scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF HISTORICAL LEARNING MODELS INTEGRATED KALWEDO CULTURAL VALUE THROUGH PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' SOCIAL SOLIDARITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
RIFAI RIFAI
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Learning History ◽  
The People ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the application of integrated historical learning models Kalwedo culture. Kalwedo culture is one of the local wisdom of the people of Southwest Maluku who have noble values ​​such as cooperation, mutual cooperation, mutual respect, and social care. The research method used is Research and Development, by collecting data through literature studies, interviews, surveys, pre-post test tests and questionnaires. Data is processed using SPSS to determine the level of effectiveness of the application of the learning model. The results of the study indicate that this learning model is effectively used. This can be seen in the statistical results of achievement abilities and attitude scores between the experimental class and the control class that have a significant difference. This is shown by the acquisition of the experimental posttest grade value of 99.96 and the control class posttest of 93.68. While the value for the T test was obtained at 2.785 with a significance level of 0.007. Significance level of 0.007 <0.025. Then Ho is rejected or there is a difference in average between the experimental class and the control class. So it can be concluded that there is a positive and significant increase in the class using the historical learning model integrated Kalwedo cultural values ​​through PBL. From the results obtained can be concluded that the model developed is effective if used in learning, especially learning history.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dan Gaya Kognitif Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA Siswa di Kelas VII MTSN 2 Tanjung Jabung Timur

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sartika Sepriyani ◽  
Rayandra Asyhar ◽  
Asrial Asrial
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

The ability to solve problems is a skill that students need to have in dealing with various problems in life. This study aims to determine the effect of problem based learning models; cognitive styles and interaction between both factors on science learning outcomes of students in class VII of MTs 2 Tanjung Jabung Timur in academic year 2015/2016. This research was conducted with a quasi-experimental research method by applying a 2 × 2 factorial design. The study sample consisted of an experimental class of 30 students and a control class of 29 students. Data collection was conducted using two types of instruments, namely the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) to measure students cognitive styles and students' learning outcomes test in essay forms. The Problem Based Learning model affect the learning outcomes, there is significant difference in science learning outcomes between students who have Cognitive field dependent (FD) style that is taught by the Problem Based Learning model and students who have Cognitive FD style that is taught by conventional learning models. The results show that the value of the experimental class post-test is higher than that of the control class. In short, the experimental class with the application of the Problem Based Learning model in the learning process provides higher learning outcomes than that of the conventional models.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN GROUP INVESTIGATION TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN FIQIH KELAS XI

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Siti Laylatul Izzah
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Model Class

The Effectiveness of Group Investigation Learning Models on Student Learning Outcomes in Subjects of Fiqh. The purpose of this research is to find out whether the group investigation learning model class XI MIPA is more effective than the conventional learning model class XI IIS 1 on the learning outcomes of students of class XI Aliah Al-Ihsan Kalikejambon on Fiqh subjects. The research is in the form of experiments with the type of experiment conducted is quasi-experimental research (Quasy Experiment Research). Based on the results of statistical calculations from the average post-test results of the control class 68.35 and the average post-test results of the experimental class 72.75 obtained calculations using the SPSS program with a significance of significance (Sig 2-tailed) is 0.034, a significance value of 0.034 <0.05. Then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Thus it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the results of the post-test of the control class and the experimental class. Thus, it can be said that the teaching and learning process carried out with the group investigation learning model in class XI MIPA is more effective than conventional learning models in class XI IIS 1 on student learning outcomes in the subject of Fiqh.   Keywords: Fiqh lessons, Group Investigation, Learning Outcomes   Abstrak Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Fiqih. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah model pembelajaran group investigation kelas XI MIPA lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan model pembelajaran konvensional kelas XI IIS 1 terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas XI Madrasah Aliah Al – Ihsan Kalikejambon pada mata pelajaran Fiqih. Adapun penelitian ini berbentuk eksperimen dengan jenis eksperimen yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimen semu (Quasy Experiment Reasearch). Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan statistik dari rata-rata hasil post-test kelas kontrol 68,35 dan rata-rata hasil post-test kelas eksperimen 72,75 diperoleh perhitungan menggunakan program SPSS dengan signifikansi signifikansi (Sig 2-tailed) adalah 0,034, nilai signifikansi 0,034 < 0,05. Maka Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil post-test kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa proses belajar mengajar yang dilakukan dengan model pembelajaran group investigation di kelas XI MIPA lebih efektif daripada model pembelajaran konvensional di kelas XI IIS 1 terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Fiqih.   Kata kunci: Pelajaran Fiqih, Group Investigation, Hasil Belajar

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KANCING GEMERINCING DAN JIGSAW PADA PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK TEMA 9 KELAS V SD

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 758
Author(s):  
Lutfi Alimatus Sholehah
Keyword(s):  
Learning Model ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
T Test ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Experiment Research ◽  
Real Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Research Type

