scholarly journals Technical Guidelines for Installation of Rainwater Harvesting System and its Operation

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Binod Shakya ◽  
Jeewan P. Thanju
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
And Storage

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have been in use since ancient times, and these days its use is increasing. However, due to improper planning and design, problems are seen and the collected water is polluted. The major reason for water contamination is attributed to the toxic materials used for the rain harvesting system, faulty operation, improper rain filtration system and improper disinfection methods. The reason for diseases arising from drinking rainwater is the consumption of contaminated rainwater. Clean raindrops comprising rainwater will become contaminated as they pass through the atmosphere, flow over the roof surface, flow along the gutter, and upon collection and storage. This paper focuses on the technical guidelines for the installation of RWH components, its operation and maintenance, and rainwater quality improvement for household use. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 12, 2013, January Page: 45-51DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9032 Uploaded Date : 10/29/2013

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan Lama Penyimpanan terhadap Oksidasi Lemak pada Fillet Ikan Patin (Pangasius sp.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatin Hidayati ◽  
Y.S Darmanto ◽  
Romadhon Romadhon
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Phenolic And Flavonoid

ABSTRAKIkan patin merupakan ikan air tawar yang mengandung lemak dan protein tinggi sehingga apabila dilakukan penyimpanan rentan terjadi oksidasi yang mengakibatkan ketengikan. Sargassum sp. dengan kandungan fenol dan flavonoid mampu menghambat terjadinya oksidasi pada fillet ikan patin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan lama penyimpanan dalam menghambat terjadinya oksidasi pada fillet ikan patin. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan fillet ikan patin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan 2 faktor yaitu konsentrasi ekstrak Sargassum sp. (0%, 1%, 1,5% dan 2%) dan lama penyimpanan (hari ke-0, hari ke-2, hari ke-4, dan hari ke-6. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan penambahan konsentrasi ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan lama penyimpanan memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap nilai PV, nilai TBA, kadar lemak, kadar protein, kadar air serta organoleptik (P < 0,05). Hasil penelitian tahap I didapatkan rendemen Sargassum sp. dengan pelarut etanol 96% sebesar 1,39%, kandungan fenol 1,813%, flavonoid 0,278% dan aktivitas antioksidan 99,1659 ppm (kuat). Hasil penelitian tahap II didapatkan nilai PV berkisar antara 2,03 - 19,82 meq/kg, nilai TBA 0,63 - 6,72 mg.mal/kg. Konsentrasi 1,5% merupakan konsentrasi terbaik ekstrak Sargassum sp. dalam menghambat oksidasi lemak pada fillet ikan patin selama penyimpanan.Kata kunci: Antioksidan, Ekstrak Sargassum sp., Lama Penyimpanan, Oksidasi lemak, Fillet Ikan patinABSTRACTCatfish is a freshwater fish that contain high fat and protein so that if its stored it will susceptible to oxidation process which leads to rancidity. Sargassum sp. with its phenolic and flavonoid content are able to inhibit the oxidation process in catfish fillet. This research was aimed to know the effects of different concentrations of Sargassum sp. extracts and storage time in inhibiting the oxidation process in catfish fillet. The materials used in this research were Sargassum sp. extracts and catfish fillet. This research was using experimental laboratories research method with factorial Completely Randomized Research Design (CRD) of 2 factors which were concentrations of Sargassum sp. extracts (0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) and storage time (0 day, 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days). The results showed that the adding of different concentrations of Sargassum sp. extracts and storage time gave significant effect to the PV value, TBA value, fat content, protein content, moisture content, as well as organoleptic point (P < 0.05). The results obtained from stage I research were the yields of Sargassum sp. with ethanol 96% solvent was 1.39%, phenol content was 1.813%, flavonoid was 0.278%, and antioxidant activity was 99.1659 ppm (categorized as strong antioxidant). The results obtained from stage II research were the PV value were ranged from 2.03 to 19.82 meq/kg, TBA value were ranged from 0.63 to 6.72 mg.mal/kg. The 1.5% concentration was the best concentration of Sargassum sp. extracts in inhibiting the lipid oxidation of catfish fillet during storage.Keywords: Antioxidant, Sargassum sp. Extracts, Storage Time, Lipid Oxidation, Catfish FilletCitation: Hidayati, F., Darmanto, Y.S. dan Romadhon. (2017). Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan Lama Penyimpanan terhadap Oksidasi Lemak pada Fillet Ikan Patin (Pangasius sp.). Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 15(1), 64-73, doi:10.14710/jil.15.1.64-73

scholarly journals The Enhancement of Pre-Storage Filtration Efficiency for the Rainwater Harvesting System in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 02015
Author(s):  
Yoong Sion Ong ◽  
Ken Sim Ong ◽  
Y.k. Tan ◽  
Azadeh Ghadimi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
High Flow ◽  
High Flow Rate ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Filter Screen ◽  
Water Piping

