scholarly journals Peer Behavior Profoundly Influences Dishonesty: Will Individuals Seek-out Information about Peers’ Dishonesty?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Leib ◽  
Maurice Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
Information Search ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Total N ◽  
Peer Behavior ◽  
Free Information ◽  
Search For Information

Seeing others engage in unethical behavior helps individuals justify their own unethical actions. In this article, we explore whether and how individuals search for information about others’ unethical behavior. Across two financially incentivized studies (total N = 617), participants could search either free (in Study 1) or costly (in Study 2) information about others’ behavior. Our findings reveal that individuals are both curious and are significantly influenced by the information they observe. However, individuals do not aggressively seek information about others’ unethical behavior, and are very sensitive to the costs to obtain this information. Free information promotes information search, which increases the likelihood that individuals will observe others’ unethical behavior and ultimately engage in unethical behavior themselves. When information is costly, individuals are far less likely to search for information, and are subsequently less likely to observe and engage in unethical behavior themselves. In contrast to prior work that has asserted that “sunlight” and greater access to information will curb dishonesty, we find that free access to information about others’ transgression may promote, rather than deter, unethical behavior. To curb unethical behavior, however, organizations may not have to shield individuals from learning about others’ transgressions; they may merely need to make this information difficult to obtain.

THE STATE OF OPEN ACCESS ADOPTION IN LEGAL SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES

Mousaion ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Solomon Bopape
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Open Access Resources ◽  
The Right

The study of law focuses, among other aspects, on important issues relating to equality, fairness and justice in as far as free access to information and knowledgeis concerned. The launching of the Open Access to Law Movement in 1992, the promulgation of the Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarshipin 2009, and the formation of national and regional Legal Information Institutes (LIIs) should serve as an indication of how well the legal world is committed to freely publishing and distributing legal information and knowledge through the Internet to legal practitioners, legal scholars and the public at large aroundthe world. In order to establish the amount of legal scholarly content which is accessible through open access publishing innovations and initiatives, this studyanalysed the contents of websites for selected open access resources on the Internet internationally and in South Africa. The results of the study showed that there has been a steady developing trend towards the adoption of open access for legal scholarly literature internationally, while in South Africa legal scholarly literature is under the control of commercial publishers. This should be an issue for the legal scholarship which, among its focus, is to impart knowledge about the right of access to information and knowledge.

Impact of Information Technology on Information Search Channel Selection for Consumers

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Khatwani ◽  
Praveen Ranjan Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Information Channels ◽  
Search For Information

As information technology has evolved, digital media has become increasingly fragmented and has started to proliferate multiple information channels. In order to optimize on the various digital channels that are available, organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of gaining solid insights into consumer behavior and preferences that can be translated into marketing strategies. Specifically, they are keen to identify which information channels they can use to effectively reach and communicate with their target market. In this regard, this paper describes how multi criteria decision making can be used to develop a new method of decision making that will enable an effective and systematic decision process of fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS. Further, these techniques can be used for the developing framework for identifying consumer preferences. This paper provides a demonstration of the underpinning working methodology of the proposed model by examining an real case that is based on the decision process Internet users employ during their online search for information.

scholarly journals Paying inattention: The art of ignoring others' work among Russian social scientists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Sociology Of Science ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Critical Sociology ◽  
First Order ◽  
Science Approach ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
Knowledge Claims

