scholarly journals Mechanical Dewatering and Thermal Drying Characteristics of Pulp Mill Sludge Cake

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Prawiranto ◽  
Syamsudin ◽  
Herri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Coal Powder ◽  
Thermal Drying ◽  
Sludge Cake

Sludge cake is a type of solid waste in pulp and paper mills which may harm the environment if disposed without treatment. Its proximate analysis (adb) are: ash 26.74%; volatile matter 59.09%; fixed carbon 11.04%; moisture 3.13%, while its ultimate analysis (adb) are: C 33.46%; H 4.5%; N 1.14%; S 0.35%; O 33.81%. Having a calorific value of 3000 cal/g (adb), sludge cake may be used as renewable fuel. Unfortunately it has a high water content, so reduction of water content become a main concern in utilizing sludge cake. A combination of mechanical dewatering and thermal drying has been considered for water removal with a minimum energy consumption. Moreover, the application of pressurized mechanical dewatering may also play a role in formation of briquettes.Experiments on mechanical dewatering and thermal drying were carried out using 50 g sludge cake with initial water content 73%. With a pressure of 400 kg/cm2 for compression, water content at the end of mechanical dewatering was 57%. This dewatered slugde was subsequently treated using thermal drying to a moisture content of 15%. Calculated total energy for this combination of mechanical dewatering and thermal drying was about 1080 J/g. This value was lower than the energy consumption of 1520 J/g required for direct thermal drying from its moisture content of 73% down to 15%. Experiments on the use of coal powder as compression aid were also trial to improve sludge dewaterability and briquettes calorific value. Mechanical dewatering of slugde with addition of 20%-w/w coal powder resulting a briquette with moisture content of 38% at compression pressure of 400 kg/cm2. The drying curves of briquette did not affected with its size if its diameter was less than 0.5 cm. Briquette with 1 cm thickness took significantly more time to remove its water content.

scholarly journals Initial Moisture Content of Corncobs Plays an Important Role in Maintaining its Quality during Storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Lince Mukkun ◽  
Herianus J.D. Lalel ◽  
Yuliana Tandirubak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Randomized Design

Maize is one of the important staple foods for people in Timor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Subsistent farmers store the maize for their own consumption until the next harvest season, for seed and feed.  However, high initial water content of the kernel due to improper drying prior storage initiate serious damage and losses during the maize storage.  High water content promotes the growth of fungi and insects, and increase respiration rate, resulting in rapid deterioration of maize. The purpose of this study was to determine the initial moisture content that might minimize damage and losses of maize in the farmers’ storage, and to study the effects of some plant materials that are used to smoke corns before storage. The experiment was initiated by sun-drying the harvested corncobs for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days (6 hours a day). This experiment was designed using Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Dried corncobs were stored in the farmer’s storage for 4 months. The effects of maize kernels’ initial water content on the development of water content in kernels; the percentage of damaged kernels; and the species of pathogen and insects were investigated during storage with 2-week intervals.  The results demonstrated that drying the corncobs prior storage for 10 days, resulting in 12.96% of water content, significantly decreased the percentage of seed damage to 6.5%, as compared to without drying process which resulted  in 63%.  Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp were found to be the main pathogen during storage.  There are no insect pests found during the storage. 

scholarly journals Elementary analysis and energetic potential of the municipal sewage sludges from the Gdańsk and Kościerzyna WWTPs

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 00004
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Ostojski
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Sewage Sludges ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Elementary Analysis

This paper aims to present municipal sewage sludge (MSS) elementary analysis and energetic potential based on measurement of heat of combustion (higher heating value HHV) and calculation of calorific values (lower heating value LHV). The analysis takes into the consideration water content in sewage sludge, at different utilization stages, in wastewater treatment plants in Gdańsk Wschód and Kościerzyna – Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study yielded the following results (in % dry matter): ash 19÷31 %, C - 31÷36 %, H - 5÷6 %, N - 4÷6 %, O - 28÷32 %, S – 1 %. Calorific value of stabilized sludges in Gdańsk was on average 13.8÷15 MJ/kg. In case of sludges not undergoing digestion from Kościerzyna WWTP, the calorific value was at the level of 17.5 MJ/kg. Thus, sewage sludges are good energy carriers. High water content though is the problem, as it lowers the useful effect of heat. There is no alternative for thermal sewage sludge neutralization, which is in conformity with valid Polish National Waste Management Plan (KPGO 2022).

scholarly journals Numerical investigation of wetting front migration and soil water distribution under vertical line source irrigation with different influencing factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwei Fan ◽  
Liangjun Ma ◽  
Hujun Wei ◽  
Pengcheng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Line Source ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Soil Wetting

