scholarly journals Dynamic changes in semantic memory structure support successful problem-solving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théophile Bieth ◽  
Yoed Kenett ◽  
Marcela Ovando-Tellez ◽  
Alizee Lopez-Persem ◽  
Célia Lacaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Memory Network ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
Network Metrics

While problem-solving is central in our daily life, its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Restructuration (i.e., reinterpretation and reorganization of problem-related representations) is theoretically considered as one such mechanism, yet empirical evidence supporting it is scarce. We investigated restructuration as a mechanism underlying problem-solving, using network science methodology. We estimated the structure of participant’s individual semantic memory network before and after they attempted to solve a riddle. These networks represent the organization of solution-relevant and irrelevant terms as nodes, with edges representing the strength of relationship between them based on participants’ relatedness judgments. The difference in semantic network metrics between pre- and post-solving phases was used to quantify restructuration and predict successful problem-solving. Problem-solving was predicted by local restructuration of semantic network, only in edges and nodes that had been assessed as helpful to solve the problem. These results shed new light on the mental restructuring associated with problem-solving and provide a new method to quantify this restructuring.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran terhadap Motivasi Belajar: Tinjauan berdasarkan Karakter Generasi Z

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
M. Ichsan Nawawi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Motion Graphics ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Motion Graphic

Salah satu permasalahan yang menarik adalah perbedaan karakter mahasiswa yang sering disebut sebagai Generasi Z. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan motivasi belajar mahasiswa yang diberikan media pembelajaran sesuai dengan karakter Generasi Z. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen dengan one sample pretest-posttest design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 21 mahasiswa di Jurusan Matematika, UIN Alauddin Makassar. Data hasil penelitian dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan motivasi sebelum dan sesudah diberikan media pembelajaran sesuai dengan karakter Generasi Z (bahan ajar yang menarik, penggunaan motion graphic, sli.do, kahoot dan strategi problem solving berdasarkan permasalahan kehidupan sehari-hari).The Effect of Learning Media on Learning Motivation: Overview based on Generation Z CharacterAbstractOne interesting problem is the difference in the character of students who are often referred to as Generation Z. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in student learning motivation given learning media in accordance with Generation Z characters. This research is a quasi-experimental study with one sample pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study were 21 students in the Department of Mathematics, UIN Alauddin Makassar. Research data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using t test. The results showed that there were differences in motivation before and after learning media were given according to Generation Z characters (interesting teaching materials, use of motion graphics, sli.do, kahoot and problem solving strategies based on problems of daily life).

scholarly journals Novel conceptual combination can dynamically reconfigure semantic memory networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoed Kenett ◽  
Sharon L. Thompson-Schill
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Conceptual Combination ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Conceptual Combinations ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Novel Processing ◽  
Shed Light

We do not simply have concepts; we use concepts. And, the way in which we use concepts can dynamically change the relations among them. One way to shed light on this dynamic nature is to examine how the novel processing of concepts—in our case, interpreting unfamiliar nominal compounds—might reconfigure semantic memory networks. We used network science tools to characterize properties of participants’ semantic networks (e.g., connectivity), and we compared these networks before and after participants constructed novel conceptual combinations. Furthermore, we contrasted combinations in which one attribute of one concept is used to describe another (attributive) with those in which a relation is identified to link two concepts (relational). We found that relational, but not attributive, combinations increased connectivity and lowered structure in the network. We suggest that constructing relational interpretations of compounds requires the generation of novel contexts, thus leading to greater restructuring of the semantic network.

scholarly journals Improving students’ mathematical reasoning and self-efficacy through Missouri mathematics project and problem-solving

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aprisal Aprisal ◽  
Agus Maman Abadi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
School Students ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Comparison Of Effectiveness ◽  
And Control