A conventional design of rainwater harvesting system collects and directs the rainwater through water piping from roof of building to the water storage. The filtration system which locates before the water tank storage and first flush bypass system is the main focus of the research. A filtration system consists of a control volume of filter compartment, filter screen (stainless steel mesh) and water piping that direct the water flow. The filtration efficiency of an existing filter “3P Volume Filter VF1” by industrial company is enhanced. A full scale filter design prototype with filter screen of 1000 μm stainless steel metal mesh is tested to compare with the original filter system design. Three types of water inlet setups are tested. Among the proposed water inlet setups, the 90° inlet setup with extension provides the best filtration rate per unit time, following by the 45° inlet setup. The 45° and 90° inlet setup has similar filtration efficiency at low to medium flow rate while 45° inlet setup has better efficiency at high flow rate. The filtration efficiency with the 90° inlet setup with extension is observed to maintain at highest value at medium to high flow rate. The overall filtration performance achieved by the 90° inlet setup with extension at low to high flow rate is between 34.1 to 35.7%.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK Sargassum sp. DAN LAMA PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP OKSIDASI LEMAK PADA FILLET IKAN PATIN (Pangasius sp.) (The Effect of Different Concentrations Extract Sargassum sp. and Storage Time of Lipid Oxidation at Catfish (Pangasius sp.))

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Fatin Hidayati ◽  
Y.S. Darmanto Y.S. Darmanto ◽  
Romadhon Romadhon
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Phenolic And Flavonoid

ABSTRAK Ikan patin merupakan ikan air tawar yang mengandung lemak dan protein tinggi sehingga apabila dilakukan penyimpanan rentan terjadi oksidasi yang mengakibatkan ketengikan. Sargassum sp. dengan kandungan fenol dan flavonoid mampu menghambat terjadinya oksidasi pada fillet ikan patin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan lama penyimpanan dalam menghambat terjadinya oksidasi pada fillet ikan patin. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan fillet ikan patin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan 2 faktor yaitu konsentrasi ekstrak Sargassum sp. (0%, 1%, 1,5% dan 2%) dan lama penyimpanan (hari ke-0, hari ke-2, hari ke-4, dan hari ke-6. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan penambahan konsentrasi ekstrak Sargassum sp. dan lama penyimpanan memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap nilai PV, nilai TBA, kadar lemak, kadar protein, kadar air serta organoleptik (P<0,05). Hasil penelitian tahap I didapatkan rendemen Sargassum sp. dengan pelarut etanol 96% sebesar 1,39%, kandungan fenol 1,813%, flavonoid 0,278% dan aktivitas antioksidan dengan Ic 50 sebesar 99,1659 ppm (kuat). Hasil penelitian tahap II didapatkan nilai PV berkisar antara 2,03–19,82 meq/kg, nilai TBA 0,63–6,72 mg.mal/kg. Konsentrasi 1,5% merupakan konsentrasi terbaik ekstrak Sargassum sp. dalam menghambat oksidasi lemak pada fillet ikan patin selama penyimpanan. Kata kunci: Antioksidan, Ekstrak Sargassum sp., Lama Penyimpanan, Oksidasi lemak, Fillet Ikan patin  ABSTRACT Catfish is a freshwater fish that contain high fat and protein so that if its stored it will susceptible to oxidation process which leads to rancidity. Sargassum sp. with its phenolic and flavonoid content are able to inhibit the oxidation process in catfish fillet. This research was aimed to know the effects of different concentrations of Sargassum sp. extracts and storage time in inhibiting the oxidation process in catfish fillet. The materials used in this research were Sargassum sp. extracts and catfish fillet. This research was using experimental laboratories research method with factorial Completely Randomized Research Design (CRD) of 2 factors which were concentrations of Sargassum sp. extracts (0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) and storage time (0 day, 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days). The results showed that the adding of different concentrations of Sargassum sp. extracts and storage time gave significant effect to the PV value, TBA value, fat content, protein content, moisture content, as well as organoleptic point (P < 0.05). The results obtained from stage I research were the yields of Sargassum sp. with ethanol 96% solvent was 1.39%, phenol content was 1.813%, flavonoid was 0.278%, and antioxidant activity was 99.1659 ppm (categorized as strong antioxidant). The results obtained from stage II research were the PV value were ranged from 2.03 to 19.82 meq/kg, TBA value were ranged from 0.63 to 6.72 mg.mal/kg. The 1.5% concentration was the best concentration of Sargassum sp. extracts in inhibiting the lipid oxidation of catfish fillet during storage. Keywords: Antioxidant, Sargassum sp. Extracts, Storage Time, Lipid Oxidation, Catfish Fillet 

