scholarly journals "This is Calabar South; shine your eyes" : Urbanization and Insecurity in Nigeria, case study of Calabar metropolis and its effects on state- society relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Idongesit Oyosoro
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Risk Zones ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Rivers State

It is common to describe some parts (especially the satellite zones) in the metropolitan areas of Nigeria as hot spots for crimes or high-risk zones: Ikorodu in Lagos, Ikwere in Rivers State, Warri in Delta State, etc. From this context, it is obvious that some areas possess characteristics that encourage or entrench crime and violence. This paper focuses on one of such contemporary high-risk zones in Cross River State, Nigeria: the Calabar South. We argue that the accelerated growth of urbanization has amplified the demand for key services in Calabar metropolis and that the provision of shelter and basic services such as water and sanitation, education, public health, employment, and transport has not kept pace with this increasing demand. Therefore, accelerated and poorly managed urbanization has resulted in various types of atmospheric, land and water pollution, and violent crimes which in turn jeopardize human security in the area and creates hate-sentiments between the dwellers of Calabar South and the administrative authorities. We utilize qualitative research methodology. Oral interviews and questionnaires serve as primary sources utilized while an extensive literature represents the secondary sources utilized here-in. We arrived at the conclusion that the increased environmental, social and economic problems associated with rapid urbanization are the causes of high-risk zones.

scholarly journals Market strategies in two major companies in Mexico: Bachoco and Lala

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Alejandra Ballesteros-Aureoles ◽  
José Antonio Tlacuilo-González ◽  
María Esther Zavala-Ramírez ◽  
María de Lourdes Jiménez-Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Marketing Variables ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Market Variables ◽  
Market Strategies

During 70 years of existence, two companies have been studied historically and economically, serve as examples for the business sector and the Mexican food industry, as other companies have had boom and declining stages, but today they are a example; have been observed in them the different administrative and market strategies, which they have used, is how the objective of this research work is to identify and analyze the different market strategies, specifically the Mix Marketing variables that Bachoco and Lala companies have used throughout their history. Bachoco who was born in 1949, (Ceruti, M.; Hernandez, M.C.; Marichal, C., 2010), considered the largest poultry producer in Mexico, the owners of the Robinson Bours family, this company is reviewed by authors such as Hernández, M.M. del C. & Vázquez, R.M.A. (2010), while Lala is another large company in northern Mexico, converted in the largest producer of fresh milk in the country, which was born in 1949, says Rivas, S.E. (2010). This research is descriptive in a qualitative type, since the results are not quantified, the documents generated by other investigations, considered as secondary sources and the documents of the same companies, are reviewed, as primary sources. The results present the variables found from Mix Marketing, product, price, square and promotion, for both companies. The findings are to show that the theory is applicable to practice, and because companies use an excellent combination of market variables, a mixture of variables, which have allowed them to operate in the market, to meet the objectives and goals of the marketing such as: giving end-consumer satisfaction, increasing demand and supply, having a brand value, among other business profits.

Conflictos por tomas de tierras y modos de intervención estatal: análisis de una experiencia del Alto Valle de Río Negro (Argentina)

2016 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mariana Giaretto ◽  
Victoria Naffa
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
General Context ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