Why do scholars pay attention to some works, and recognize the influence of their authors, but not others? The Mertonian approach suggests that scholars search for information instrumental in producing their knowledge claims and reward authors for making important contributions. The critical sociology of science approach explains recognition (e.g. in the form of citing) as rhetorical practices that strengthen one’s credibility. Both models fail to explain why academics sometimes ignore apparently relevant sources or how groups of scholars turn into bubbles, censoring information about findings made outside of them. According to the theoretical model suggested in this paper, what governs information search is not first-order relevance (what individual academics considers relevant), but second-order awareness (what they know their audiences are aware of). In this model, the search for information is mostly governed by the necessity to make successful claims of novelty – to present findings that are new to one’s audience. Individuals easily disregard findings their audiences are unaware of. Institutionally organized audiences thus serve as enforcers of information search, and their members may tacitly collaborate in maintaining unawareness of intellectual developments outside of their common attention space In the empirical part of the paper, we use the example of post-Soviet sociology to test the predictions following from this model: (1) that scarcity of enforcement results in an overall shrinking of individuals’ attention spaces, and in their attaining idiosyncratic configurations; (2) that when borders of audiences cross-cut legitimate classifications, attention spaces are shaped by the former, rather than the latter; (3) that as a reaction to such cross-cutting, new classifications are introduced, legitimizing existing inattention.

scholarly journals A Study on Customer Satisfaction across Information Search Behavior Typology

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Wahyuningsih Wahyuningsih ◽  
Johnny Tanamal
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
Consumer Search ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Information Search Behavior ◽  
Search For Information

This study investigates customer satisfaction based on a typology of consumer search behavior. The findings demonstrate that the type of consumer as defined by whether and how they search for information (passive, rational-active, and relational-dependent) has different level of satisfaction. Rational-active and relational-dependent consumers are found to be the dominant consumer types who actively search for information before purchasing a product and thus perceive a higher level of satisfaction than do passive consumers. The identification of satisfaction within each type of consumer provides a reason for customers to repurchase the same product, or recommend it to other people. As a result, companies will be able to achieve an increase in profitability. Recommendations for companies and future research directions are presented.

scholarly journals Importance of Digital Literacy in the Process of Confronting the Stress During COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daša Bosanac ◽  
Ljerka Luic
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The Media ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
And Coping

COVID-19 pandemic is a global problem that raised the perception of stress to a completely new level, unseen so far in peace conditions. To reduce the level of stress and deal with its accumulated consequences, people enforce different strategies and coping mechanisms. In the vast amount of information available, imposed by the media, and often filled with falsehoods and catastrophizing related topics, it can be very challenging to distinguish the truth from falsehoods. The existence of an adequate level of digital literacy and e-Health literacy can help society to deal with that problem. Digital and e-Health literacy enables society to search for information efficiently, while remaining critical and open-minded, and use the newly adopted knowledge to improve our mental health. The aim of the paper was to present the frequency of news searches and trusting the COVID-19 related information in the group of medical professionals in Croatia. The survey was conducted using an online questionnaire, containing psychological questionnaires and relevant questions about everyday functioning. Based on the results that show a significant correlation between the frequency of information search and the lack of trust in the search results, we discuss the importance of digital and e-Health literacy, primarily within medical professionals.

scholarly journals Quo Vadis Open data?

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-220
Author(s):  
Jozef Andraško ◽  
Matúš Mesarčík
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Public Sector Information ◽  
Quo Vadis

New technologies have irreversibly changed the nature of the traditional way of exercising the right to free access to information. In the current information society, the information available to public authorities is not just a tool for controlling the public administration and increasing its transparency. Information has become an asset that individuals and legal entities also seek to use for business purposes. PSI particularly in form of open data create new opportunities for developing and improving the performance of public administration.In that regard, authors analyze the term open data and its legal framework from the perspective of European Union law, Slovak legal order and Czech legal order. Furthermore, authors focus is on the relation between open data regime, public sector information re-use regime and free access to information regime.New data protection regime represented by General Data Protection Regulation poses several challenges when it comes to processing of public sector information in form of open data. The article highlights the most important challenges of new regime being compliance with purpose specification, selection of legal ground and other important issues.

scholarly journals Computer Dictionaries and Encyclopedias in Teaching English as a Second Language

1970 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Damira Jantassova ◽  
Safura Zhilkishenova ◽  
Elena Klukina
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
School Students ◽  
Experimental Teaching ◽  
Computer Based

