Inhibition tasks are not associated with self-regulation outcomes in healthy college students

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis David Von Gunten ◽  
Bruce D Bartholow ◽  
Jorge S. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Variable Level ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
The Individual

Executive functioning (EF) is defined as a set of top-down processes used in reasoning, forming goals, planning, concentrating, and inhibition. It is widely believed that these processes are critical to self-regulation and, therefore, that performance on behavioral task measures of EF should be associated with individual differences in everyday life outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to test this core assumption, focusing on the EF facet of inhibition. A sample of 463 undergraduates completed five laboratory inhibition tasks, along with three self-report measures of self-control and 28 self-report measures of life outcomes. Results showed that although most of the life outcome measures were associated with self-reported self-control, none of the life outcomes were associated with inhibition task performance at the latent-variable level, and few associations were found at the individual task level. These findings challenge the criterion validity of lab-based inhibition tasks. More generally, when considered alongside the known lack of convergent validity between inhibition tasks and self-report measures of self-control, the findings cast doubt on the task’s construct validity as measures of self-control processes. Potential methodological and theoretical reasons for the poor performance of laboratory-based inhibition tasks are discussed.

scholarly journals Inhibition Tasks are not Associated with a Variety of Behaviours in College Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis D. Gunten ◽  
Bruce D. Bartholow ◽  
Jorge S. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
The Individual

Executive functions are (EF) top–down control processes involved in regulating thoughts, ignoring distractions, and inhibiting impulses. It is widely believed that these processes are critical to self–control and, therefore, that performance on behavioural task measures of EF should be associated with individual differences in everyday life outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to test this assumption, focusing on the core executive function facet of inhibition. A sample of 463 undergraduates completed five laboratory inhibition tasks, along with three self–report measures of self–control and 28 self–report measures of life outcomes. Results showed that although most of the life outcome measures were associated with self–reported self–control, only one of the outcomes was associated with inhibition task performance at the latent–variable level, and this association was in the unexpected direction. Furthermore, few associations were found at the individual task level. These findings challenge the criterion validity of lab–based inhibition tasks. More generally, when considered alongside the known lack of convergent validity between inhibition tasks and self–report measures of self–control, the findings cast doubt on the task's construct validity as measures of self–control processes. Potential methodological and theoretical reasons for the poor performance of laboratory–based inhibition tasks are discussed. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Differential Self-control Effects: Moral Filtering and the Subsidiary Relevance of Self-control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Hirtenlehner ◽  
Heinz Leitgöb
Keyword(s):  
Action Theory ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Self Control

AbstractCriminological research has identified low self-control as major cause of criminal activity. However, astonishingly little is known about the individual and situational characteristics that affect the functioning of self-control in relation to crime. Recent theorizing, especially in the context of Situational Action Theory, suggests that the interplay of personal and contextual morality creates a morally preselected choice set whose composition determines the relevance of self-control. Guided by the ideas of differential self-control effects and a moral filtering of action alternatives, the present inquiry investigates whether the role of self-control in crime causation depends on the power of moral factors to exclude crime from the set of the considered behavioral options. We argue that the significance of an individual’s capacity for self-control increases with a growing weakness of the moral filter, reaching its maximum when both personal and setting morality encourage criminal activity. Analyses of self-report data on adolescent vandalism delinquency provide support for differential self-control effects. The general picture is that self-control ability matters most when the strength of the moral filter hits a low, which is when both an individual’s own moral rules and the moral norms of the setting facilitate offending. Further evidence suggests that crime contemplation is highest when individual morality and setting morality jointly encourage vandalism. There is also indication that trait self-control has a greater effect on vandalism delinquency at higher levels of crime contemplation. All these results accord with the notion of a subsidiary relevance of control.

scholarly journals The Reliability and Validity of the Australian Moral Disengagement Scale

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-149
Author(s):  
Nicola C. Newton ◽  
Lexine A. Stapinski ◽  
Katrina E. Champion ◽  
Maree Teesson ◽  
Kay Bussey
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
The Individual