ResumenEn este trabajo analizamos las relaciones entre tomas de tierras y Estado, en elAlto Valle de Río Negro en Argentina. En un contexto general de especulacióninmobiliaria, por la que se encarecen los precios de alquileres y terrenos, y depolíticas de vivienda selectivas y acotadas, los sectores populares acceden aun espacio en la ciudad mediante tomas de tierras. Frente a estos conflictos,el Estado, en sus diferentes niveles y poderes, despliega una forma deintervención basada en la criminalización de las luchas por tierra y vivienda.Al mismo tiempo, el poder ejecutivo nacional crea la Secretaría de Acceso alHábitat, para posibilitar la intervención política orientada a la regularizaciónde los asentamientos. Sin embargo, esta intervención tiende a reinscribir laproblemática habitacional en el campo político, para reducirla a un conflicto“entre partes”, eludiendo la responsabilidad estatal.Desde un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, seleccionamos como referenteempírico el caso del asentamiento de Villa Obrera en Fiske, Menuco (Gral.Roca), y las técnicas de recolección de datos se basan en fuentes secundarias,como expedientes judiciales y normativa, y en fuentes primarias como son losrelatos de los protagonistas mediante entrevistas individuales y colectivas.Palabras clave: tomas de tierras, Estado, criminalización de los conflictos.Conflicts caused by land occupation and modesof State intervention: analysis of an experience ofAlto Valle in Río Negro (Argentina)AbstractThis paper analyzes the relationship between State and land occupation,at Alto Valle in Río Negro, Argentina. In a general context of real estatespeculation, where rents and land prices are expensive, and a policy ofselective and limited housing, popular sectors can have access to a spacein the city through land occupation. In front of these conflicts, the Statein its different levels and powers, displays a form of intervention basedon the criminalization of struggles for land and housing. At the sametime, the national executive creates the Secretariat of Access to Habitat,oriented to allow political intervention for the regularization of settlements.However, this intervention tends to re-register the housing problems in thepolitical arena, reducing it to a conflict “between parties” and eluding theresponsibility of the State.From a qualitative methodological approach, we selected as empirical referencethe case of the settlement of Villa Obrera in Fiske, Menuco (GeneralRoca). The techniques of data collection are based on secondary sources, suchas policy and legal records, and primary sources as the stories of protagoniststhrough individual and collective interviews.Keywords: land occupation, State, criminalization of conflicts.Conflitos sobre ocupações de terras e modos deintervenção do estado: análise de uma experiênciado Alto Valle do Rio Preto (Argentina)ResumoEste trabalho analisa as relações entre a posse de terra e o Estado, no AltoValle do Rio Preto, na Argentina. Num contexto geral da especulaçãoimobiliária, por qual se encarecem os preços do aluguel e das terras, e depolíticas de habitação seletivas e limitadas, os setores populares acedem aum espaço na cidade através de ocupações de terras. Frente a estes conflitos,o Estado, em seus diferentes níveis e poderes, desenvolve uma forma deintervenção com base na criminalização das lutas pela terra e vivenda. Aomesmo tempo, o poder executivo nacional cria a Secretaria de Acesso àHabitat para possibilitar à intervenção política orientada a regularização dosassentamentos. No entanto, esta intervenção tende a registrar os problemasde habitação no campo político, para reduzi-la a um conflito “entre aspartes”, iludindo a responsabilidade do Estado.A partir de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, foi selecionado comoreferência empírica o caso do Assentamento de Villa Obrera em Fiske,Menuco (Gral. Roca), e as técnicas de recolecção de dados são baseados emfontes secundárias, como expedientes judiciais e normativos, e em fontes primárias como são as histórias dos protagonistas através de entrevistasindividuais e coletivas.Palavras-chave: tomada de terras, Estado, criminalização dos conflitos.

C-SPAN in the Classroom

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Stephen Frantzich
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Congressional Record ◽  
Select Group ◽  
And Behavior

Until recently most students of Congress were limited to studying it from afar, depending primarily on secondary sources. Limited press coverage of current debates and behavior were often so skimpy that it was necessary to wait a number of years until a select group of events percolated through the process to become part of “the literature.” It took even longer before the events found their way into the classroom as relevant examples of important principles and concepts. The primary sources available (The Congressional Record, Committee Reports, etc.) were ponderous, poorly indexed and often retained the tainted image that they did not truly represent reality. While the Congress of recent years is much more open to public view than its predecessors, open committee meetings and the increase in recorded voting did little to enhance the resources available to teachers or students for understanding the process.

scholarly journals Secondary sources of negative symptoms in those meeting criteria for a clinical high-risk syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Gupta ◽  
Gregory P. Strauss ◽  
Henry R. Cowan ◽  
Andrea Pelletier-Baldelli ◽  
Lauren M. Ellman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Clinical High Risk ◽  
Secondary Sources

scholarly journals Multidimensional dynamic healthcare personnel (HCP)-centric model from a low-income and middle-income country to support and protect COVID-19 warriors: a large prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e043837
Author(s):  
Usha Dutta ◽  
Anurag Sachan ◽  
Madhumita Premkumar ◽  
Tulika Gupta ◽  
Swapnajeet Sahoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Risk Zone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Risk Zones