Abstract Vertical line source irrigation (VLSI) is an underground irrigation method suitable for deep-rooted plants. Understanding the characteristics of the soil wetting body of the VLSI was the key to designing this irrigation system. On the basis of experimental verification of the reliability of the HYDRUS simulation results of VLSI under the conditions of soil texture (ST), initial water content (θi), line source buried depth (B), line source diameter (D) and line source length (L), numerical studies of the migration law of the wetting front of VLSI and the distribution characteristics of soil moisture were performed. The wetting front migration (WFM) was mainly influenced by ST, θi, D and L (P < 0.05), while B had little effect on WFM (P > 0.05). The shape of the soil wetting body changed little under different influencing factors. The water content contour was approximately ‘ellipsoidal’ around the line source. The soil moisture near the line source was close to the saturated moisture content. The moisture content around the line source gradually decreased outward, and the contour lines gradually became dense. According to the simulation results, a prediction model of multiple factors influencing the migration process of the VLSI wetting front was established. The predicted value was in good agreement with the measured value. The results of this research could provide a theoretical basis for further optimizing the combination of VLSI and irrigation elements.

scholarly journals Temperature and seed moisture content affect electrical conductivity test in pea seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bernardes da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Nayara Alves Fernandes ◽  
Luan Costa de Aquino ◽  
Anderson Rodrigo da Silva ◽  
Warley Marcos Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Test Efficiency ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Initial Seed

Abstract: Several factors affect the electrical conductivity test efficiency, with emphasis given to the initial water content and the temperature during imbibition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the initial water content of pea seeds and the temperature on the electrical conductivity test efficiency. Six lots of ‘Mikado’ pea were used, which were previously tested for initial characterization. In the first trial, based on the initial value of the samples, the seed moisture content was adjusted to 9, 11, 13 and 15% and then the seeds were submitted to the electrical conductivity test. In the second trial, the water for seed imbibition was kept for 24 hours at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ºC, and after that time the seeds were added and soaked for other 24 hours at the temperatures already mentioned. It was observed that initial seed moisture content and water temperature during imbibition influenced the results of the electrical conductivity test. This test should be carried out with distilled water, previously maintained for 24 hours at 25 °C for temperature stabilization. Then, the seeds with seed moisture content between 11 and 15% should be put to soak at 25 °C, and maintained at this temperature for 24 hours.

A New Re-Fuel System to Process High Water Content Waste to Solid Fuel Using Superheated Steam

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Maruyama ◽  
Daisuke Tanaka ◽  
Toshiki Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Waste Incinerator ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
Drying System

The increase of waste and the dryness of natural resources including fossil fuels have become serious problems for the sustainable development of industrial activities and our daily living. A great deal of human effort has been put into the careful use of finite resources and environmental impact reduction. The appropriate processing and the effective use of waste are really in demand in light of our social responsibility for manufacturing and energy development. In addition, the construction of a new recycle system for production is also important from the standpoint of the manufacturer’s responsibility. A procedure is being developed to process industrial and municipal wet wastes to solid fuel, called Refuse paper & plastic fuel (RPF), using superheated steam. A drying system using superheated steam is drawing much attention for use with drying high water content materials due to its high thermal efficiency. A material recycle system for processing high water content waste to solid fuel will be introduced in the present study using a demonstration system, and the optimum conditions for the system operation will be examined. The temperature and the quantity of superheated steam required for material drying are evaluated, and the energy consumption and emissions from the system are theoretically estimated and compared. The purpose of this paper is to test-operate a practical waste recycle system, and the results of this new system are compared with the results from a waste incinerator. The effectiveness of a drying system using superheated steam is shown from the standpoint of the reduction of CO2 emissions and energy consumption for the waste processing.

scholarly journals Evaluating Marine Debris Trends and the Potential of Incineration in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Bali, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
I Wayan Koko Suryawan ◽  
Ariyanti Sarwono ◽  
Iva Yenis Septiariva ◽  
Chun-Hung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Global Environmental Issue ◽  
Natural Beauty