Background: The present study explored the reliability, validity, and factor structure of a modified version of the Moral Disengagement Scale (MDS), which comprehensively assesses proneness to disengage from different forms of conduct specific to Australian adolescents. Methods: A sample of 452 students (Mage = 12.79; SD = 1.93) completed the modified MDS and the Australian Self-Report Delinquency Scale. A multistep approach was used to evaluate the factor structure of the MDS. The sample was divided into exploratory (n = 221) and cross-validation samples (n = 231). Principal component analysis was conducted with the exploratory sample and multiple factor solutions compared to determine the optimal factor structure of the modified MDS. The final factor solution was confirmed in the cross-validation sample using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency of the final scale and convergent validity with the delinquency questionnaire was also assessed. Results: Analyses resulted in a 22-item MDS for use in Australia, with four factors mapping onto the four conceptual categories of moral disengagement. The individual subscales demonstrated adequate to good internal consistency, and the total scale also demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.87). Convergent validity of the scale was established. Conclusions: The 22-item Australian MDS is a reliable and valid instrument for use within an Australian population.

scholarly journals Personal features and malevolent creativity on the example of cadets and policemen

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Meshkova ◽  
V.A. Shapoval ◽  
E.A. Gerasimenko ◽  
M. Potarykina ◽  
I.A. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

We present and analyze the results of two empirical studies conducted in the framework of adaptation of "The malevolent creativity behavior scale" (Hao et al.) on samples of cadets-students grades 9-10 (N=89, 70-boys) and police officers (N=62, average age 26 years, men). The hypothesis that the implementation of original solutions in behavior harmful to other people is due to the interaction of aggression/its components and a set of personal characteristics was tested. The results showed: 1. a special contribution belongs to the cognitive component of aggression-hostility (Bass-Perry questionnaire), both in adolescents and adults; 2. there are age and gender features in predictors of anti-social creativity. It is shown by the example of cadets that Machiavellianism, low neuroticism, agreeableness (NEO-5 FFI) can be included in the complex of personal characteristics. Analysis of the results obtained in the sample of police officers with non-legal education showed that the combination of low hostility with high self-regulation and self-control of the individual ("self-directedness ",TCI-125) can become a resource of resistance to anti-socially directed behavior, in particular corruption.

scholarly journals Study of Sociality as a Personal Characteristic of a Leader: Construction of a Questionnaire and its Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
T.I. Bogacheva
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Personal Characteristic ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The article discusses theoretical approaches to understanding sociality as a personal characteristic. The author’s definition of the concept of “sociability” is proposed, which is understood as a personality property that characterizes the degree of its involvement in the social microenvironment, due to the psychoemotional stability of the individual and manifested in his adaptive and perceptual-interactive skills. The author’s psychodiagnostic technique for measuring sociality as a personal characteristic is presented. A distinctive feature of this technique lies in the simplicity of the diagnostic procedure, in the ability to identify not only the current level of development of sociality, but also to determine the features of its structure in the subject. The article describes the main psychometric characteristics of the technique: constructive and convergent validity, discriminativeness, reliability, representativeness. In order to determine the convergent validity, a correlation was established between the scales of the author’s methodology and the methodology for diagnosing perceptual-interactive competence, as well as the VSC questionnaire («self-control» scale). The proposed author’s psychodiagnostic tools can be used to solve academic and applied problems in the field of personality psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, leadership psychology, organizational psychology and other areas of psychological science to determine the current level of development of sociality of the researcher at the age of 14 to 25 years.

Issues in the Conceptualization and Assessment of Hot Executive Functions in Childhood

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Welsh ◽  
Eric Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Individual

AbstractOur review examines the current state of the research on hot executive function (EF), as contrasted with cool EF, with regard to the evidence for construct validity. Current theoretical discussions have examined the conceptual overlap among constructs such as hot EF, effortful control, self-control, and self-regulation. We explore this emerging literature with a focus on research questions, tasks, and methods. Finally, we consider the unresolved questions facing the study of hot EF, most notably the difficulty in determining the relative “heat” of a given task based on task content, testing context, and the individual differences among the participants. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–5)

The Effects of Self-Control and Perceived Control on Team Processes

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 917-921
Author(s):  
Jeanne L. Weaver ◽  
Clint A. Bowers ◽  
Kareen A. Mourra ◽  
Lori G. Rhodenizer
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

Although there is an extensive literature regarding the individual and stress, it is critical for researchers to gain an understanding of the impact of stressors on teams due to the increasing number of jobs in both the military and civilian sectors that require groups of individuals to work together effectively in teams. The current study sought to meet this need by investigating the relationship between an individual difference characteristic of team members (self-control), stressor condition, and indices of coping. In particular, it was of interest to determine the effects of self-control and stressor condition, manipulated in terms of perceived stressor control, on coping assessed via self-report and coping communications between team members. Results provided mixed support for the hypothesized relationships between these variables with low self-control teams reporting different coping behaviors than high self-control teams. Results also revealed self-report and communication coping differences as a function of stressor condition. The findings are discussed in terms of possible interventions for teams performing under stress.