Abstract:Cooperative learning ringing button and jigsaw model is two learning model which has similarity and different characteristic. The research type is quasi experiment research. Research variables consist of Independent variable which is ringing button learning model and jigsaw and dependent variable, which is student cognitive skill. Research sample consist of two grade V which are class VA Muhammadiyah 4 Batu Elementary school. The research is measured using Independent Sample T -test with the help of SPSS 17 for windows. Research shows that post-test found count t value for -0,970 with significance for 0,336 table tvalue in free degree of 56 and real rate 0,05 for 2,003. When there’s comparison, so that count t< table t or significance > 0,05 and concluded that Ho is accepted which means there’s no significant difference is students’ cognitive skill using ringing button and jigsaw learning model.Keyword:Cognitive abilities, learning models, Jinks, Jigsaw, thematic learning.Abstrak:.Pembelajaran kooperatif model Kancing Gemerincing dan J igsaw merupakan dua modelajaran yang memiliki memiliki perbedan karakteristik. Penelitian ini eksperimen semu. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari variabel bebas yaitu model pembelajaran Kancing Gemerincing dan Jigsaw dan variabel terikat yaitu kemampuan kognitif siswa. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 kelas V SD Muhammadiyah 4 Batu tahun ajaran 2014/2015 yaitu kelas VA yang berjumlah 30 siswa dan kelas VB yang berjumlah 30 siswa.Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji normalitas, uji homogenitas, dan uji hipotesis menggunakan Independent Sample T-Test dengan bantuan SPSS 17 for windows.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa post-test diperoleh nilai thitung sebesar -0,970 dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,336. Nilai ttabel pada derajat bebas 56 dan taraf nyata 0,05 sebesar 2,003. Apabila dilakukan pembandingan maka |thitung| < t tabel atau nilai signifikansi > 0,05 disimpulkan Ho diterima yang berarti bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kemampuan ko gnitif siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Kancing Gemerincing dan Jigsaw.Kata Kunci:Kemampuan kognitif, model pembelajaran, Kancing Gemerincing, Jigsaw, pembelajaran tematik

PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN NATURE OF SCIENCE (NOS) SISWA MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING DITINJAU DARI TINGKAT EFIKASI DIRI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-250
Author(s):  
Hana Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental

ABSTRACT This study aims to (1) know comprehensively the increase in understanding of Nature of Science (NoS) groups of students who obtain guided inquiry learning models and groups of students who receive conventional learning, (2) analyze the criteria for increasing students' NoS understanding among students with self-efficacy levels. high and low. This research is a quasi-experimental study with a 2x2 factorial design. The data analysis technique used was two-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the average increase in NOS understanding of students who were given a guided inquiry learning model of 72.6 performed better with the informed category (already knowing and understanding aspects in NOS) while students who received conventional learning were 49.67 included in the category. naïve category (not knowing and understanding aspects in NOS); (2) There is a significant difference in the improvement of students' understanding of NOS between students who get learning with guided inquiry learning models and conventional learning; (3) There is a significant difference in increasing understanding of NOS between students with high self-efficacy tendencies with low self-efficacy, and students with high self-efficacy tendencies are much better at understanding NOS than low self-efficacy; (4) There is an interaction effect between the learning model and the level of self-efficacy together on increasing students' NOS understanding; (5) There is a difference in the improvement of students' understanding of NOS in students who have a tendency towards high self-efficacy who obtain guided inquiry learning models and students who receive conventional learning (6) There are differences in the improvement of students' understanding of NOS in students who have low self-efficacy tendencies who receive guided inquiry learning models and students who receive conventional learning. Keyword:  Guided Inquiry, Self efficacy, Understanding NOS

scholarly journals IMPROVING PHYSICS LEARNING OUTCOME THROUGH COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL OF GROUP INVESTIGATION TYPE AND STUDENT LEARNING MOTIVATION IN SMAN 1 PESANGGARAN-BANYUWANGI

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erni Wijayanti ◽  
Muhammad Firdaus ◽  
Hary Sulaksono
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Outcome ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Physics Learning ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference

This research aims to determine the effect of GI type cooperative learning model and learning motivation, as well as the influence of interaction model of cooperative learning type GI and motivation to physics learning outcome. The population in this research is the students of class XI IPA SMAN 1 Pesanggaran-Banyuwangi, which consists of two classes of classes that are homogeneous, the control class and experimental class. The data used in this research are primary data collected from pre-test and post-test for learning outcome, and questionnaires for student motivation data. The instrument before it is tested has been tested for its validity and reliability. The statistical test uses two-way Anova analysis method with the help of SPSS computer program. The results showed that (1) there were significant differences between groups of students using cooperative type of GI learning model with conventional learning model on Physics learning Outcome. This conclusion is based on the result of two-way Anova analysis, the value (F Count) 13.491> (F table) 3,13 at significance level (α) 0,05 and P value (Sig.) 0.000 <(α) 0,005. (2) there is a significant difference of influence between high motivated group of students with low motivation toward Physics learning Outcome This conclusion is based on the result of analysis of two path Anova analysis, that is value (F Count) 14,908 <3,13 (F table) on level Significance (α) 0.05 and P value (Sig) 0.000 <(α) 0.05. (3) There is no interaction of GI type cooperative learning model and learning motivation toward student physics learning result at SMAN 1 Pesanggaran. This conclusion is based on two-way Anova analysis test result (F Count) 0,036 <(F Table) 3,13 at significance level (α) 0,05, and P value (Sig) 0,851 <(α) 0,05. From the results of this research teachers are required to always innovate in choosing a model of learning. Due to selection of learning models in accordance with the conditions of learners and schools, it will be able to improve learning outcome. One of the learning models that can improve learning outcome is by using the GI model.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KANCING GEMERINCING DAN JIGSAW PADA PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK TEMA 9 KELAS V SD

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 758
Author(s):  
Lutfi Alimatus Sholehah
Keyword(s):  
Learning Model ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
T Test ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Experiment Research ◽  
Real Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Research Type

Abstract:Cooperative learning ringing button and jigsaw model is two learning model which has similarity and different characteristic. The research type is quasi experiment research. Research variables consist of Independent variable which is ringing button learning model and jigsaw and dependent variable, which is student cognitive skill. Research sample consist of two grade V which are class VA Muhammadiyah 4 Batu Elementary school. The research is measured using Independent Sample T -test with the help of SPSS 17 for windows. Research shows that post-test found count t value for -0,970 with significance for 0,336 table tvalue in free degree of 56 and real rate 0,05 for 2,003. When there’s comparison, so that count t< table t or significance > 0,05 and concluded that Ho is accepted which means there’s no significant difference is students’ cognitive skill using ringing button and jigsaw learning model.Keyword:Cognitive abilities, learning models, Jinks, Jigsaw, thematic learning.Abstrak:.Pembelajaran kooperatif model Kancing Gemerincing dan J igsaw merupakan dua modelajaran yang memiliki memiliki perbedan karakteristik. Penelitian ini eksperimen semu. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari variabel bebas yaitu model pembelajaran Kancing Gemerincing dan Jigsaw dan variabel terikat yaitu kemampuan kognitif siswa. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 kelas V SD Muhammadiyah 4 Batu tahun ajaran 2014/2015 yaitu kelas VA yang berjumlah 30 siswa dan kelas VB yang berjumlah 30 siswa.Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji normalitas, uji homogenitas, dan uji hipotesis menggunakan Independent Sample T-Test dengan bantuan SPSS 17 for windows.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa post-test diperoleh nilai thitung sebesar -0,970 dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,336. Nilai ttabel pada derajat bebas 56 dan taraf nyata 0,05 sebesar 2,003. Apabila dilakukan pembandingan maka |thitung| < t tabel atau nilai signifikansi > 0,05 disimpulkan Ho diterima yang berarti bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kemampuan ko gnitif siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Kancing Gemerincing dan Jigsaw.Kata Kunci:Kemampuan kognitif, model pembelajaran, Kancing Gemerincing, Jigsaw, pembelajaran tematik

Effect of a-Week Summer Camp on the Hopelessness and Self-Esteem of the University Students Attending Sport Sciences Faculty

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korkmaz YİĞİTER ◽  
Hakan TOSUN
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Female Students ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The University

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of participation in a 1-week summer camp on thehopelessness and self-esteem of the university students attending Sport Sciences Faculty. Participants were 36university students assigned to experiment group using a random procedure. Coopersmith Self-esteem and Beck Hopelessness Scales were completed at the beginning and end of the summer camp by designed the university. The obtained data were analysed in the SPSS 18.0 program and the significance level was taken as 0.05. The descriptive statistics, independent simple t test, paired simple t test and Pearson correlation were used for analyse the data in the study. According to the results of the research, no significant difference was observed in the comparison of the hopelessness and self-esteem levels between pre and post-test. In addition, there was a significant difference in the hopelessness level of male and female students but any significant difference was not observed in terms of self-esteem. There was a significant relationship between hopelessness and self-esteem pre and post-test. These result shows that a 1-week summer camp cannot change the hopelessness or self-esteem level. However, as the self-esteem rises, the rate of despair decreases whereas as the despair rises, the selfesteem decreases.

scholarly journals Studi Komparasi Penerapan Model Guided Discovery Learning dan Inquiry Learning terhadap Retensi Matematika

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 524
Author(s):  
Lilik Masfiyah ◽  
Rufi'i Rufi'i ◽  
Harwanto Harwanto
Keyword(s):  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
P Value ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Guided Discovery ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Academic Year

