scholarly journals Miradas etnográficas y representaciones de ciudadanía en jóvenes indígenas, migrantes purépechas de México

2019 ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Alberto Farías Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Social Reintegration ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Youth Citizenship ◽  
American Union

El presente artículo tiene el propósito de reportar, a través de una investigación etnográfica, la situación actual de algunos jóvenes indígenas migrantes del pueblo purépecha de México, los cuales han crecido toda su corta vida en el seno de una familia de tipo indocumentada en Estados Unidos y quienes, por condiciones políticas y laborales, han debido regresar, junto a sus familias, a instalarse en su comunidad purépecha de origen. Se hace énfasis en la condición de los jóvenes, específicamente los involucrados con el Programa DACA, debido a que son ellos los que se reconocen más vulnerables al regresar a su comunidad indígena, y es que las condiciones estructurales de una sociedad que no ha dispuesto las oportunidades necesarias para su reincorporación como repatriados, generan en ellos tendencias a la segregación espacial e institucional en su propio país. En este trabajo se hace también un señalamiento a la falta de efectividad en las estrategias del Estado mexicano y de sus instituciones para la reintegración social de los jóvenes migrantes purépechas que, por diferentes circunstancias, han dejado la Unión Americana y han regresado a su país de origen. Ethnographic looks and citizenship representations in migrant indigenouspurépechas youth in MexicoAbstractThis article is aimed at reporting through ethnographic research, the current situation of some young indigenous migrants of Purepecha People in Mexico. They have grown all their short life within an undocumented family  in the United States and – for political and labor conditions – they have had to return, together with their families, to settle in their Purépecha community of origin. Emphasis is placed on their conditions, specifically for those involved in the DACA Program, because they recognize themselves as the most vulnerable when returning to their indigenous community, and that is the structural conditions of a society that does not have opportunities for their reintegration, as returnees, generating in them a tendency to spatial and institutional segregation in their own country. In this paper, we also show the ineffectiveness of strategies from the Mexican State, and its institutions, for the social reintegration of Purepecha young migrants who, for different reasons, have left the American Union to return to their country of origin.Keywords: Ethnography and migrations, indigenous youth, citizenship andidentity. Olhares etnográficos e representações de cidadania em jovens indígenas, migrantes purépechas do MéxicoResumoO presente artigo tem o propósito de informar através de uma pesquisa etnográfica, a situação atual de alguns jovens indígenas migrantes do Povo Purépecha do México, os quais têm crescido toda sua curta vida no seio de uma família de tipo indocumentada nos Estados Unidos, e por condições políticas e laborais têm tido que regressar, junto a suas famílias, a se instalarem em sua comunidade purépecha de origem. Põe-se ênfase na condição dos jovens, nomeadamente os envolvidos no Programa DACA, devido a que são eles os que se reconhecem mais vulneráveis ao regressarem a sua comunidade indígena, e sé que as condições estruturais de uma sociedade que não tem oferecido as oportunidades necessárias para sua reincorporação, como repatriados, geram neles tendências à segregação espacial e institucional no seu próprio país. Neste trabalho faz-se também uma indicação à falta de efetividade nas estratégias do Estado Mexicano, e de suas instituições, para a reintegração social dos jovens migrantes purépechas que por diferentes circunstâncias têm deixado a União Americana e têm regressado a seu país de origem.Palavras-chave: etnografia e migrações, jovens indígenas, cidadania e identidade.

Silver Miners’ Labor Activism in Pachuca and Real del Monte, 1979–1989

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Mendiola García
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
National Union ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Labor Activism ◽  
System A ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
Mexican Government

The miners of Pachuca and Real del Monte have extracted silver from the mountainous region of what is now the state of Hidalgo for centuries. In the colonial period, these mines were owned by the Spanish. In the modern period, they were owned by British (1824–1849), Mexican (1849–1906), and American (1906–1947) entrepreneurs. The Mexican government bought the mines from the United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Company in 1947 and kept them until 1989. In that year, the Mexican state sold the Compañía Real del Monte y Pachuca, the company that monopolized most of the region’s mines, to Mexican businessmen (Grupo Acerero del Norte) who kept them in operation until 2005. The silver miners who worked for the company belong to Locals One and Two of the Sindicato Nacional de Mineros, Metalúrgicos y Similares de la República Mexicana (SNMMRM). The union was created in 1934 in Pachuca. Miners’ activism, however, goes back to the colonial period. In 1766, miners went on strike to defend the partido system (a profit-sharing payment) under attack by their employer Pedro Romero de Terreros, the first Count of Regla. Subsequent employers, both British and Mexican, also faced strikes, slowdowns, and threats of violence by miners who tried to improve their wages and labor conditions. In 1934, Pachuca and Real del Monte played an important role in the formation of the national union. Most ceased their activism in 1946. It was not until 1979 when these silver miners organized Liberación Minera (Miner Liberation) to fight against their charro (government and employer-aligned) leaders and to defend workers’ rights. By the late 1970s, the miners of Pachuca and Real del Monte lacked access to proper health care, received low wages, and experienced dangerous labor conditions. Miners were under the control of local and national charro leaders, including Napoleón Gómez Sada who directed the national miner union from 1960 to virtually 2001. The dissident current, Liberación Minera, organized a strike in 1980 and a naked protest in 1985. As a result, miners increased their wages, democratized their locals, and gained several benefits. These achievements were short-lived as the Mexican government announced the sale of the company in 1989. As part of Mexico’s embrace of neoliberal policies, the privatization of the company meant the virtual end of the industry and of organized labor in these areas by 2005.