ObjectivesHealthcare personnel (HCP) are at an increased risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection especially in resource-restricted healthcare settings, and return to homes unfit for self-isolation, making them apprehensive about COVID-19 duty and transmission risk to their families. We aimed at implementing a novel multidimensional HCP-centric evidence-based, dynamic policy with the objectives to reduce risk of HCP infection, ensure welfare and safety of the HCP and to improve willingness to accept and return to duty.SettingOur tertiary care university hospital, with 12 600 HCP, was divided into high-risk, medium-risk and low-risk zones. In the high-risk and medium-risk zones, we organised training, logistic support, postduty HCP welfare and collected feedback, and sent them home after they tested negative for COVID-19. We supervised use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and kept communication paperless.ParticipantsWe recruited willing low-risk HCP, aged <50 years, with no comorbidities to work in COVID-19 zones. Social distancing, hand hygiene and universal masking were advocated in the low-risk zone.ResultsBetween 31 March and 20 July 2020, we clinically screened 5553 outpatients, of whom 3012 (54.2%) were COVID-19 suspects managed in the medium-risk zone. Among them, 346 (11.4%) tested COVID-19 positive (57.2% male) and were managed in the high-risk zone with 19 (5.4%) deaths. One (0.08%) of the 1224 HCP in high-risk zone, 6 (0.62%) of 960 HCP in medium-risk zone and 23 (0.18%) of the 12 600 HCP in the low-risk zone tested positive at the end of shift. All the 30 COVID-19-positive HCP have since recovered. This HCP-centric policy resulted in low transmission rates (<1%), ensured satisfaction with training (92%), PPE (90.8%), medical and psychosocial support (79%) and improved acceptance of COVID-19 duty with 54.7% volunteering for re-deployment.ConclusionA multidimensional HCP-centric policy was effective in ensuring safety, satisfaction and welfare of HCP in a resource-poor setting and resulted in a willing workforce to fight the pandemic.

scholarly journals The Ecological and Ethical Consumption Development Prospects in Poland Compared with the Western European Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Koszewska
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Ethical Consumption ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Western European ◽  
Polish Economy ◽  
Development Prospects

An overview of the Western European literature shows that one of the most distinct trends in consumption that has been noted in the recent years is globally increasing environmental and social awareness. The issue of consumers' behaviours and attitudes towards "socially responsible products" has been gaining importance in Polish economy as well. This article evaluates the development prospects of ethical and ecological consumption in Poland vis-a-vis Western European countries. The comparative analysis being part of the article utilizes primary sources of information, i.e. interviews with a representative sample of Polish adults, as well as secondary sources of information. A factor analysis or, more precisely, a principal component analysis, allowed dividing Polish consumers into groups that were typologically homogeneous in respect of their sensitivity to various aspects of business ethics and ecology.

Using Sources In History Teaching

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-67
Author(s):  
Seema S.Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
History Teaching ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Teaching History ◽  
The World ◽  
Source Materials

History is constructed by people who study the past. It is created through working on both primary and secondary sources that historians use to learn about people, events, and everyday life in the past. Just like detectives, historians look at clues, sift through evidence, and make their own interpretations. Historical knowledge is, therefore, the outcome of a process of enquiry. During last century, the teaching of history has changed considerably. The use of sources, viz. textual, visual, and oral, in school classrooms in many parts of the world has already become an essential part of teaching history. However, in India, it is only a recent phenomenon. Introducing students to primary sources and making them a regular part of classroom lessons help students develop critical thinking and deductive reasoning skills. These will be useful throughout their lives. This paper highlights the benefits of using primary source materials in a history classroom and provides the teacher, with practical suggestions and examples of how to do this.

scholarly journals An Exploration Of The Challenges Of Micro, Small And Medium Scale Farmers In Ile-Ife Township Of Osun State, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajayi Adeola ◽  
Adegbite Stephen Akinade
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Managerial Skills ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Radical Approach

This study explored the factors suppressing micro, small and medium enterprising (MSME) farmersin Ile-Ife Township of Osun State, Nigeria with a view to find the obstaclesmilitating against the performance of the small and medium enterprises subsector to the Nigeria economy and recommend ameliorative measures to make the sub-sector strong and vibrant in order to play the crucial role in Nigeria economy growth and development.Primary and secondary sources of data were utilized for the study. Primary sources of data were employed using structures questionnaires while secondary sources were from books, journals, newspapers, internet sources and public lectures on the field of industrial small and medium scale farmers. Multi stage random sampling was used to select a total of 120 respondents utilized for the study. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The results from the questionnaires revealed that SMEs have performed below expectation due to a combination of challenges which ranges from financial constraint, poor managerial skills, poor road network, weakness in organizational marketing and information, low and dwindling consumer personal, multiple taxes, insecurity of lives and properties and lexies, attitude and habits of SME famers themselves through frequent policy changes and somersault government instability and environmental related factor among others. The paper concluded that government should take a practical radical approach to address the identified problems of SME farmers inIle-Ife Township of Osun State, Nigeria.

