scholarly journals Volcano monitoring and hazard assessments in Chile

Volcanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Alvaro Amigo
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Eruption Forecasting ◽  
Continental Plate ◽  
Tectonic Settings ◽  
Hazard Assessments ◽  
Technical Advice ◽  
Volcanic Impacts ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nationwide Program

Volcanism in Chile occurs in a variety of tectonic settings but mostly in the context of oceanic-continental plate collision, including 92 potentially active volcanoes. There have been more than 30 documented eruptions in the last few centuries. The Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) is a statutory agency of the Government of Chile responsible for volcano monitoring and hazard assessments across the country. After the impacts derived from volcanic activity at the end of the 20th century, SERNAGEOMIN created the Volcano Hazards Program and the Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). Despite this effort, most volcanoes in Chile remained unmonitored. In 2008, the aftermath of the eruption of Chaitén led to a nationwide program in order to improve eruption forecasting, development of early warning capabilities and our state of readiness for volcanic impacts through hazard assessments. In the last decade responses to volcanic crises have been indubitably successful providing technical advice before and during volcanic eruptions. El volcanismo en Chile ocurre en una amplia variedad de regímenes tectónicos, aunque principalmente en el contexto de la colisión de placas. Alrededor de 92 volcanes son considerados potencialmente activos y más de 30 presentan actividad histórica documentada en los últimos siglos. El Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) es la agencia gubernamental responsable de la evaluación de peligros y monitoreo de la actividad volcánica en el país. Como consecuencia de los impactos derivados de las erupciones volcánicas ocurridas hacia finales del siglo pasado, SERNAGEOMIN creó el Programa de Riesgo Volcánico y el Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). No obstante, a pesar de este esfuerzo la mayoría de los volcanes en Chile se mantenían sin monitoreo. Luego de los impactos derivados de la erupción del volcán Chaitén en 2008, un nuevo programa nacional fue creado con el fin de fortalecer la vigilancia y la evaluación de los peligros volcánicos en el país. En la última década, la respuesta a crisis volcánicas ha sido exitosa, proporcionando apoyo técnico en forma previa y durante erupciones.

scholarly journals Redox state of southern Tibetan upper mantle and ultrapotassic magmas

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 733-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weikai Li ◽  
Zhiming Yang ◽  
Massimo Chiaradia ◽  
Yong Lai ◽  
Chao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Lithospheric Mantle ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Mantle Xenoliths ◽  
Continental Plate ◽  
Cratonic Mantle ◽  
Tectonic Settings ◽  
Mantle Condition ◽  
Typical Range

Abstract The redox state of Earth’s upper mantle in several tectonic settings, such as cratonic mantle, oceanic mantle, and mantle wedges beneath magmatic arcs, has been well documented. In contrast, oxygen fugacity () data of upper mantle under orogens worldwide are rare, and the mechanism responsible for the mantle condition under orogens is not well constrained. In this study, we investigated the of mantle xenoliths derived from the southern Tibetan lithospheric mantle beneath the Himalayan orogen, and that of postcollisional ultrapotassic volcanic rocks hosting the xenoliths. The of mantle xenoliths ranges from ΔFMQ = +0.5 to +1.2 (where ΔFMQ is the deviation of log from the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer), indicating that the southern Tibetan lithospheric mantle is more oxidized than cratonic and oceanic mantle, and it falls within the typical range of mantle wedge values. Mineralogical evidence suggests that water-rich fluids and sediment melts liberated from both the subducting Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab and perhaps the Indian continental plate could have oxidized the southern Tibetan lithospheric mantle. The conditions of ultrapotassic magmas show a shift toward more oxidized conditions during ascent (from ΔFMQ = +0.8 to +3.0). Crustal evolution processes (e.g., fractionation) could influence magmatic , and thus the redox state of mantle-derived magma may not simply represent its mantle source.

scholarly journals The 2020 M 5.9 Falam Earthquake the Subduction-Induced Strike-Slip Earthquake, West Myanmar

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Hla Hla Aung
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Focal Mechanism Solution ◽  
Loud Sound ◽  
Continental Plate ◽  
Lowland Area ◽  
Tectonic Settings ◽  
Epicentral Location ◽  
Forearc Region

