scholarly journals Charisma, volatility and violence: assessing the role of crises of charismatic authority in precipitating incidents of millenarian violence

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 404-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Walliss
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Branch Davidians ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
Charismatic Authority ◽  
Almost All

In this article the author develops some of the points he has made elsewhere regarding the role of what may be termed ‘crises of charismatic authority’ in producing volatility or even violence within marginal apocalyptic religious groups. The last quarter of the twentieth century witnessed several incidents where such groups engaged in violent actions against themselves, others in the outside world, or typically both (among them the Peoples Temple in Guayana in 1978, Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas in 1994, Order of the Solar Temple in Switzerland, Quebec and France in 1997, Aum Shirinkyo, Japan in 1995, Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, Uganda in 2000). This notion of ‘crises of charismatic authority’ has in many ways become a central, recurring theme in the author's analysis of these incidents. While accepting that such crises were typically not sufficient in themselves to have precipitated each of the dramatic denouements the author has examined, he has come to the conclusion that they did play a major role in each; such crises played a much more significant role than that played by external opposition in almost all of the cases the author examined (the case of the Branch Davidians being perhaps the exception that proves the rule). In this article, the author discusses what he means by crises of charismatic authority (an important task in itself due to the diverse understandings of ‘charisma’ found within the literature) and presents a comparative analysis of some of the ways in which these crises can occur.

scholarly journals SACRALISATION AND THE COLONIAL-INDIGENOUS ENCOUNTER IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN HISTORY: THE MEMORY AND LEGACY OF JOHANNES DU PLESSIS AS CASE STUDY

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retief Muller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Biblical Scholar ◽  
Christian History

The role of the Dutch Reformed Church’s mission policies in the development of apartheid ideology has in recent times come under increased scrutiny. In terms of the formulation of missionary theory within the DRC, the controversial figure of Johannes du Plessis played a significant role in the early twentieth century. In addition to his work as a mission theorist, Du Plessis was a biblical scholar at Stellenbosch University who was found guilty of heresy by his church body, despite having much support from the rank and file membership. This article asks questions regarding the ways in which his memory and legacy are often evaluated from the twin, yet opposing perspectives of sacralisation and vilification. It also considers the wider intellectual influences on Du Plessis such as the missiology of the German theologian, Gustav Warneck. Du Plessis’s missionary theory helped to lay the groundwork for the later development of apartheid ideology, but perhaps in spite of himself, he also introduced a subverting discourse into Dutch Reformed theology. Some of the incidental consequences of this discourse, particularly in relation to the emerging theme of indigenous knowledge, are furthermore assessed here.

Monasticism in the Oriental Orthodox Churches

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-184
Author(s):  
Samuel Rubenson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
South India ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Syrian Orthodox ◽  
Charismatic Authority

The Christian monastic tradition has its origins in the Middle East. It has been and remains a constitutive institution in the Oriental Orthodox Churches, which are the Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopian, and Syrian Orthodox Churches. In Armenia, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Syriac-speaking Christian traditions, the monasteries have been the most important educational institutions in which language and literature have been transmitted. A strong emphasis on charismatic authority in Oriental monasticism, as well as a lack of political support for the hierarchy in the Coptic and Syrian traditions, has strengthened the role of the monasteries. The monasteries had a major importance for the spread of Christianity in central Asia, south India, and the Horn of Africa in the medieval period. A remarkable revival of Coptic monasticism beginning in the mid-twentieth century is of importance for all the churches.

