seasonal distribution of days with moderate and severe drought is examined. Finally, the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis method is used to identify sites with similar drought features.

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PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AND HEMOLYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION IN THE NEWBORN: INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.20.1.92 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 92-97

Author(s):

Jo-Anne E. Richards ◽

Richard B. Goldbloom ◽

Ronald L. Denton

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Control Group ◽

Term Infants ◽

Mean Values ◽

Relative Deficiency

Forty-three full-term infants have been studied with respect to hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Mean values for concentration of bilirubin in the serum and percentage of hemolysis followed similar patterns in the first few days of life. However, statistical analysis of the data in individual cases showed no significant correlation between the degree of hemolysis in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and the concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Administration of vitamin E prevented an increase in hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide but failed to produce any significant change in concentrations of bilirubin as compared with the control group. The evidence suggests that the relative deficiency of vitamin E which exists in most newborn infants does not play a part in the causation or maintenance of physiologic hyperbilirubinemia. The clinical significance of increased hemolysis of the erythrocytes of the newborn infant in solutions of hydrogen peroxide remains a mystery. Possible approaches to the clarification of this problem are suggested.

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LABOUR RESOURCES IN ROMANIA, BEFORE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS

Scientific Annals of the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iaşi. New Series SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK Section ◽

10.47743/asas-2020-2-605 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ciprian Iftimoaei ◽

Cristian-Ionuţ Baciu

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Unemployment Rate ◽

Economic Transition ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The European Union ◽

Simple Linear Regression

In the three decades since the collapse of communism in Romania (1989), human resources have gone through several distinct moments in the process of social and economic transition, from the state economy to the market economy: (1) the period 1990-2007 characterized by declining employment, rising unemployment, low wages, employee poverty, labour migration to developed countries; (2) the period 2007-2019 in which Romanian employees experienced the benefits of the European integration process, which meant economic macrostability, increased foreign investment, projects financed by European operational programs that led to increased living standards, increased employment, labour crisis; (3) the period beginning with the 2020 pandemic year and the economic and social crisis, the effects of which are already quantified by official statistics. This paper proposes a retrospective analysis of the evolution of labour resources in Romania, after joining the European Union. The methodology used combines descriptive statistical analysis (labour resources, activity rate, employment rate, unemployment rate, average net earnings), hierarchical cluster analysis to compare the employment situation in Romania in the year of accession to the European Union (2007) versus the year before the onset of the pandemic crisis (2019) and the simple linear regression analysis, having as an independent variable the „unemployment rate” and as a dependent variable „the number of employees”. Simple linear regression is used not only for teaching purposes, but in addition to testing the link between variables, we wanted to find out how much the number of employees decreases if the unemployment rate increases by one percentage point nationwide. The data used come from the TEMPO Online database of the National Institute of Statistics and were processed with the SPSS.

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Natural Regeneration of the Tree Stand in the Bilberry Spruce Forest—Clear-Cutting Ecotone Complex in the First Post-Logging Decade

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12111542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1542

Author(s):

Nadezhda V. Genikova ◽

Viktor N. Mamontov ◽

Alexander M. Kryshen ◽

Vladimir A. Kharitonov ◽

Sergey A. Moshnikov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Regeneration ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Forest Type ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Woody Species ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Clear Cutting

Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C). Natural regeneration of woody species (spruce, birch, rowan) in the bilberry spruce stand—clear-cut ecotone complex was studied during the first decade after logging. The effects produced by the time since cutting, forest edge aspect, and the ground cover on the emergence and growth of trees and shrubs under forest canopy and openly in the clear-cut were investigated. Estimating the amount and size of different species in the regeneration showed FE and CE width to be 8 m—roughly half the height of first-story trees. Typical forest conditions (F) feature a relatively small amount of regenerating spruce and birch. The most favorable conditions for natural regeneration of spruce in the clear-cut—mature bilberry spruce stand ecotone are at the forest edge in areas of transition both towards the forest and towards the clear-cut (FE and CE). Clear-cut areas farther from the forest edge (C) offer an advantage to regenerating birch, which grows densely and actively in this area.

