Algorithms of Adaptation in Inductive Inference

We investigate the idea that human concept inference utilizes local incremental search within a compositional mental theory space. To explore this, we study judgments in a challenging task, where participants actively gather evidence about a symbolic rule governing the behavior of a simulated environment. Participants construct mini-experiments before making generalizations and explicit guesses about the hidden rule. They then collect additional evidence themselves (Experiment 1) or observe evidence gathered by someone else (Experiment 2) before revising their own generalizations and guesses. In each case, we focus on the relationship between participants’ initial and revised guesses about the hidden rule concept. We find an order effect whereby revised guesses are anchored to idiosyncratic elements of the earlier guesses. To explain this pattern, we develop a family of process accounts that combine program induction ideas with local (MCMC-like) adaptation mechanisms. A particularly local variant of this adaptive account captures participants’ revisions better than a range of alternatives. We take this as suggestive that people deal with the inherent complexity of concept inference partly through use of local adaptive search in a latent compositional theory space.

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Advertising Media Impact in Consumer Buying Behavior

Journal of Balkumari College ◽

10.3126/jbkc.v8i0.29310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 54-56

Author(s):

Ashmita Dahal Chhetri

Keyword(s):

Consumer Behavior ◽

Young Male ◽

Electronic Media ◽

Buying Behavior ◽

Media Impact ◽

High Degree ◽

The Impact ◽

Buying Behaviors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

Advertisements have been used for many years to influence the buying behaviors of the consumers. Advertisements are helpful in creating the awareness and perception among the customers of a product. This particular research was conducted on the 100 young male and female who use different brands of product to check the influence of advertisement on their buying behavior while creating the awareness and building the perceptions. Correlation, regression and other statistical tools were used to identify the relationship between these variables. The results revealed that the relationship between media and consumer behavior is positive. The adve1tising impact on sales and there is positive and high degree relationship between advertising and consumer behavior. The impact on advertising of a product of electronic media is better than non-electronic media.

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Comparative Study on Relative Fossil Energy Carrying Capacity in China and the United States

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14102972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2972

Author(s):

Zhili Zuo ◽

Jinhua Cheng ◽

Haixiang Guo ◽

Yonglin Li

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

The United States ◽

Reference Area ◽

Energy Sustainability ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

The Relationship ◽

Population And Environment ◽

Better Than ◽

Innovative Concept

Based on resource carrying capacity, this study used the revised theory of relative resource carrying capacity (RRCC) and introduced an innovative concept of relative fossil energy carrying capacity (RFECC), which evaluates the degree of fossil energy sustainability based on the relationship between economy, population, and environment. This study took China and the United States as the study objects, took the whole country as the reference area, and calculated the RFECC of population, economic, and environmental resources from 2000 to 2018. Therefore, based on the comparative analysis, the following conclusions were drawn: (i) there is a big difference in the RFECC between China and the United States, which is manifested in the inverted U-shaped trend in China and the U-shaped trend in the United States; (ii) the relative fossil energy carrying states in China and the United States are different, mainly reflected in the economy and environment; (iii) the gap in RFECC between China and the United States has gradually widened; in general, China’s economic RFECC is better than that of the United States, while environmental RFECC and population RFECC in the United States is better than that of China; and (iv) coal and oil should be used as a breakthrough point for the sustainable fossil energy and sustainable development for China and the United States, respectively.

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Algorithmic and human prediction of success in human collaboration from visual features

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81145-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Martin Saveski ◽

Edmond Awad ◽

Iyad Rahwan ◽

Manuel Cebrian

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Success Factors ◽

Group Performance ◽

Learning Algorithms ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Adventure Game ◽

Group Success ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

AbstractAs groups are increasingly taking over individual experts in many tasks, it is ever more important to understand the determinants of group success. In this paper, we study the patterns of group success in Escape The Room, a physical adventure game in which a group is tasked with escaping a maze by collectively solving a series of puzzles. We investigate (1) the characteristics of successful groups, and (2) how accurately humans and machines can spot them from a group photo. The relationship between these two questions is based on the hypothesis that the characteristics of successful groups are encoded by features that can be spotted in their photo. We analyze >43K group photos (one photo per group) taken after groups have completed the game—from which all explicit performance-signaling information has been removed. First, we find that groups that are larger, older and more gender but less age diverse are significantly more likely to escape. Second, we compare humans and off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms at predicting whether a group escaped or not based on the completion photo. We find that individual guesses by humans achieve 58.3% accuracy, better than random, but worse than machines which display 71.6% accuracy. When humans are trained to guess by observing only four labeled photos, their accuracy increases to 64%. However, training humans on more labeled examples (eight or twelve) leads to a slight, but statistically insignificant improvement in accuracy (67.4%). Humans in the best training condition perform on par with two, but worse than three out of the five machine learning algorithms we evaluated. Our work illustrates the potentials and the limitations of machine learning systems in evaluating group performance and identifying success factors based on sparse visual cues.