Evolution of political and ideological foundations of Cuban socialism and its reflection in the Constitutions of the country

2021 ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Alexandra Arabadzhyan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Period Model

The paper investigates contemporary political and ideological shifts of Cuban socialism paying specific attention to the period of actualization of Cuban socio-economic model of development implemented since the VI Congress of the Communist party of Cuba. The analysis is based on the different variants of Cuban Constitutions and proposes three historical models of Cuban socialism (Marxist-Leninist, the model of transition and the actualization period model). Comparing the texts of the Constitutions, the study sheds light on several key aspects: the role and functions of the State and the Party, ideological problems of socialism, communism and Marxism, the evolution of the exploitation and oppression concepts, issues of equity and equality, and appeal to the figure of J. Marti. Using historical method, comparative analysis and Marxist theory, as the latter has been the base for the first model of Cuban socialism under investigation, the paper reveals the role of Marxism within the three models. The study uncovers the contradiction between postulating a significant role of Marxism within the actualization model and revision of several core Marxist principles as well as the turn towards national issues in the contemporary Cuban socialism.

scholarly journals Theology of Revolution: In Ali Shari’ati and Walter Benjamin’s Political Thought

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 504
Author(s):  
Mina Khanlarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Walter Benjamin ◽  
The Political ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
The Past ◽  
German Jewish

In this paper, I offer a comparative analysis of the political thoughts of twentieth century Iranian revolutionary thinker and sociologist Ali Shari’ati (1933–1977) and German-Jewish philosopher Walter Benjamin (1892–1940). Despite their conspicuously independent historical-theoretical trajectories, both Shari’ati and Benjamin engaged with theology and Marxism to create theological–political conceptions of the revolution of the oppressed. Shari’ati re-interpreted and re-animated Shia history from the angle of contemporary concerns to theorize a revolution against all forms of domination. In comparison, Benjamin fused Marxism with Jewish theology in his call to seize the possibilities of past failed revolutions in the present. Both Shari’ati and Benjamin conceptualized an active messianism led by each generation, eliminating the wait for the return of a messiah. As a result, each present moment takes on a messianic potential; the present plays an essential role to both thinkers. Past was also essential to both, because theology (through remembrance) had made the past sufferings incomplete to them. Both thinkers viewed past sufferings as an integral part of present struggles for justice in the form of remembrance (or yād or zekr for Shari’ati, and Zekher for Benjamin). I explore the ways Shari’ati and Benjamin theorized the role of the past in the present, remembrance, and messianism to create a dialectical relation between theology and Marxism to reciprocally transform and compliment both of them.

scholarly journals The essence оf the Christian dogma by Erich Fromm

2015 ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
N. B. Buriak
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Erich Fromm ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Evolution Of Ideas ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

The essence оf the Christian dogma by Erich Fromm. In the article is widely considered the dynamics of religious beliefs Erich Fromm. For the first time a comparative analysis of all Fromm’s work relating to the theme of religion. Fromm devoted to the search itself and society in faith quite a lot of time because such research is very important and requires a recess in the nature of some of the world’s religions, including Christianity. Questions and countermeasures manifestations of humanism and authoritarian Christianity, its historical evolution and ideals throw a kind of challenge to the outstanding philosopher, and forced him to work on this complex issue almost all his life. Dogma Erich Fromm developed so that initially there was an idea of the man who became God, and turned on the idea of God became man. The concept of the Old Testament prophets world extend beyond relationships between people, harmony should prevail between man and nature. Peace between man and nature is harmony between them. Erich Fromm permanently broke with Judaism in ‘26 and has since considered himself a Christian. But Christianity Fromm, his understanding of God, the role of Christ in history, the interpretation of the evolution of ideas and Savior is surprising for its boldness.

scholarly journals On the study of the coenoflora of poplar relict woodlands of the middle course of the Syrdarya river

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Polina Vesselova ◽  
◽  
Gulmira Kudabayeva ◽  
Bektemir Birimkululy Osmonali ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Third Place ◽  
High Position ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Meadow Communities