Highlight Research:The potential calorific value of marine debris obtained from calculating the total waste is 12.05 MJ/kg, which still falls within the incinerator application's standard criteria. AbstractMarine debris, a global environmental issue today, is a major threat to Bali’s seas which are famous for its natural beauty and aggravated by the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of marine debris in Bali Island, especially in the southern region and to analyze the feasibility of incineration as one of the waste treatment processes. This research was conducted by utilizing secondary data and literature reviews from related previous studies. Water content and caloric value were measured directly using the ASTM E 790-15 and ASTM D 5865-11a standards. Marine debris generation from 2013 to 2019 tends to decrease from 1.22 kg/km.day to 0.46 kg/km.day. Organic waste (59.4%) comprised the largest marine debris followed by plastic waste (13.4%) and diapers (11.9%). Thermal technology such as incineration can be introduced to treat marine debris. The standard application of incinerator technology is moisture content and caloric value. The water content of marine debris is reportedly 54.56%, therefore, further preliminary processing is needed, especially for waste with high moisture content, such as diapers and organic waste. The potential calorific value of marine debris during the COVID-19 pandemic obtained from calculating the total waste was 12.05 MJ/kg which still did not meet the incinerator application's standard criteria.

scholarly journals ANGKA KAPANG DAN KHAMIR PADA LADA PUTIH ASAL BANGKA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Oktavio Rosani ◽  
Devy Susanty ◽  
Ary Triyanto
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
White Pepper ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
Mold And Yeast ◽  
The Relationship

Numbers of Mold and Yeast on White Pepper from BangkaWhite pepper is one of Indonesia's spices that are needed for both public consumption and exports. Post-harvest processing of white pepper by farmers is often done with unclean. Each source of white pepper has different water content and will affect the quality of white pepper. In this study, seven samples (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7) were from Bangka. All samples tested had higher water content than SNI quality standard (13%), but still below the quality standard 2 (18%). Sample S2 has the highest water content compared to other samples. Sample S1 and S2 have high Numbers of Mold and Yeast (AKK) and do not suitable with quality standart of BPOM. Of all samples, S2  had the highest AKK (5,51 x 104 colony / g) and sample S5 had the smallest AKK (8,8 x 102 colony / g). This shows the relationship between water content in white pepper with AKK. White pepper that has a high water content has a high AKK, whereas white pepper that has low moisture content has low AKK.Keywords: white pepper, Numbers of Mold and Yeast, moisture contentABSTRAKLada putih adalah salah satu rempah Indonesia  yang  banyak dibutuhkan baik untuk konsumsi masyarakat ataupun ekspor. Proses pengolahan pasca panen lada putih oleh petani sering dilakukan dengan tidak bersih. Setiap sumber lada putih memiliki kadar air yang berbeda dan akan mempengaruhi kualitas lada putih. Pada penelitian ini,tujuh sampel (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7)  berasal dari Bangka. Semua sampel yang di uji memiliki kadar air yang lebih tinggi dari standar mutu 1 SNI (13%), namun masih berada di bawah standar mutu 2 (18 %). Sampel S2 memiliki kadar air yang paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan sampel lainnya. Sampel S1 dan S2 memiliki  (Angka Kapang Khamir) AKK yang tinggi dan tidak memenuhi syarat mutu. BPOM. Dari semua sampel, sampel S2 memiliki AKK paling tinggi (5,51 x 104 koloni/g) dan sampel S5 memiliki AKK paling kecil (8,8 x 102 koloni/g). Hal ini menunjukan hubungan antara kadar air pada lada putih dengan AKK. Lada putih yang memiliki kadar air tinggi memiliki AKK yang juga tinggi, sedangkan lada putih yang memiliki kadar air rendah memiki AKK yang  rendah.Kata Kunci: Lada putih, Angka kapang khamir, Kadar Air

scholarly journals Pengolahan Sampah Organik dan Limbah Biomassa dengan Teknologi Olah Sampah di Sumbernya

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Indradjaja M. Brunner ◽  
Arief Norhidayat ◽  
Satria M. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Aerobic Activity ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Biomass Pellet

Solid Waste Processing Technology at the Source (TOSS) is an alternative method in processing organic and biomass waste on a communal scale. The processing of organic and biomass waste material is carried out in three stages of the process: biodrying which utilizes the aerobic activity of microorganisms; chopping which is intended to refine the material, and pelletization to compact the material into biomass pellets. The biodrying process in bamboo boxes is able to reduce the water content in organic and biomass waste within 4-5 days. Sorting of non-organic materials can be done at an early stage before or after the biodrying process. Sorting is required before chopping and pelletizing process to avoid unnecessary machine break down. The biomass pellet which is the final product has a diameter of about 10 mm with a length between 10-40 mm, a calorific value between 3000-4000 kcal/kg, and a moisture content of up to 15%. Compared to coal, biomass pellets tend to have higher volatile and ash content, while lower ash and sulfur content.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN PEMANFAATAN SLUDGE CAKE PABRIK PULP KRAFT SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF MELALUI PROSES GASIFIKASI

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsudin Syamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
Sludge Cake