An earthquake with magnitude 5.9 occurred in the east of Falam on 16th April, 2020 at 11:45:23 (UTC). The epicenter is situated at latitude 22.789°N, longitude 94.025°E, 38 km ESE of Falam, at the depth of 10 km. Focal mechanism solution for this event is normal faulting (USGS). The epicentral location is in the Kabaw Valley along which Kabaw fault runs through in N-S direction. The Kabaw fault is situated in forearc region at the eastern base of N-S trending Rakhine Western Ranges under which the India oceanic plate is obliquely subducting beneath the Burma continental plate. The 2020 M 5.9 Falam earthquake occurred along two closely linked tectonic settings: north-eastward oblique subduction zone and north-south trending Kabaw fault zone system in the forearc region.The Falam earthquake ruptured the Tripura segment, one of the segments of India subduction zone, located approximately between latitude 22°-24°N according to the geographical location. This event is a rare intraplate earthquake and a subduction-induced strike-slip earthquake that ever occurred for the recent time in Myanmar. The shock was felt by cities of Gangaw, Kalemyo, Kalewa, Mandalay, Kyauk-se, Monywa. This earthquake was preceded by a loud sound and shaking lasts 1 minute. A few aftershocks of magnitude >3.5 followed the main shock in the vicinity of the epicenter. The vibration spread a wide area along Rakhine Yoma and Myanmar lowland area. The investigation of field survey from social media was found that the event reaches Modified Mercalli Intensity scale VIII based on people’s perception, indoor effects and damaged buildings. Damage is severe in some poorly built structures and upper parts of stupa and pagodas.

Scientific advice during and since World War II

1975 ◽  
Vol 342 (1631) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
World War ◽  
Advanced Science ◽  
Technical Advice ◽  
The Government ◽  
Direct Change

My part in this programme is to speak about ‘scientific advice’, which I take to mean advice to Government. This subject is clearly more diffuse than those which have been treated so far; but at the same time it does have a connexion with matters which were raised, both by Professor Jones in his opening paper, and later by Professor Cardwell. However primitive or however advanced, science is always a major factor in social change; and in so far as Government tries to modulate or direct change, it obviously has to seek scientific or technical advice, both in the civil and military fields. In 1835, the Government founded a Geological Survey because of its relevance to agriculture, mining and the building of roads and canals.

scholarly journals Improving automated global detection of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> plumes using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verity J. B. Flower ◽  
Thomas Oommen ◽  
Simon A. Carn
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Ozone Monitoring

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions pose an ever-present threat to human populations around the globe, but many active volcanoes remain poorly monitored. In regions where ground-based monitoring is present the effects of volcanic eruptions can be moderated through observational alerts to both local populations and service providers such as air traffic control. However, in regions where volcano monitoring is limited satellite-based remote sensing provides a global data source that can be utilised to provide near real time identification of volcanic activity. This paper details the development of an automated volcanic plume detection method utilizing daily, global observations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite. Following identification and classification of known volcanic eruptions in 2005–2009, the OMI SO2 data are analysed using a logistic regression analysis which permits the identification of volcanic events with an overall accuracy of over 80 %, and consistent plume identification when the volcanic plume SO2 loading exceeds ~ 400 tons. The accuracy and minimal user input requirements of the developed procedure provide a basis for the creation of an automated SO2 alert system providing volcanic alerts in regions where ground based volcano monitoring capabilities are limited. The technique could easily be adapted for use with satellite measurements of volcanic SO2 emissions from other platforms.

scholarly journals Pentahelix synergity natural and non-natural disaster management in Pidie Jaya District Aceh Province to support national security

2021 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Sugeng Yulianto ◽  
Fauzi Bahar ◽  
Sugimin Pranoto ◽  
Aam Amirudin
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
The Government ◽  
Natural Disaster Management