[English]: This article aims to elucidate the effectiveness of Missouri mathematics project-problem solving learning (MMP-PS) toward mathematical reasoning ability and self-efficacy. We conducted quasi experiment research which involve 132 lower secondary school students (age 14-15 years old) as population. Of the population, 25 students respectively in two classes were selected randomly as experiment class and control class. The experiment class was taught using MMP-PS and a control class was taught using MMP (Missouri mathematics project learning). To examine the effectiveness of MMP-PS and MMP toward mathematics reasoning ability and self-efficacy, data were analyzed using one sample t-test. The difference of students’ mathematical reasoning and self-efficacy before and after the treatment was analyzed using Manova. The comparison of effectiveness of MMP-PS and MMP were analyzed through t-Benferroni test.   This article shows that MMP-PS is effective on mathematical reasoning ability and self-efficacy. Meanwhile, MMP is effective on mathematical reasoning ability. The MMP-PS was better than MMP on students’ self-efficacy. Thus, MMP-PS could be utilized in mathematics learning to support students’ mathematical reasoning ability and self-efficacy. Keywords: Missouri mathematics project, Problem solving, Mathematical reasoning, self-efficacy [Bahasa]: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keefektifan pembelajaran missouri mathematics projectdengan pendekatan problem solving(MMP-PS) terhadap kemampuan penalaran matematika dan self-efficacy. Penelitian kuasi eksperimen dilaksanakan dengan melibatkan 132 siswa SMP (kisaran umur 14-15 tahun) sebagai populasi. Dipilih secara acak dua kelas yang terdiri dari masing-masing 25 siswa sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Kelas eksperimen diajar dengan menggunakan pembelajaran Missouri mathematics projectdengan pendekatan problem solvingdan kelas kontrol diajar dengan pembelajaran missouri mathematics project(MMP). Data penelitian dianalisis melalui uji satu sampel untuk mengukur keefektifan MMP-PS dan MMP terhadap kemampuan penalaran matematika dan self-efficacy. Perbedaan kemampuan penalaran matematika dan self-efficacysiswa sebelum dan sesudah pembelajaran dianalisis menggunakan uji Manova. Perbandingan keunggulan antara MMP-PS dan MMP menggunakan uji t-Benferroni. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MMP-PS efektif ditinjau dari kemampuan penalaran matematika danself-efficacy. Sementara itu, pembelajaran MMP efektif ditinjau kemampuan penalaran matematika. Pembelajaran MMP-PS lebih unggul dari pembelajaran MMP ditinjau dari self-efficacysiswa. Jadi, MMP-PS bisa digunakan dalam pembelajaran matematika untuk mendukung kemampuan penalaran matematika dan self-efficacy. Kata kunci: Missouri mathematics project, Penalaran matematika, Self-efficacy, Pemecahan masalah NB: PDF version of this article will be available in maximum two weeks after this publication

scholarly journals Comparison of Abundance of Premolar and Molar Pulp Stones Before and After Orthodontic Treatment Using Panoramic Radiography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erfaneh Afsari ◽  
Elmira Niksolat ◽  
Farzaneh Ostovar ◽  
Shaghayegh Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pulp Stones

Objectives: Pulp stone is a focal calcification in dental pulp, which is often detected on conventional dental radiographs. Pulp stones can complicate easy access to the root canal and pulp chamber in root canal treatment. Orthodontic treatment may be associated with the formation of pulp stones. Therefore, this study examined the number of pulp stones pre- and post-orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional comparative study, 222 digital panoramic radiographs collected from private orthodontic offices in Rasht, were divided into two groups: radiographs of patients undergoing orthodontic and non-orthodontic treatment according to the inclusion criteria. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS via the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests (P<0.05). Results: The difference in the number of pulp stones pre- and post-orthodontic treatment was significant (P<0.0001). The maximum number of pulp stones after orthodontic treatment was observed in second molars (P=0.016). The change in the number of pulp stones in the mandible (P=0.001) was significantly higher than that in the maxilla (P=0.002). This change was also greater in the left side (P<0.0001) than in the right side (P=0.002). The changes in the number of pulp stones was significant in females (P=0.02). Age had an insignificant effect on pulp stone formation (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed the effect of orthodontic treatment on the number of pulp stones. Further studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms for this increase and come up with strategies to prevent it.

scholarly journals Revealing the Role of Divergent Thinking and Fluid Intelligence in Children’s Semantic Memory Organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Clara Rastelli ◽  
Antonino Greco ◽  
Chiara Finocchiaro
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Memory Organization ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Creative Cognition ◽  
Science Methodology

The current theories suggest the fundamental role of semantic memory in creativity, mediating bottom-up (divergent thinking) and top-down (fluid intelligence) cognitive processes. However, the relationship between creativity, intelligence, and the organization of the semantic memory remains poorly-characterized in children. We investigated the ways in which individual differences in children’s semantic memory structures are influenced by their divergent thinking and fluid intelligence abilities. The participants (mean age 10) were grouped by their levels (high/low) of divergent thinking and fluid intelligence. We applied a recently-developed Network Science approach in order to examine group-based semantic memory graphs. Networks were constructed from a semantic fluency task. The results revealed that divergent thinking abilities are related to a more flexible structure of the semantic network, while fluid intelligence corresponds to a more structured semantic network, in line with the previous findings from the adult sample. Our findings confirm the crucial role of semantic memory organization in creative performance, and demonstrate that this phenomenon can be traced back to childhood. Finally, we also corroborate the network science methodology as a valid approach to the study of creative cognition in the developmental population.

Tem analysis of multiple-energy arsenic implanted and Rta'd silicon

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
R.A. Herring
Keyword(s):  
Device Fabrication ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Defect Clusters ◽  
High Fluences ◽  
Small Defect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Factor Type

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of ion-implanted Si is important for device fabrication. The defect structures of 2.5, 4.0, and 6.0 MeV As-implanted silicon irradiated to fluences of 2E14, 4E14, and 6E14, respectively, have been analyzed by electron diffraction both before and after RTA at 1100°C for 10 seconds. At such high fluences and energies the implanted As ions change the Si from crystalline to amorphous. Three distinct amorphous regions emerge due to the three implantation energies used (Fig. 1). The amorphous regions are separated from each other by crystalline Si (marked L1, L2, and L3 in Fig. 1) which contains a high concentration of small defect clusters. The small defect clusters were similar to what had been determined earlier as being amorphous zones since their contrast was principally of the structure-factor type that arises due to the difference in extinction distance between the matrix and damage regions.