The article provides a list of the coenoflora species of poplar relict woodlands of the Syrdarya River valley within the Kyzylorda region. The list is compiled on the basis of data obtained as a result of the implementation of grant and contract projects related to the study of flora and vegetation of the middle course of the Syrdarya river. A map of the description points is provided. The taxonomic composition is revealed and a comparative analysis of the spectrum of the leading families with the data of floristic and geobotanical studies of other authors conducted in this region is carried out. In particular, 103 species from 31 families were identified in the cenoflora, with the 5 largest families accounting for 61.2 % of the total number of species. The hierarchical order of addition is as follows: Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae. Comparative analysis shows that the set of leading families in the compared lists is the same. However, the sequence of the three families changes somewhat: Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae. If the floristic composition of the floodplain of the valley of the Syrdarya river Poaceae takes 3 spot, followed by Fabaceae and Brassicaceae, to sanoflore woodland, the sequence is as follows: Brassicaceae is in third place, followed by. Poaceae and Fabaceae, respectively. The significant role of representatives of Poaceae in the floodplain flora is quite natural, given the significant participation in the composition of vegetation of meadow communities. And the high position of Brassicaceae in the cenoflora, as a rule, of antrogogenously disturbed woodlands, is formed due to the annual anthropophilic species of this family.

Suatu Kajian Perbandingan: Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan Bagi Jawab Lisan Oleh Menteri-Menteri Dan Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan Menteri di Dewan Rakyat

Sains Insani ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Nizam Mydin Bacha Mydin ◽  
Johan Shamsuddin Hj Sabaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Significant Role

Parliament has an oversight role on the executive by holding the ministers responsible towards Parliament regarding their respective ministry’s action. This article comprehensively analyse one of the oversight mechanisms in Dewan Rakyat which is the Parliamentary Questions consisting of Questions to Minister for Oral Answers (QMA) and the Minister’s Question Time (MQT). The QMA and MQT respectively have been carried out since the 1st Parliament term in 1959 and 13th Parliament term in 2016. These Parliamentary Questions play a significant role in Dewan Rakyat where the procedures of the standing orders oblige ministers to answer the Members’ question and thus provide a valuable focus on the oversight role of the House. Hence this article attempts to provide a comparative analysis on QMA and MQT in scrutinising the executive from the procedural perspective. It can be concluded that QMA dan MQT have apparent differences in most aspects of the oversight role of Dewan Rakyat. The inception of MQT has further enhanced the Dewan Rakyat’s oversight function towards executive even when the provisions of the standing orders regarding MQT are more concised compared to QMA. The article also highlights the understanding of the rulings and practices of the Chairman can further provide explanation on the oversight role of the Dewan Rakyat. Finally, this paper suggests recommendation to ensure the effectiveness of the oversight of Parliamentary Questions. ABSTRAK: Parlimen berperanan menyemak badan eksekutif dengan memastikan para Menteri bertanggungjawab kepada Parlimen di atas tindakan kementerian masing-masing. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis secara komprehensif salah satu mekanisme penyemakan tersebut di Dewan Rakyat iaitu Pertanyaan Parlimen yang terdiri daripada Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan Bagi Jawab Lisan oleh Menteri-Menteri (QMA) dan Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan Menteri (MQT). QMA telah dilaksanakan sejak Parlimen Pertama pada 1959 manakala MQT mula dilaksanakan pada Parlimen ke-13 pada tahun 2016. Pertanyaan Parlimen ini memainkan peranan yang signifikan di Dewan Rakyat di mana prosedur peraturan mesyuarat Dewan akan memastikan para Menteri menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh para Ahli dan ini seterusnya boleh memberi suatu hasil kajian yang bernilai kepada peranan semakan Dewan tersebut. Oleh itu, artikel ini akan membuat kajian perbandingan terhadap peruntukan QMA dan MQT dalam menyemak badan eksekutif dari aspek prosedur di Dewan Rakyat. Adalah boleh disimpulkan bahawa QMA dan MQT mempunyai perbezaan yang ketara dalam kebanyakan aspek kuasa semakan Dewan Rakyat. Pengenalan MQT telah meningkatkan lagi keberkesanan peranan semakan Dewan Rakyat walaupun peruntukan peraturan mesyuarat mengenai MQT adalah lebih ringkas berbanding QMA. Artikel ini juga menunjukkan bahawa pemahaman terhadap keputusan dan amalan Pengerusi boleh memberi penjelasan yang lanjut kepada peranan semakan oleh Dewan Rakyat. Akhir sekali, kajian ini mencadangkan langkah-langkah memastikan keberkesanan kuasa semakan Dewan Rakyat dalam Pertanyaan Parlimen tersebut.  