This study aimed to examine the differences in mathematics retention of grade V Primary school between students who were taught using guided discovery learning model and inquiry learning model. The method in this study was a quasy experimnetal method. The population in this study was all students in grade V at SDN Pongangan and SDN Sukomulyo in 2018/2019 academic year which in total were 202 students. Samples were selected by purposive random sampling. The sample was divided into two group which are experiment 1 and experiment 2. The instrument used to collect mathematics retention data was a written test. The Data was analysed using descriptive statistic analysis and t-test. The results of data analysis at 0,05 significance level and df = 130 showed that t-count (2,276) > t-tabel (1,978) and also p-value (2-tailed) 0,024 < 0,05. So, it mean that there was a significant difference in mathematics retention between students who were taught using guided discovery learning model and inquiry learning model.

KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN MATEMATIS SISWA DENGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING DAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Lasmi Lasmi ◽  
Masri Masri
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa antara model discovery learning dan jigsaw. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimen semu. Tempat penelitian diaksanakan di SMP Negeri 18 Kota Bengkulu. Populasi pada penelitian seluruh siswa kelas VII. Sampel penelitian dipilih secara acak sederhana yaitu kelas VII.1 sebagai kelas eksperimen 1, pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model discovery learning, kelas VII.5 sebagai kelas eksperimen 2, pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model kooperatif tipe jigsaw, dan kelas VII.3 sebagai kelas kontrol, pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kelas eksperimen 1 memperoleh nilai rata-rata tes akhir (post-test) kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa yaitu 12,13, nilai rata-rata eksperimen 2 yaitu 11,45, dan nilai rata-rata kelas kontrol yaitu 9,26. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji anava satu jalur, dengan signifikan 0,05 diperoleh 𝐹ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑔 = 𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙 = 0,34, maka H0 ditolak. Artinya ada perbedaan signifikan rata-rata kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa pada kelas eksperimen 1, kelas eksperimen 2, dan kelas kontrol. Berdasarkan uji beda nyata (BNT) menunjukan bahwa pembelajaran yang memberikan hasil penalaran matematis yang berbeda adalah model pembelajaran discovery learning dengan konvensional, dan model kooperatif tipe jigsaw dengan konvensional. Sedangkan pembelajaran dengan model discovery learning dan model kooperatif tipe jigsaw tidak memberikan hasil kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa yang berbeda. Model discovery learning dan model kooperatif tipe jigsaw memberikan hasil lebih baik bila dibandingkan dengan model konvensional.Kata kunci: kemampuan penalaran matematis, model discovery learning, model Jigsaw AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine students' mathematical reasoning abilities with discovery learning models and jigsaw type cooperative learning models. This type of research is quasi-experimental research. The population in this study were all students of class VII SMP Negeri 18 Bengkulu City in the   academic year 2019/2020. The sample of this study was selected by simple random sampling, namely class VII.1 as experimental class 1 using the discovery learning models, class VII.5 as experimental class 2 using the jigsaw type cooperative learning models, and class VII.3 as control class using conventional learning models. Data were collected by means of tests of students' mathematical reasoning abilities. Based on the results of the one-way ANOVA test, there are significant differences in students' mathematical reasoning abilities in the experimental class 1, experiment class 2 and the control class. The results          of the real difference test (BNT) show that learning that gives different results is the discovery learning models with conventional learning models, and the jigsaw type cooperative learning model with conventional learning models. Meanwhile, learning with discovery learning models and jigsaw type cooperative learning models does not give different results for students' mathematical reasoning abilities. Discovery learning models and jigsaw type cooperative learning models give better results when compared to conventional learning.Keywords: mathematical   reasoning   ability,   discovery   learning   model,   Jigsaw   model

scholarly journals The Effect of Practical Presentations’ Strategy on the Achievement of the Ninth Graders Students of the Pre-Vocational Education Subject in Shobak District Schools

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haroon M. Al Tawarah ◽  
Omar M. Mahasneh ◽  
Nourah A. Al-Hawartheh
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Ninth Graders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Group

The present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of using practical presentations on the achievement of the ninth graders students in pre-vocational education subject in Shobak district schools, in comparison to the prevailing method, and identify whether there are differences attributed to the gender variable. To answer the questions, the study was applied to an experimental sample in two schools of Shobak district consisting of (46) male and female students from the ninth grade for the academic year 2015/2016, who studied the pre-vocational education by using the practical presentation method, and a control group in two schools consisting of (46) students studied by using the lecturing method. The results of the study showed statistically significant differences between mean scores of members of the two groups (the experimental),male and female and (the control), male and female in the post-test application in favor of the of the experimental group that used practical presentations. The results also showed the absence of statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) attributed to the gender variable in the achievement of the experimental group.

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