Geographically, Indonesia is located on disaster prone area. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions and non-natural disaster such as Covid-19 Pandemic often occur in various places in Indonesia including in Pidie Jaya, Aceh Province. These disasters have a big influence on many aspects of the socio-economic life of the affected communities. Managing disaster properly will reduce the risk so that it will provide security and resilience community that can anticipate all the impacts of disasters. Collaboration in the form of the Pentahelix Synergy concept involving elements of the Government, Society, Academics, and the Business Industries is one of the important aspect in disaster management. Furthemore, the mass media and the private sector will provide great energy to solve the problem during disaster. This paper discuss about the synergy of Pentahelix in dealing with natural and non-natural disasters in Pidie Jaya Regency, Aceh Province. The results will be useful as lesson learned to support National Security program in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Keselamatan Berbasis Smartphone dengan Integrasi Sinyal Sos Sebagai Solusi Pembentukan Masyarakat Tanggap Bencana

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Naviatul Ilma Ilma ◽  
Agung Dewa Cendana Feoh ◽  
Wahyu Ahmat Saifudin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Community Preparedness ◽  
Safety Application ◽  
The Government ◽  
Central Statistics ◽  
Application Design

Natural disasters are disasters caused by an event or a series of events caused by nature, it’s as varied as the form of earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts, hurricanes, and landslides (Law number 4 of 2007). Based on data cited from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2018 the number of people who died due to natural disasters was 6,053 people. This data shows that community preparedness to face the threat of disaster optimally is needed. The idea of creating a smartphone-based safety application design equipped with SOS signal sending capabilities is planned to create a disaster response community and rescue response by related parties to reduce disaster risk with the use of the structured application. The synergy between various parties such as the community and also the government in the smooth running of information as quickly as possible will be the key to the effectiveness of this application. People in situations facing natural disasters can reach safe places with the help of an application that has been embedded in the feature to find out safe places for self-evacuation. If there is an emergency the user can also send an SOS signal to the server which will be picked up immediately by the patrol on duty.

PENERAPAN ALGORITMA CLUSTERING DALAM MENGELOMPOKKAN BANYAKNYA DESA/KELURAHAN MENURUT UPAYA ANTISIPASI/ MITIGASI BENCANA ALAM MENURUT PROVINSI DENGAN K-MEANS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhd Gading Sadewo ◽  
Agus Perdana Windarto ◽  
Anjar Wanto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Village

Natural disasters are natural events that have a large impact on the human population. Located on the Pacific Ring of Fire (an area with many tectonic activities), Indonesia must continue to face the risk of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, tsunamis. Application of Clustering Algorithm in Grouping the Number of Villages / Villages According to Anticipatory / Natural Disaster Mitigation Efforts by Province With K-Means. The source of this research data is collected based on documents that contain the number of villages / kelurahan according to natural disaster mitigation / mitigation efforts produced by the National Statistics Agency. The data used in this study is provincial data consisting of 34 provinces. There are 4 variables used, namely the Natural Disaster Early Warning System, Tsunami Early Warning System, Safety Equipment, Evacuation Line. The data will be processed by clustering in 3 clushter, namely clusther high level of anticipation / mitigation, clusters of moderate anticipation / mitigation levels and low anticipation / mitigation levels. The results obtained from the assessment process are based on the Village / Kelurahan index according to the Natural Disaster Anticipation / Mitigation Efforts with 3 provinces of high anticipation / mitigation levels, namely West Java, Central Java, East Java, 9 provinces of moderate anticipation / mitigation, and 22 other provinces including low anticipation / mitigation. This can be an input to the government, the provinces that are of greater concern to the Village / Village According to the Natural Health Disaster Mitigation / Mitigation Efforts based on the cluster that has been carried out.Keywords: Data Mining, Natural Disaster, Clustering, K-Means