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The use of faecal nitrogen as an index for estimating the consumption of herbage by grazing animals

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600013666 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 33-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G. W. Arnold ◽

M. L. Dudzinski

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Slope Position ◽

Seasonal Differences ◽

Faecal Nitrogen ◽

Independent Variable ◽

Regression Relations ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

Data from thirty-five digestibility trials with sheep in metabolism cages were used to investigate statistically the relationships between organic matter intake (I), faecal organic matter output (F), and the nitrogen concentration in faecal organic matter (N).The data fell easily into groups due to botanical or seasonal differences in the feed. These groups of data were homogeneous and provided highly significant linear equations of the forms I = bF + cFN and I = a + cFN. When compared these groups of data sometimes showed differences in slope, position or both. A quadratic expressionI = bF + cFN + dFN2was found to accommodate a majority of the data but to be less precise than I = a + cFN.A further expression incorporating N as an independent variable was also examined,I = a + cFN2 + eN.This expression, although far from being universally adequate, proved to be generally better than existing formulae. When applied to the data of Greenhalgh et. al. (1960), it substantially reduced heterogeneity between data for spring and data for summer pastures.Causes of variation in the relationship between organic-matter intake and nitrogen in faeces, and some of the hazards of extrapolation from empirical regression relations, are discussed.

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An analysis of Italian university students’ performance through segmented regression models: gender differences in STEM courses

Genus ◽

10.1186/s41118-021-00118-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Priulla ◽

Nicoletta D’Angelo ◽

Massimo Attanasio

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Regression Models ◽

First Year ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Segmented Regression ◽

Freshmen Students ◽

Female Performance ◽

And Mathematics ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

AbstractThis paper investigates gender differences in university performances in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) courses in Italy, proposing a novel application through the segmented regression models. The analysis concerns freshmen students enrolled at a 3-year STEM degree in Italian universities in the last decade, with a focus on the relationship between the number of university credits earned during the first year (a good predictor of the regularity of the career) and the probability of getting the bachelor degree within 4 years. Data is provided by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR). Our analysis confirms that first-year performance is strongly correlated to obtaining a degree within 4 years. Furthermore, our findings show that gender differences vary among STEM courses, in accordance with the care-oriented and technical-oriented dichotomy. Males outperform females in mathematics, physics, chemistry and computer science, while females are slightly better than males in biology. In engineering, female performance seems to follow the male stream. Finally, accounting for other important covariates regarding students, we point out the importance of high school background and students’ demographic characteristics.

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Birth Order and Perceptual Motor Performance

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1977.45.3f.1076 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 45 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1076-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John E. Bassett ◽

Edward B. Blanchard ◽

William F. Gayton ◽

Kenneth L. Ozmon

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

Motor Coordination ◽

First Graders ◽

Perceptual Performance ◽

Developmental Test ◽

Perceptual Motor Performance ◽

Visual Motor ◽

The Relationship ◽

Secondary Finding ◽

Better Than

To examine the relationship between performance on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception and birth order, 578 first-graders were tested. Later-born children performed significantly better than did firstborns on specific subtests of the Frostig (Visual-motor Coordination and Figure-ground Perception). There was a significant interaction on Perceptual Constancy which indicated that later-born males performed significantly better than did firstborn males. A secondary finding was a r of .547, a stronger relationship between intelligence level and global perceptual performance than previously reported.

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CS Intensity, Amobarbital Sodium and the Conditioned Avoidance Response

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1966.18.2.645 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 645-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Barbara J. Powell ◽

M. E. Ogle ◽

L. K. Martin ◽

D. K. Kamano

Keyword(s):

Avoidance Response ◽

Avoidance Performance ◽

Conditioned Avoidance ◽

Conditioned Avoidance Response ◽

Drug Condition ◽

Marked Decline ◽

Amobarbital Sodium ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

In studying the relationship between level of CS intensity (light) and drug condition (amobarbital sodium) in the acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response of the white rat in a jump-box task, data showed that both variables influenced avoidance performance. Although the over-all performance of drugged Ss was better than that of those given a placebo, primary differences occurred at 50,000 and 800,000 peak candles of CS intensity; performance of Ss under placebo showed a marked decline at 800,000 peak candles.