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IRRIGAÇÃO SUPLEMENTAR DO ALGODOEIRO COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA TRATADA: ANÁLISES BIOMÉTRICAS E PRODUÇÃO DE BIOMASSA

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2020v25n4p683-688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 683-688

Author(s):

Antonio Flavio Batista De Araujo ◽

Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda ◽

Eduardo Santos Cavalcante ◽

Jonnathan Richeds da Silva Sales ◽

Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Block Design ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

Historical Series ◽

Cotton Plants ◽

E Mail

IRRIGAÇÃO SUPLEMENTAR DO ALGODOEIRO COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA TRATADA: ANÁLISES BIOMÉTRICAS E PRODUÇÃO DE BIOMASSA ANTONIO FLAVIO BATISTA DE ARAUJO1; CLAUDIVAN FEITOSA DE LACERDA2; EDUARDO SANTOS CAVALCANTE3; JONNATHAN RICHEDS DA SILVA SALES4; RAIMUNDO NONATO TÁVORA COSTA5 E FERNANDO BEZERRA LOPES6. 1Doutorando, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFC, Av. Mister Hull 2977, Bloco 804, Campus do Picí, 60450-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 2Professor Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFC, Av. Mister Hull 2977, Bloco 804, Campus do Picí, 60450-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 3Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFC, Av. Mister Hull 2977, Bloco 804, Campus do Picí, 60450-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 4Mestrando Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFC, Av. Mister Hull 2977, Bloco 804, Campus do Picí, 60450-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, e-mail: jonnathanagro@gmail,com. 5Professor Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, U.F.C, Av. Mister Hull 2977, Bloco 804, Campus do Picí, 60450-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 6Professor Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, U.F.C, Av. Mister Hull 2977, Bloco 804, Campus do Picí, 60450-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 1 RESUMO O uso das águas residuárias tratadas em lagoas de estabilização na irrigação suplementar, desponta como uma estratégia para incrementar a produção agrícola de forma sustentável durante a estação das chuvas, eliminando, pelo menos parcialmente, as perdas associadas aos veranicos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os impactos da irrigação suplementar do algodoeiro, sem e com adubação química com NPK, e simulando-se as condições de umidade do solo baseada em uma série histórica de dados de precipitação dos últimos 30 anos para a região do Baixo Jaguaribe-CE, considerando-se cenários normais, seca e seca severa. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Russas – CE, em uma área vizinha à lagoa de estabilização da CAGECE. O ensaio foi instalado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo dos tratamentos em parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os resultados mostram impactos de cenários hídricos e da suplementação sobre a maioria das variáveis de crescimento das plantas de algodoeiro. A irrigação suplementar com águas residuárias incrementa a produção de biomassa e o vigor das plantas de algodão durante a fase inicial de desenvolvimento, independente da presença ou ausência da adubação com NPK. Esses efeitos foram significativos especialmente nos cenários de seca e seca severa. Palavras-chave: Gossypium hirsutum L, reuso de água, Irrigação. ARAUJO, A. F. B.; LACERDA, C. F.; CAVALCANTE, E. S.; SALES, J. R. S.; COSTA, R. N. T.; LOPES, F. B. SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF COTTON WITH TREATED WASTEWATER: BIOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION 2 ABSTRACT The use of treated wastewater in stabilization ponds for supplementary irrigation emerges as a strategy to increase agricultural production sustainably during the rainy season, eliminating, at least partially, the losses associated with summer. In this context, this work evaluated the impacts of supplementary cotton irrigation, without and with chemical fertilization with NPK, on soil moisture conditions based on a historical series of precipitation data for the last 30 years for the region of Baixo Jaguaribe-CE, considering normal scenarios, drought and severe drought. The research was conducted in the municipality of Russas - CE, in an area adjacent to the CAGECE stabilization pond. The trial was installed in a randomized block design, with the treatments arranged in sub-divided plots, with four replications. The results show impacts of water scenarios and supplementation on most growth variables of cotton plants. Supplementary irrigation with wastewater increases the production of biomass and the vigor of cotton plants during the initial stage of development, regardless of the presence or absence of NPK fertilization. These effects were significant, especially in drought and severe drought scenarios. Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum L, wastewater, irrigation.