The objective of this paper is to explore one of the aspects of the problem of the use of information communication technologies in English as a Second Language teaching and learning. There has been studies on the effectiveness of computer dictionaries and encyclopedias in teaching and learning English language as well as the attitude of school English teachers to the application of computerbased inquiry software that are considered to be new in Kazakhstani comprehensive education. This article argues that computer dictionaries and encyclopedias contribute to development of English language learning by providing a teacher and a learner with a didactic tool for free access to a variety of materials, comfortable information search opportunities, and communication as well. The study that was conducted in Karaganda city high school, Kazakhstan, shows that the computer dictionaries and encyclopedias motivate school students to learn English language more enthusiastically. Key words: computer-based inquiry software, hypermedia, language skills, experimental teaching DOI: 10.3126/nelta.v14i1.3091 Journal of NELTA Vol.14, No 1&2, 2009 December Page: 55-62

A New Approach to China: Google and Censorship in the Chinese Market

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jeanne Brett ◽  
Lauren Pilcher ◽  
Lara-Christina Sell
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Local Domain ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Political Economic

The first across-the-table negotiation between Google and China concluded successfully in 2006, when Google received a license to establish a local domain (google.cn) targeted at Chinese Internet users and not subject to the “Great Firewall.” During these negotiations both Google and the Chinese government struggled to reach an outcome that would be acceptable to their constituents. Google was caught between pleasing its shareholders and preserving its reputation for free access to information, while China was balancing the desire for cutting-edge search technology and the concern that liberal access to information would undermine its political-economic model. In the end, the negotiation resulted in Google operating two domains in China: Google.com and Google.cn. In early 2010, Google announced that its corporate infrastructure had been the target of a series of China-based cyber attacks and accused the Chinese government of attempting to further limit free speech on the web. These incidents led to a public conflict and private negotiations between Google and the Chinese government, which culminated in July 2010 when the Chinese government renewed the google.cn license knowing that Google was redirecting all Chinese customers search to its google.hk.com site This case concerns the changes in Google and the Chinese government's environment that led to Google withdrawing services from google.cn and the Chinese government saving face by renewing the google.cn license. The case is based on the publicly reported events surrounding two series of negotiations between the U.S. technology giant Google and the Chinese Government regarding Google's license in China.

Privacy and Public Intellectual Freedom: Why Trained Library Staff Preserve and Protect Patron Confidentiality

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Miles Caudesch
Keyword(s):  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Intellectual Freedom ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
Basic Documentation ◽  
Library Staff

On the layman's level, this Commentary presents the essence of how and why library staff engage with the public while preserving patron privacy. Basic documentation, such as the Library Bill of Rights and the ALA's Intellectual Freedom Manual are referenced, along with an unsettling article about arson. After reading this Commentary, library staff should feel a renewed sense of loyalty to their profession, as well as an uncomfortable realization that every day, someone's life is held in the balance for educational good or for misapplied freedom: it is partially up to the librarian to help each person pursue excellence within the framework of free access to information.

A note on some aspects of rumen fermentation in Holstein calves changed from an all-concentrate diet to high levels of molasses/urea and forage

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Elías ◽  
T. R. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Total N ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYTwo changeover treatments were studied over a 5-week period in eight early-weaned concentrate-fed Holstein calves of initial weight 160 kg. Fresh forage was given ad libitum for one week (A) or two weeks (B); calves on the latter treatment also had 500 g daily of maize meal. All calves received 300 g/100 kg live weight of a protein supplement and had free access to sodium and phosphorus-rich minerals. A rumen inoculation was given after seven days of forage feeding, at which point a liquid molasses/urea mixture was introduced, first in small amounts and then after a further seven days ad libitum. The forage was then restricted to 3 kg/100 kg live weight. Both treatments were effective in raising rumen pH and buffering capacity to the point of allowing the establishment and maintenance of protozoa, chiefly Entodinium and Isotricha spp. Protein N as a percentage of the total N of rumen contents was about 90 with the all-concentrate diet, fell to 35 with the roughage diets and then rose again to 80–90 by the end of the experiment.

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