A Search for Standards to Monitor Labor Conditions Worldwide - Monitoring International Labor Standards: Techniques and Sources of InformationNational Research Council Washington: National Academies Press, Paperback, 291 pages; ISBN: 0309091349, $43

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-287
Author(s):  
S. Prakash Sethi
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
International Labor Standards ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The Social

A strong argument can be made that globalization and the unrestricted flow of capital, goods, and services leads to the creation of wealth and prosperity among participating nations. Comparative advantage allows both the industrially advanced nations and developing countries to maximize their gains from trade and investments. The current wave of globalization is not the first, nor is it likely to be the last. There have been waves of globalization in the past: in the United States (1870–1890 and circa 1970), Western Europe (1890–1913 and 1950–1992), and Japan (1913–1938). They all eventually petered out because of their adverse impact on the social infrastructure of the countries involved.

scholarly journals Global Transactions: Sudanese Refugees Sending Money Home

Refuge ◽  
2006 ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianna J. Shandy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Unidirectional Flow ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Sudanese Refugees

This paper draws on ethnographic research in America and Ethiopia to explore the phenomenon of Sudanese (Nuer) refugee remittance from those in the diaspora to those who remain behind in Africa. Specifically it locates the unidirectional flow of cash within transnational flows of people, goods, and information. This multi-sited study explores the impacts of these transfers on both sides of the equation. It documents the importance of remittances as a vital component of survival and investment in the future for Nuer refugees in Ethiopia. Similarly it raises questions about the siphoning off of resources on the social, cultural, and economic integration of Sudanese in the United States. Finally, it situates remitting behaviour within a broader socio-historical context to explain its centrality in maintaining a Nuer community across national borders.

Knowledge Utilization

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Jean Schensul
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Knowledge Utilization ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Ethnic Minority Community

This paper addresses the question of what makes knowledge useful within the framework of anthropological inquiry. Some anthropologists and other social scientists believe that knowledge is intrinsically useful. Others have claimed that knowledge becomes useful only in the social context within which it is to be used; that is, it is the context which makes it useful. Still others claim that the utility of knowledge depends on the process of dissemination, its format or other formal characteristics. In this paper I will first define knowledge utilization, and then discuss anthropological knowledge. The second part of the paper will review a case example in which knowledge based on anthropological research is used in an ethnic minority community in the United States. The conclusion summarizes some central principles or guidelines for the utilization of ethnographic research in community problem solving.

scholarly journals REFLEXIONES METODOLÓGICAS SOBRE LA ETNOGRAFÍA DE LOS TRASMIGRANTES SALVADOREÑOS INDOCUMENTADOS QUE VIAJAN EN TREN HACIA ESTADOS UNIDOS DE NORTEAMÉRICA

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Susana Maybri Salazar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Migration Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Point Of Departure

En este artículo se realizan reflexiones metodológicas para hacer etnografía sobre la emigración indocumentada. Se parte de la experiencia en la investigación sobre los trasmigrantes salvadoreños indocumentados comprendidos en el campo social trasnacional que conforman sus redes migratorias. Además, el artículo analiza la necesidad de repensar la etnografía tradicional para captar a los sujetos que están en continuo movimiento, enriqueciéndola con los aportes de la etnografía multilocal, la perspectiva parcial y el enfoque de género.   METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF UNDOCUMENTED SALVADOREAN TRANSMIGRANTS TRAVELING BY TRAIN TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAABSTRACTThis article makes methodological reflections on how to carry out ethnographic research on undocumented migration. The point of departure is an experience-based piece of research on undocumented transmigrants from El Salvador within the context of the social transnational field created by migration networks. This article also analyzes the need to rethink traditional ethnography in order to be able to understand the subjects who are constantly on the move. This enriches the ethnography with contributions from multi-local ethnography, the partial perspective and a gender approach.