Hewers and Haulers: A History of Coal Miners and Coal Mining in Malaya

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarjit Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Coal Miners ◽  
Indelible Mark ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

The history of coal mining in Malaya is synonymous with the history of Malayan Collieries and Batu Arang town since coal was only ever economically mined in this small area in Ulu Selangor. The town of Batu Arang, the Malayan Collieries and the mines left an indelible mark on Malayan history. Previous accounts of the history of coal mining are restricted to mentions in general works on labour and the labour unrest of 1936–37 and 1946–47. This paper outlines the role of coal mining in the Malayan economy in the first half of the twentieth century. It also focuses on the history of labour at the collieries and the significant role that labour played in the development and growth of industrial activism in Malaya.

scholarly journals The Role of Sun Symbols in the Burial Rite of the Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-128
Author(s):  
Emília Pásztor
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Burial Customs ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Rite

The case study investigates the burial customs of the Middle Bronze Age Vatya culture in the Carpathian Basin. It aims to deliver a comparative analysis of the archaeological finds and characteristics of several cemeteries where communities cremated and buried their dead in urns. It also examines the ways grave artefacts are placed, and the shape and ornamentation of ceramics. It also gives a concise review on beliefs related to cremation. The case study aims at presenting just how much information the seemingly monotone burial customs of the Vatya culture can offer on their belief system by analysing the shapes, arrangements and ornamentations of buried artefacts.The decoration of grave ceramics often includes solar – light symbols, therefore, the author argues that the regular use of light symbols has a significant role in their belief system, especially in the deceased’s journey to the Otherworld.

scholarly journals Nomenklature in the system of English medical terminography

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Olena Gordiyenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Language For Specific Purposes ◽  
Medical Term ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Almost All

The article is devoted to the issues of LSP (language for specific purposes) lexicography in the field of medicine. Medical nomenclatures (MN), created in the framework of English medical terminography (EMT), are in the focus of the study as one of the first original reference works of EMT. The methodology of the study is comprehensive and includes the following methods: an analytical review of the literature, a bibliographic method for compiling a list of medical nomenclatures; a descriptive method of lexicographic analysis to characterize the parameters and structure of MN; the method of typological analysis was used to develop the principles of MN classification; the comparative analysis to summarize and conclude the results of the investigation. The use of historical and typological approach enabled to conduct a detailed analysis of extralinguistic and linguistic characteristics of the MN. A brief historical background on the formation and development of English medical reference works is given. Such MN as anatomical (Terminologia Anatomica), dental (Dental Terminology), embryological (Terminologia Embryologica) and histological (Terminologia Histologica) nomenclatures were under the study. A typological classification of MN is made by considering methods and approaches for the representation and explication of medical term. The following parameters as field of terms, method of term representing, type of definition, number of languages were studied. The main functions of the MN were identified and described, namely, the collection, the standardization, the systematization of medical terms and medical knowledge transfer. The results of the lexicographic analysis show that MN are factual reference works and perform almost all the basic functions of terminographic dictionary guides, with the exception of explicatory one, with a description of grammatical and orthoepic characteristics, codification of the polysemy of medical term and an illustration of its use in medical discourse. The comparative analysis of histological, dental and embryological nomenclatures revealed that they do not have significant differences at the level of mega- and microstructures in comparison with the anatomical ones. The studied nomenclatures were created using termographic tools and principles which were first applied for anatomical nomenclatures. The place and the role of MN, as a factual reference work, in the system of English medical terminography is determined. Perspective directions of the further research are outlined in the frame of the comprehensive study of terminological lexicography as a factor of the global scientific and technical space formation in the field of medicine.

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