The 2019 July Stromboli volcano paroxysm event: contribution of infrasound to the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Marchetti ◽  
Maurizio Ripepe ◽  
Alexis Le Pichon ◽  
Constantino Listowski ◽  
Lars Ceranna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Pyroclastic Flows ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Stromboli Volcano ◽  
Eruptive Column ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;With the advent of civil aviation and growth in air traffic, the problem of volcanic ash encounter has become an issue of importance as a prompt response to volcanic eruptions is required to mitigate the impact of the volcanic hazard on aviation. Many volcanoes worldwide are poorly monitored, and most of the time notifications of volcanic eruptions are reported mainly based on satellite observations or visual observations. Among ground-based volcano monitoring techniques, infrasound is the only one capable of detecting explosive eruptions from distances of thousands of kilometers.&amp;#160;On July 3 and August 28, 2019, two paroxysmal explosions occurred at Stromboli volcano. The events, that are similar in terms of energy and size to the peak explosive activity reported historically for the volcano, produced a significant emission of scoria, bombs and lapilli, that affected the whole island and fed an eruptive column that rose almost 5 km above the volcano. The collapse of the eruptive column also produced pyroclastic flows along the Sciara del Fuoco, a sector collapse on the northern flank of the volcano.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Being one of the best-monitored volcanoes of the world, the 2019 Stromboli paroxysmal explosions were observed in real-time and Civil Protection procedures started immediately. However, notification to the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) was not automated, and the VAA was issued only long after the event occurrence. The two explosions produced infrasound signals that were detected by several infrasound stations as far as Norway (IS37, 3380 km) and Azores islands (IS42, 3530 km). Despite of the latency due to the propagation time, infrasound-based notification arrays precedes the Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued by Toulouse VACC. Following the same procedure applied for the Volcano Information System developed in the framework of the ARISE project, we show how infrasound array analysis could allow automatic, near-real-time identification of these eruptions with timely reliable source information. We highlight the need for an integration of the CTBT IMS infrasound network with local and regional infrasound arrays capable of providing a timely early warning to VAACs. This study opens new perspectives in volcano monitoring and could represent, in the future, an efficient tool in supporting VAACs activity.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The radius of the umbrella cloud helps characterize large explosive volcanic eruptions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Constantinescu ◽  
Aurelian Hopulele-Gligor ◽  
Charles B. Connor ◽  
Costanza Bonadonna ◽  
Laura J. Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Volcanic Hazard ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Explosive Eruptions ◽  
Plume Height ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Hazard Assessments ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions

AbstractEruption source parameters (in particular erupted volume and column height) are used by volcanologists to inform volcanic hazard assessments and to classify explosive volcanic eruptions. Estimations of source parameters are associated with large uncertainties due to various factors, including complex tephra sedimentation patterns from gravitationally spreading umbrella clouds. We modify an advection-diffusion model to investigate this effect. Using this model, source parameters for the climactic phase of the 2450 BP eruption of Pululagua, Ecuador, are different with respect to previous estimates (erupted mass: 1.5–5 × 1011 kg, umbrella cloud radius: 10–14 km, plume height: 20–30 km). We suggest large explosive eruptions are better classified by volume and umbrella cloud radius instead of volume or column height alone. Volume and umbrella cloud radius can be successfully estimated from deposit data using one numerical model when direct observations (e.g., satellite images) are not available.

scholarly journals Ksfc and North Karnataka

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
H.S Anitha ◽  
A.S Laxmisha
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balanced Growth ◽  
Technical Advice ◽  
Percentage Share ◽  
The Government

There was no effective State assistance to the entrepreneurs in the pre-independent period. After independence an effort in this direction was initiated by the Government in many ways. Among them, establishment of financial institutions is one. Accordingly KSFC was established in 1959 to cater to the needs of the entrepreneurs in the State of Karnataka. The Corporation is expected to achieve alround and balanced growth of the state. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the performance of KSFC in North Karnataka. The study is made by taking the assistance given by Corporation from 1990-91 to 1997-98 in all the districts of Karnataka and comparing the percentage share of each district in the KSFC's assistance with the density of population. The study revealed that except Bangalore, Dakshina Kannada and Kolar all the other districts failed to get due share in the KSFC's assistance, Among them, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Dharwad and Raichur failed to get their share miserably These findings revealed that North Karnataka is neglected continuously in several fronts by the Governments ruled the State.To achieve the balanced growth of the State of Karnataka, several suggestions were offered in the paper. Creation of an 'apex body' subordinate of KSFC in North Karnataka, exemption of application processing fees for units coming up in North Karnataka, establishment of 'Technical Advice and Guidance Cell', conducting special developmental campaigns, development of infrastructural facilities etc., are the important suggestions offered by the paper.    

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