The Complexity of Health Disparities: More Than Just Black–White Differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Charles Ellis ◽  
Molly Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Language Pathology

Health disparities have once again moved to the forefront of America's consciousness with the recent significant observation of dramatically higher death rates among African Americans with COVID-19 when compared to White Americans. Health disparities have a long history in the United States, yet little consideration has been given to their impact on the clinical outcomes in the rehabilitative health professions such as speech-language pathology/audiology (SLP/A). Consequently, it is unclear how the absence of a careful examination of health disparities in fields like SLP/A impacts the clinical outcomes desired or achieved. The purpose of this tutorial is to examine the issue of health disparities in relationship to SLP/A. This tutorial includes operational definitions related to health disparities and a review of the social determinants of health that are the underlying cause of such disparities. The tutorial concludes with a discussion of potential directions for the study of health disparities in SLP/A to identify strategies to close the disparity gap in health-related outcomes that currently exists.

Cross-space Consumption among Undocumented Chinese Immigrants in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhou ◽  
Xiangyi Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Currency Exchange ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Migrants

We consider cross-space consumption as a form of transnational practice among international migrants. In this paper, we develop the idea of the social value of consumption and use it to explain this particular form of transnationalism. We consider the act of consumption to have not only functional value that satisfies material needs but also a set of nonfunctional values, social value included, that confer symbolic meanings and social status. We argue that cross-space consumption enables international migrants to take advantage of differences in economic development, currency exchange rates, and social structures between countries of destination and origin to maximize their expression of social status and to perform or regain social status. Drawing on a multisited ethnographic study of consumption patterns in migrant hometowns in Fuzhou, China, and in-depth interviews with undocumented Chinese immigrants in New York and their left-behind family members, we find that, despite the vulnerabilities and precarious circumstances associated with the lack of citizenship rights in the host society, undocumented immigrants manage to realize the social value of consumption across national borders and do so through conspicuous consumption, reciprocal consumption, and vicarious consumption in their hometowns even without being physically present there. We conclude that, while cross-space consumption benefits individual migrants, left-behind families, and their hometowns, it serves to revive tradition in ways that fuel extravagant rituals, drive up costs of living, reinforce existing social inequality, and create pressure for continual emigration.

Local Histories/Global Designs

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D. Mignolo
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Central America ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Border Thinking ◽  
East West

This book is an extended argument about the “coloniality” of power. In a shrinking world where sharp dichotomies, such as East/West and developing/developed, blur and shift, this book points to the inadequacy of current practices in the social sciences and area studies. It explores the crucial notion of “colonial difference” in the study of the modern colonial world and traces the emergence of an epistemic shift, which the book calls “border thinking.” Further, the book expands the horizons of those debates already under way in postcolonial studies of Asia and Africa by dwelling on the genealogy of thoughts of South/Central America, the Caribbean, and Latino/as in the United States. The book's concept of “border gnosis,” or sensing and knowing by dwelling in imperial/colonial borderlands, counters the tendency of occidentalist perspectives to manage, and thus limit, understanding. A new preface discusses this book as a dialogue with Hegel's Philosophy of History.

27. Immigration and other evils: A profile of Dr. C. K. Clarke and the eugenics movement in Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Ill ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
The Public ◽  
Canadian Population ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Eugenics Movement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mental Defectives

Dr. C.K. Clarke (1857-1924) was one of Canada’s most prominent psychiatrists. He sought to improve the conditions of asylums, helped to legitimize psychiatry and established formal training for nurses. At the beginning of the 20th Century, Canada experienced a surge of immigration. Yet – as many historians have shown – a widespread anti-foreigner sentiment within the public remained. Along with many other members of the fledgling eugenics movement, Clarke believed that the proportion of “mental defectives” was higher in the immigrant population than in the Canadian population and campaigned to restrict immigration. He appealed to the government to track immigrants and deport them once they showed signs of mental illness. Clarke’s efforts lead to amendments to the Immigration Act in 1919, which authorized deportation of people who were not Canadian-born, regardless of how many years that had been in Canada. This change applied not only to the mentally ill but also to those who could no longer work due to injury and to those who did not follow social norms. Clarke is a fascinating example of how we judge historical figures. He lived in a time where what we now think of as xenophobia was a socially acceptable, even worthy attitude. As a leader in eugenics, therefore, he was a progressive. Other biographers have recognized Clarke’s racist opinions, some of whom justify them as keeping with the social values of his era. In further exploring Clarke’s interest in these issues, this paper relies on his personal scrapbooks held in the CAMH archives. These documents contain personal papers, poems and stories that proclaim his anti-Semitic and anti-foreigner views. Whether we allow his involvement in the eugenics movement to overshadow his accomplishments or ignore his racist leanings to celebrate his memory is the subject of ongoing debate. Dowbiggin IR. Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada 1880-1940. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997. McLaren A. Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada 1885-1945. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990. Roberts B. Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada 1900-1935. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988.

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