Kraft pulp mills generate large amounts of sludge cake with typical calorific value of 24 MJ/kg (dry and ash-free basis). Sludge cake could be utilized as an alternative energy through gasification to produce medium gaseous fuel. Sludge cake has a high moisture content and low dewaterability, probably due to biomass from the microbial growth in the wastewater treatment by activated sludge. These problems could be overcome by the addition of filtration aid utilizing biomass waste from pulp mill and dewatering processes by TAMD method. Drying was continued by utilizing hot flue gas from the boiler or lime kiln. Steam gasification of sludge cake by allothermal model could produce a gaseous fuel with a calorific value of 11 MJ/Nm3. Allothermal gasification model of two reactors was able for handling sludge cake with a moisture content of <55%, but produce gas with a high tar content.Gasification or combustion of sludge cake on this model should be performed at temperatures >1200°C to prevent slagging and fouling problem. In contrast, allothermal gasification model of three reactors could produce gas with a low tar content. Heat of gasification reaction might be supplied from thecombustion of volatile gas. Pyrolysis could be performed at temperatures <500oC to permit adequateheat supply for gasification and high char yield. Substitution of natural gas with producer gas need topay attention to the redesign of the combustion process associated with the lower heat of combustion.Keywords: sludge cake, dewatering, gasification, steam, CO2, medium gaseous fuelABSTRAK Pabrik pulp kraft menghasilkan sludge cake dalam jumlah besar dengan nilai kalor tipikal 20 MJ/kg (dasar kering dan bebas abu). Sludge cake dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai energi alternatif melalui gasifikasi untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar gas medium. Sludge cake memiliki kadar air tinggi dan dewaterability rendah, disebabkan adanya biomassa hasil pertumbuhan mikroba pengolahan air limbahsecara lumpur aktif. Kendala ini diatasi dengan penambahan media bantu  filtrasi memanfaatkan limbah biomassa pabrik pulp dan proses dewatering dengan metode TAMD. Pengeringan dilanjutkan dengan memanfaatkan gas panas dari boiler atau lime kiln. Proses gasifikasi-kukus allothermal terhadap sludge cake dapat menghasilkan gas bakar dengan nilai kalor 11 MJ/Nm3. Gasifikasi allothermal model dua reaktor mampu menangani sludge cake dengan kadar air <55%, namun menghasilkan gas dengan kadar tar yang tinggi. Gasifikasi atau pembakaran sludge cake pada model ini sebaiknya dilakukan pada suhu di bawah 1200oC untuk menghindari terjadinya slagging dan fouling. Sebaliknya, gasifikasi allothermal model tiga reaktor dapat menghasilkan gas dengan kadar tar rendah. Panas reaksi gasifikasi mungkin dapat dipenuhi dari pembakaran gas volatil hasil pirolisis. Pirolisis dapat dilakukan pada suhu <500ºC dengan mempertimbangkan kecukupan suplai panas gasifikasi dan yield arang tinggi. Penggantian gas bumi dengan gas produser perlu memperhatikan redesign proses pembakaran terkait dengan panas pembakaran yang lebih rendah.Kata kunci: sludge cake, dewatering, gasifikasi, kukus, CO2, bahan bakar gas kalor medium

scholarly journals Effect Of Water Content On Characteristics Fuel From The Municipal Solid Waste Through The Pyrolysis Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Imron Rosyadi ◽  
Ni Ketut Caturwati ◽  
Ahmad Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Rice Samples

The increase in the population of Indonesia is proportional to the increase in the amount of waste produced. Municipal solid waste (MSW) especially organic waste, can be used as solid fuel by means of the torefaction process. Torefaction is a thermo-chemical heat treatment method for biomass conversion that takes place at a temperature of 200oC to 300oC under conditions of atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moisture content on calorific, proximate and ultimate values ​​of torefaction samples using municipal solid waste. Setting the water content in the mixed sample (30% rice + 70% wood) with variations in moisture content of 30%, 40%, and 50%; and rice and wood samples with variations in moisture content of 40% and 50%. The torefaction was carried out at a temperature of 300oC for one hour and  inert gas  N2. Torefaction products have been tested contain of the calorific value, proximate testing, and ultimate testing. The results obtained were the best calorific value in the rice sample, the moisture content of 40% was 6351.1 cal / g or equivalent to sub-bituminous coal. The proximate and ultimate results of the best heating value are rice samples with 40% moisture content, fixed carbon 62.95%, volatile matter 27.85%, moisture 7.06%, ash 2.14%, carbon 71.85%, hydrogen. 2.80%, nitrogen 3.17%, and sulfur 0.05%. The calorific value calculation method that is almost close to the test results is the Dulong method, with an average error percentage of 1.63%.

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