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Abstract 3775: Average Blood Glucose and Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.116.suppl_16.ii_858-c ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽

Author(s):

Mikhail Kosiborod ◽

Silvio Inzucchi ◽

Harlan M Krumholz ◽

Lan Xiao ◽

Phillip G Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Hospital Mortality ◽

Regression Models ◽

Independent Predictor ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Average Blood Glucose ◽

The Relationship ◽

Multivariable Adjustment ◽

Better Than

Background: Elevated blood glucose (BG) on admission is associated with higher mortality risk in patients (pts) hospitalized with AMI. However, the prognostic value of average BG, which reflects overall glycemic exposure much better than admission BG, is unknown. Furthermore, the nature of the relationship between average BG and mortality has not been determined. Methods: We evaluated a cohort of 16,871 AMI pts hospitalized from January 2000-December 2005, using Cerner Corporation’s Health Facts® database from 40 hospitals, which contains demographics, clinical and comprehensive laboratory data. Logistic regression models evaluated the nature of the relationship between mean BG during the entire AMI hospitalization and in-hospital mortality, after adjusting for multiple patient factors and confounders. Similar analyses were performed in subgroups of pts with and without diabetes (DM). Results: A J-shaped relationship was observed between mean BG and in-hospital mortality, which persisted after multivariable adjustment (Figure ). Mortality increased with each 10 mg/dL incremental rise in mean BG over >120 mg/dL, and with incremental decline in mean BG <80 mg/dL. The slope of these relationships was much steeper in pts without DM. Conclusions: Average BG during the entire AMI hospitalization is a powerful independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Both persistent hyper- and hypoglycemia are associated with adverse prognosis. Whether strategies directed at optimizing BG control will improve survival remains to be established. Association Between Mean BG and In-Hospital Mortality After Multivariable Adjustment (Reference: Mean BG 100 to <110)

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The velar glide in Axininca Campa

Phonology ◽

10.1017/s0952675700001639 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 329-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cari Spring

Keyword(s):

Comparative Data ◽

Minimal Word ◽

Minimal Quantity ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

Black (1991) proposes that the failure of Velar Glide Deletion in some contexts motivates an iambic typology in which a disyllabic iamb is better than a monosyllabic iamb. Velar Glide Deletion in Axininca fails when a demotion on the iambic scale would result from its application. However, empirical findings from epenthesis, the regressive marker, augmentation and comparative data from Caquinte Campa argue against this analysis. It is important to note the relationship between the assumption that the root + suffix constitutes theprosodicdomain of Velar Glide Deletion, as argued by the typological analysis, and the conclusion that Velar Glide Deletion fails when a monosyllabic foot would result from a disyllabic one. If the suffix is abandoned as part of the prosodic domain for computing Velar Glide Deletion, the root alone is the prosodic domain prohibiting Velar Glide Deletion. In the latter case, the minimal word blocking Deletion is a regular, minimal quantity-sensitive foot.

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Socratic Suicide

The Journal of Hellenic Studies ◽

10.2307/631830 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 121 ◽

pp. 91-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

James Warren

Keyword(s):

Crucial Role ◽

Subsequent Discussion ◽

The Relationship ◽

Immortality Of The Soul ◽

Commit Suicide ◽

Better Than

AbstractWhen is it rational to commit suicide? More specifically, when is it rational for a Platonist to commit suicide, and more worryingly, is it ever not rational for a Platonist to commit suicide? If the Phaedo wants us to learn that the soul is immortal, and that philosophy is a preparation for a state better than incarnation, then why does it begin with a discussion defending the prohibition of suicide? In the course of that discussion, Socrates offers (but does not necessarily endorse) two arguments for the prohibition of self-killing, at least in most circumstances, which have exerted a long and powerful influence over subsequent discussion of the topic, particularly in theist contexts. In the context of the Phaedo itself, however, this introductory conversation plays a crucial role in setting the agenda for the remainder of the dialogue and offering an initial discussion of the major concerns of the argument as a whole. In particular, the discussion of the nature of suicide is intimately bound up with Socrates' conception of true philosophy as a ‘preparation for death’, the relationship between soul and body, and the immortality of the soul. My intention is to provide a reading of that passage (61e-69e) which asks whether the Phaedo can offer a philosophically satisfying distinction between suicide and philosophy and how it relates to other ancient philosophical attitudes to self-killing. I argue that Socrates does not think that being dead is always preferable to being alive, and that the religious views expressed in the passage are consistent with his general stance on the benevolence of the gods.

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