scholarly journals Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Diseases: A Matter of Concern for the Gynecologist

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirhossein Eskandari ◽  
Sadaf Alipour
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
High Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Menopausal Symptoms ◽  
Breast Diseases ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
High Risk Women

Background: The carcinogenic effect of exogenous steroid hormones on the breasts is a matter of debate, causing confusion for physicians at the time of making prescriptions. This article, as part of a quadruple series about exogenous sex hormones and breast disorders, reviews the association of breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the general population, women with benign breast disorders, women with personal or family history of breast cancer, and BRCA carriers. Methods: We accomplished an extensive search of the literature by using relevant keywords to identify pertinent cohort studies, clinical trials, and reviews. Then, we extracted all points regarding the question. Results: An extensive literature exists on the risk of breast cancer following HRT in the general population, and HRT has been mentioned as a risk factor for breast cancer, especially in recent, long-term users of combined formulations. However, there is still no consensus about it. Conversely, few studies have considered challenging issues like the use of HRT in breast cancer survivors and high-risk women. Conclusion: HRT up to 5 years can safely be used for management of menopausal symptoms in healthy women, and those with low-risk benign breast disorders. On the contrary, its use in high-risk women should be limited to refractory menopausal symptoms after describing potential harms to the patient.

scholarly journals The Ombudsman Institution as a mechanism of accountability in public administration: The case of GermanyKamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik mekanizması olarak Ombudsmanlık Kurumu: Almanya örneği

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 2735
Author(s):  
Sefa Usta ◽  
Abdulvahap Akıncı
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Accountability Mechanism

In the formation of a transparent and accountable public administration system and an understanding of administration, such institutions like the Ombudsman have important functions. The Ombudsman Institution, which undertakes an effective role in the solution of the problems experienced between the state and the citizen, has important responsibilities to institutionalize human rights and democratization, reduce the bad administration practices and most importantly, make the accountability mechanism the built-in in public administration. The Ombudsman Institution, which has been formed with different names in many countries in the world, has been established in Germany with the name of “the Defense Ombudsman,” and it carries out its activities under this framework.The main objective of the study is to examine the Ombudsman Institution as an extension of accountability mechanism in public administration and to asses “the Defense Ombudsman Institution”, which operates in Germany. Under the study prepared for this purpose, it is treated the concept of accountability in public administration with its general terms and examined the Ombudsman Institution, departing from the case of Germany. The study is terminated with an overview and a chapter of conclusion.In the study, it has been benefited from the scientific methods of descriptive analysis and critical review of the literature and set out from the secondary sources written about the subject and the primary sources like constitutional and legal regulations that are the basis of the Ombudsman Institution in Germany. ÖzetŞeffaf ve hesap verebilir bir kamu yönetimi sisteminin ve yönetim anlayışının oluşumunda Ombudsmanlık benzeri kurumlara önemli işlevler düşmektedir. Devlet ve vatandaş arasında yaşanan sorunların çözümü noktasında etkili bir rol üstlenen ombudsmanlık kurumuna, insan haklarının ve demokratikleşmenin kurumsallaşmasında, kötü yönetim uygulamalarının azaltılmasında ve en önemlisi kamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik mekanizmasının yerleşik hale gelmesinde önemli sorumluluklar düşmektedir. Dünyada birçok ülkede farklı adlarla oluşturulmuş olan Ombudsmanlık Kurumu, Almanya'da Savunma Ombudsmanlığı ismiyle kurulmuş ve faaliyetlerini yürütmektedir.Çalışmanın temel amacı, kamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik mekanizmasının bir uzantısı olarak Ombudsmanlık kurumunun incelenerek, Almanya'da faaliyet gösteren "Savunma Ombudsmanlığı Kurumu"nun değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda hazırlanan çalışma kapsamında, kamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik kavramı genel hatlarıyla ele alınmakta, Ombudsmanlık Kurumu Almanya örneğinden hareketle irdelenmektedir. Çalışma genel bir değerlendirme ve sonuç kısmıyla nihayetlendirilmektedir.Bu kapsamda hazırlanan çalışmada, betimsel analiz yönteminden ve eleştirel literatür taramasından yararlanılmış, konu ile ilgili yazılmış ikinci kaynaklardan ve Almanya'da Ombudsmanlık Kurumu'nun dayanağı olan anayasal ve yasal düzenlemeler gibi birincil kaynaklardan faydalanılmıştır.

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