scholarly journals Cognitive efficiency beats subtraction-based metrics as a reliable individual difference dimension relevant to self-control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Samuel Weigard ◽  
D. Angus Clark ◽  
Chandra Sripada
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Cognitive Efficiency ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Conflict tasks play a central role in the study of self-control. These tasks feature a condition assumed to demand top-down control and a matched condition where control demands are assumed to be absent, and individual differences in control ability are indexed by subtracting measures of performance (e.g., reaction time) across these conditions. Subtraction-based metrics of top-down control have recently been criticized for having low test-retest reliability, weak intercorrelations across conceptually similar tasks, and weak relationships with self-report measures of self-control. Concurrently, there is growing evidence that task-general cognitive efficiency, indexed by the drift rate parameter of the diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978), constitutes a cohesive, reliable individual difference dimension. However, no previous studies have examined the measurement properties of subtraction metrics of top-down control as compared to drift rate in the same sample, or compared their respective associations with self-report measures. In this re-analysis of open data drawn from a large recent study (Eisenberg et al., 2019; N=522), we find that subtraction metrics fail to form cohesive latent factors, that the resulting factors have poor test-retest reliability, and that they exhibit tenuous connections to questionnaire measures of self-control. In contrast, cognitive efficiency measures from the same tasks form a robust, reliable latent factor that shows moderate associations with self-control. Importantly, this latent cognitive efficiency variable is constructed from conditions that both were, and were not, previously assumed to index control. These findings invite a reconceptualization of subtraction-based tasks, pointing to task-general efficiency as a central individual difference dimension relevant to self-regulation.

Features of Willed Self-Regulation of Students In the Conditions of Distance Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Sergey Konstantinovich Bystrushkin ◽  
◽  
Seliverstova Seliverstova ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Geniatulina ◽  
Veronika Gennadievna Khlystova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Psychological Activity

Problem and purpose. The article actualizes the problem of the features of volitional self-regulation of girls studying in the specialties of secondary professional education in the context of distance learning. The purpose of the article is to study the psychological characteristics of volitional self-regulation in students in conditions of distance learning using information technologies. Methodology. Methods of empirical research of psychological characteristics of volitional self-regulation of personality, statistical and comparative methods of analysis were used in the work. The study of the problem of volitional self-regulation of the personality allows to solve the problems of correcting the psycho-functional structure of the personality on the basis of which students build an algorithm for the upcoming information, technical and educational activities. In the context of distance learning, volitional self-regulation becomes a decisive condition for the successful mastering of knowledge in solving educational problems and improving professional skills. The results of the study show that most of the students in the specialties of secondary professional education consciously relate to the distance learning mode, show persistence, active independent initiative in mastering the educational material. A low level of volitional self-regulation, self-control, psychological activity and reflection of students causes a decrease in working capacity, does not ensure the sustainability of interest in educational activities, interferes with the implementation of educational tasks, makes it difficult to independently control personal motives for learning, coordinate their actions in accordance with changing conditions. Conclusion. It was revealed that students in the process of adaptation to the conditions of distance learning, depending on the individual, psychophysiological characteristics of the body, use the possibilities of changing the level of volitional self-regulation and psychological activity, which allows them, first of all, to maintain the mental state of emotional comfort, reduce the level of psycho-emotional stress and respond adequately to new learning conditions.

Varieties of the Self From Self-Esteem to Self-Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pettit
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Control ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Keynesian Model ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Individual

Various self-concepts constitute major keywords in both psychological science and liberal political discourse. They have been central to psychology’s public-facing, policy-oriented role in the United States, dating back to the mid-19th century. Psychologists’ articulations of self-concept include an understanding of the individual, society, and the interventions needed to augment them both. Psychologists’ early enthusiasm for self-esteem has given way to competing concepts of the individual, namely self-regulation and self-control. Self-esteem in a modern sense coalesced out of the deprivation of the Great Depression and the political crises it provoked. The fate of self-esteem became tied to the capacities of the liberal welfare state to improve the psychic capacities of its citizens, in order to render them both more equal under the law and more productive in their daily existence. Western democracies, especially the United States, hit peak self-esteem in early 1990s. Since then, psychologists lost faith in the capacity of giving away self-worth to improve society. Instead, psychologists in the 21st century preached a neo-Victorian gospel of self-reliance. At the very historical juncture when social mobility became more difficult, when inherited social inequality became more entrenched, psychologists abandoned their Keynesian model of human capital and embraced its neoliberal counterpart.

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