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MODELING PRECIPITATION DEPENDENT FOREST RESILIENCE IN INDIA

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-263-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-3 ◽

pp. 263-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Das ◽

M. D. Behera ◽

P. S. Roy

Keyword(s):

Forest Cover ◽

Vegetation Type ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

High Tendency ◽

North East India ◽

North East ◽

Forest Resilience ◽

The Impact

The impact of long term climate change that imparts stress on forest could be perceived by studying the regime shift of forest ecosystem. With the change of significant precipitation, forest may go through density change around globe at different spatial and temporal scale. The 100 class high resolution (60 meter spatial resolution) Indian vegetation type map was used in this study recoded into four broad categories depending on phrenology as (i) forest, (ii) scrubland, (iii) grassland and (iv) treeless area. The percentage occupancy of forest, scrub, grass and treeless were observed as 19.9&thinsp;%, 5.05&thinsp;%, 1.89&thinsp;% and 7.79&thinsp;% respectively. Rest of the 65.37&thinsp;% land area was occupied by the cropland, built-up, water body and snow covers. The majority forest cover were appended into a 5&thinsp;km&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;5&thinsp;km grid, along with the mean annual precipitation taken from Bioclim data. The binary presence and absence of different vegetation categories in relates to the annual precipitation was analyzed to calculate their resilience expressed in probability values ranging from 0 to 1. Forest cover observed having resilience probability (Pr) &lt;&thinsp;0.3 in only 0.3&thinsp;% (200&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of total forest cover in India, which was 4.3&thinsp;% &lt;&thinsp;0.5&thinsp;Pr. Majority of the scrubs and grass (64.92&thinsp;% Pr&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.5) from North East India which were the shifting cultivation lands showing low resilience, having their high tendency to be transform to forest. These results have spatial explicitness to highlight the resilient and non-resilient distribution of forest, scrub and grass, and treeless areas in India.

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SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS: I. LEVELS IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND IN UNCOMPLICATED CHILDHOOD ALLERGY

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.41.3.600 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 600-611

Author(s):

Rebecca H. Buckley ◽

Susan C. Dees ◽

W. Michael O'Fallon

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Normal Children ◽

Mean Values ◽

Serum Immunoglobulins ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Contrast Analysis ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

In 201 normal individuals from infancy to adulthood, serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A, and M are presented as geometric mean values (mg/l00 ml) and as percents of adult mean values for each of these proteins. A statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between age and both IgG and IgA concentrations up to ages 6 and 7 years. No correlation was present between age and immunoglobulin concentrations beyond that time, suggesting that the adult concentrations of IgG and IgA are normally reached and maintained after ages 6 and 7 years. In contrast, analysis of the IgM data suggested that the adult value is reached by age 1 year. No truly significant differences were found in immunoglobulin concentrations which could be attributed to sex. Significantly higher concentrations of IgG were found in normal Negro than in normal Caucasian subjects after age 6 years, but no significant differences were found below this age for IgG or at any age for IgA and IgM. Similarly determined serum immunoglobulins in 85 allergic children, selected because they had no complicating illnesses, were compared with the normal group according to the age of the child. No significant differences were found in concentrations of either IgG or IgA. Some differences were found in IgM, but these were small and were primarily associated with the relationship of IgM to age in the allergic group.

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Nursery Cultural Techniques Facilitate Restoration of Acacia koa Competing with Invasive Grass in a Dry Tropical Forest

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1124

Author(s):

Douglass F. Jacobs ◽

Anthony S. Davis ◽

R. Kasten Dumroese ◽

Owen T. Burney

Keyword(s):

Forest Restoration ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Anthropogenic Activity ◽