Scientific Problem Solving in a Virtual Laboratory: A Comparison Between Individuals and Pairs

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda A. Métrailler ◽  
Ester Reijnen ◽  
Cornelia Kneser ◽  
Klaus Opwis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Scientific Problem Solving ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Verbal Data ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
Problem Solving Task

This study compared individuals with pairs in a scientific problem-solving task. Participants interacted with a virtual psychological laboratory called Virtue to reason about a visual search theory. To this end, they created hypotheses, designed experiments, and analyzed and interpreted the results of their experiments in order to discover which of five possible factors affected the visual search process. Before and after their interaction with Virtue, participants took a test measuring theoretical and methodological knowledge. In addition, process data reflecting participants’ experimental activities and verbal data were collected. The results showed a significant but equal increase in knowledge for both groups. We found differences between individuals and pairs in the evaluation of hypotheses in the process data, and in descriptive and explanatory statements in the verbal data. Interacting with Virtue helped all students improve their domain-specific and domain-general psychological knowledge.

Changes in Platelet Aggregability after Ovariectomy

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1332-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Takeshi Motomiya ◽  
Minoru Sonoda ◽  
Noboru Miyagawa
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Platelet Aggregability ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Observation Period

SummaryChanges in platelets in 48 patients with uterine myoma before and after hysterectomy with and without ovariectomy were examined. Bilateral ovariectomy in 25 cases (ovariec-tomized group) and unilateral or non-ovariectomy in 23 cases (control group) were performed at the hysterectomy. Platelet count and an appearance rate of secondary aggregation decreased at one day after and increased at one week after the operation, similarly in both the ovariectomized and the control group. The appearance rate of secondary aggregation was reflected in an intensity of aggregation at 5 min after the addition of reagent to PRP. At one month after the operation, the appearance rate of secondary aggregation induced by 3 μM ADP showed a statistically significant decrease in comparison with the preoperation value (P <0.05) and the enhancement of 5-min aggregation was still observed in the control group, while ceased in the ovariectomized group. The difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.05). There was almost no change in the speed and intensity of primary and secondary aggregation during the observation period. No significant differences in collagen-induced aggregation were noted between the two groups. The results suggest that ovarian hormones, mainly estrogen, facilitate platelet activation which is mediated by the so-called secondary aggregation.

PENGARUH TERAPI TERTAWA TERHADAP PENURUNAN TEKANAN DARAH LANSIA DI UPT PANTI WREDHA BUDHI DHARMA YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niken Setyaningrum ◽  
Andri Setyorini ◽  
Fachruddin Tri Fitrianta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Control Blood Pressure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTBackground: Hypertension is one of the most common diseases, because this disease is suffered byboth men and women, as well as adults and young people. Treatment of hypertension does not onlyrely on medications from the doctor or regulate diet alone, but it is also important to make our bodyalways relaxed. Laughter can help to control blood pressure by reducing endocrine stress andcreating a relaxed condition to deal with relaxation.Objective: The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of laughter therapy ondecreasing elderly blood pressure in UPT Panti Wredha Budhi Dharma Yogyakarta.Methods: The design used in this study is a pre-experimental design study with one group pre-posttestresearch design where there is no control group (comparison). The population in this study wereelderly aged over> 60 years at 55 UPT Panti Wredha Budhi Dharma Yogyakarta. The method oftaking in this study uses total sampling. The sample in this study were 55 elderly. Data analysis wasused to determine the difference in blood pressure before and after laughing therapy with a ratio datascale that was using Pairs T-TestResult: There is an effect of laughing therapy on blood pressure in the elderly at UPT Panti WredhaBudhi Dharma Yogyakarta marked with a significant value of 0.000 (P <0.05)

Klein with Lacan: A Study on the Reception of Lacanian Ideas in Uruguay and Its Effects on Clinical Practices (1955–82)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-361
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Grau-Pérez ◽  
J. Guillermo Milán
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Material ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Discursive Approach ◽  
The Way ◽  
Clinical Cases

In Uruguay, Lacanian ideas arrived in the 1960s, into a context of Kleinian hegemony. Adopting a discursive approach, this study researched the initial reception of these ideas and its effects on clinical practices. We gathered a corpus of discursive data from clinical cases and theoretical-doctrinal articles (from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s). In order to examine the effects of Lacanian ideas, we analysed the difference in the way of interpreting the clinical material before and after Lacan's reception. The results of this research illuminate some epistemological problems of psychoanalysis, especially the relationship between theory and clinical practice.

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