Native Forest ◽

Forest Trees ◽

Acacia Koa ◽

Mean Values ◽

Kikuyu Grass

Anthropogenic activity has caused persistent and prominent losses of forest cover in dry tropical forests. Natural regeneration of forest trees in grazed areas often fails due to lack of seed sources and consumption by ungulates. To address this, the effective restoration of such sites often requires fencing and outplanting nursery-grown seedlings. In the degraded, dry forests of tropical Hawaii, USA, an additional challenge to restoration of native forest trees is the introduced kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). This invasive, rapidly growing rhizomatous plant forms deep, dense mats. We studied the use of nursery cultural techniques to facilitate the establishment of koa (Acacia koa) seedlings outplanted amidst well-established kikuyu grass on a volcanic cinder cone on the dry, western side of Hawaii Island. Seedlings were grown four months in three container sizes (49, 164, 656 cm3) and with four rates (0, 4.8, 7.2, and 9.6 kg m−3) of 15–9–12 (NPK) controlled-release fertilizer incorporated into media prior to sowing. After 16 months in the field, seedling survival was > 80% for all treatments with two exceptions: the non-fertilized 49 cm3 (78%) and 164 cm3 (24%) containers. After 10 years, only these two treatments had significantly lower survival (35% and 10%, respectively) than the other treatments. One year following planting, none of the non-fertilized seedlings had transitioned to phyllodes from juvenile true leaves, regardless of container size. For the fertilized 656 cm3 container treatment, 78%–85% of seedlings had phyllodes, with mean values increasing by fertilizer rate. Phyllodes are known to confer greater drought resistance than true leaves in koa, which may help to explain the improved survival of fertilized trees on this relatively dry site. Overall, nursery fertilization was more influential on seedling height and diameter response than container size after outplanting. However, the largest container (656 cm3) with the addition of fertilizer, produced significantly larger trees than all other treatments during the early regeneration phase; early growth differences tended to fade at 10 years due to inter-tree canopy competition. Although koa is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen through rhizobium associations, our data confirm the importance of nursery fertilization in promoting regeneration establishment. Nursery cultural techniques may play an important role in forest restoration of dry tropical sites invaded by exotic vegetation.

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Applications of BMI or BSI: Differences and Revisions According to Age and Height

Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1155/2010/647163 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Otto W. B. Schult ◽

Ludwig E. Feinendegen ◽

Stephan Zaum ◽

Walton W. Shreeve ◽

Richard N. Pierson

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Least Squares ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean

Validation of body-mass relationships requires a careful statistical analysis of data of normal weight individuals. BMI (ratio between body mass and square of body height) and BSI values (ratio between mass and cube of body height) have been calculated for 99 persons with ages between 1 day and 76 years. These BMI or BSI values have been used for least squares fits yielding mean BMI or BSI values, their variances (providing precision), and average deviations of individual BMI/BSI values from the BMI/BSI means. The latter allows limits to over- and underweight. For adults we found mean values of BSI of 12.36 and confirmed 21.7 for the mean BMI; but the BSI was 1.4 times more precise than the BMI. For children shorter than 1.3 m and younger than 8 years we found the BMI average of 15.9 and over-/underweight limits of 17.4/14.4 being significantly smaller than and incompatible with the recommended BMI values.

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Orthodontic Treatment Planning: Do Orthodontists Treat to Cephalometric Norms?

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-4-4-12 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 12-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Khalid M. Al-Balkhi

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Treatment Planning ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Rank Test ◽

Mean Values ◽

Kappa Test ◽

Signed Rank ◽

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ◽

Signed Rank Test ◽

Paired T Test

Abstract Cephalometric norms are important to orthodontists in their diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of orthodontic treatment outcomes. The purpose of the present study is to establish if orthodontists treat and finish their cases to the cephalometric means or norms. Pre- and post-cephalometric radiographs and dental casts of 35 orthodontically treated cases were analyzed. The Kappa test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, Paired t- test, and Z-test were used for the statistical analysis of the data. The result revealed that orthodontists do not reach the cephalometric mean values post-treatment. However, sagittal maxillomandibular relationship and interlabial gap are the main areas of improvements. This leads to improvement of soft tissue esthetics by camouflaging the skeletal and dental relationship. Citation Al-Balkhi KM. Orthodontic Treatment Planning: Do Orthodontists Treat to Cephalometric Norms? J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 November;(4)4:012-027.

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