scholarly journals Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2015
Author(s):  
Federica Antonelli ◽  
Marco Bartolini ◽  
Marie-Laure Plissonnier ◽  
Alfonso Esposito ◽  
Giulia Galotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Waterlogged archaeological wood is exposed to a high risk of biological degradation during the post-excavation phases of storage and restoration. For this reason, often biocides must be used to preserve wooden remains. In the present work three essential oils (cinnamon, wild thyme, and common thyme) were tested as possible alternative biocides to use in the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. The oils were first tested in vitro to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and to evaluate the biocidal activity on selected fungal strains. Then, the established MIC was applied on waterlogged archaeological wood samples and during an actual restoration treatment. The effectiveness of the oils was evaluated through cultural analyses, ATP quantification, and next-generation sequencing. The results showed that the oils caused a significant decrease in the vitality of fungal mycelia grown in vitro and of the microbiota present in treated wood and storage water. Furthermore, an influence on the composition of the bacterial communities of treated wood samples was observed. Although further tests are needed to evaluate interferences with the materials used during restoration procedures, essential oils could be considered as a possible alternative to the currently used biocide.

Characteristics of Ion Release from Building Materials during Rainwater Harvesting

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3522-3528
Author(s):  
Jian Feng Zhang ◽  
Ya Xiong Deng ◽  
Zhan Qin Lei ◽  
Wei Xie
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Ion Release ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Materials Used

In the past two decade, the Chinese government has paid a huge effort to solve the problem of drinking water in remote rural. As an alterative success case, rainwater harvesting and utility has been the most efficient way to supplying fresh water in rural areas of the Loess Plateau, a typical water resources serious shortage area in China. Focused on improving the quality of the rural village cistern water, study about the characteristics of ion release from building materials during runoff process with five representative materials used for rainwater collection: concrete, red brick, grey tile, red tile and soil was conducted. The ion releasing process and following effect on cistern water quality index, such as hardness, pH, conductivity, has been analyzed. Results revealed that the most release strength of different materials was arriving at 30s following startup. Furthermore, the test of effects of rain acidity on ion release procession showed that the total ion release increased with storm water pH declining, however, the release strength was irrelevance with runoff’s pH. Based on research results, a detailed suggestion was provided to renovate intake construction of cistern for improving the drinking water quality in remote rural areas of Weibei Semi-arid District.

Multiple Fortification of Beverages

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Micronutrient ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
And Storage

Diet-related micronutrient deficiencies rarely occur in isolation; deficiencies of iodine and vitamin A or of iron and vitamin A or zinc are often observed in the same populations. In addition, widespread deficiencies of some micronutrients, for example, zinc and calcium, may often go undiagnosed because of the absence of specific and sensitive status indicators. Multiple micronutrient supplementation can be more effective in improving nutritional status than supplementation with single key micronutrients; therefore, the multiple fortification of appropriate food vectors, including beverages, is of interest from the nutritional standpoint. Beverages fortified with multiple micronutrients include dairy products, chocolate beverages, fruit juices, and soya-based drinks. As well as the documented or estimated micronutrient deficiencies and the requirements of the target population or consumer group, the conception of such a multiply fortified beverage must take into account a number of other important factors. The choice of the chemical form of the fortification micronutrients should be made with consideration of bioavailability, the effects on the organoleptic characteristics of the particular beverage, and cost. The initial calculation of the composition of the micronutrient premix should include the levels of micronutrients in the raw materials used and the estimated losses of specific micronutrients during processing and storage. Preliminary production and storage trials are then needed to determine the actual losses. The composition of the micronutrient premix may then be finalized. Interactions, both positive and negative, between fortification micronutrients may also need to be considered. For example, the bioavailability of iron may be enhanced by the addition of vitamin C, whereas mineral–vitamin and vitamin–vitamin interactions can accelerate the destruction of some vitamins. To render quality control procedures simple and cost-effective, only a limited number of fortification micronutrients, which are especially sensitive to losses and which are easy to measure, may be analysed. Simple, inexpensive, and rigorous analytical methods for such measurements are now available.

Evolution of rainwater harvesting and use in Crete, Hellas, through the millennia

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1624-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Angelakis
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
And Storage

The low water availability in several regions of southeastern Hellas and particularly in several islands, such as Crete, has resulted in the construction of various types of water reservoir for collection and storage of rainwater, since their very early habitation. Since then, technologies for the construction and use of several types of cisterns have been developed. In Crete during the Minoan era, water cisterns were very well practiced as a basic means for water supply in several settlements. The Minoan water cistern technologies were further developed, mainly by enlargement of the scale of water systems, at subsequent stages of the Hellenic civilizations. Furthermore, more advanced water cistern technologies were invented, with a peak during the Hellenistic period which followed Alexander the Great, during which time they spread over a geographical area from Hellas to the west and to the east. The Romans inherited the cistern technologies and further developed them mainly by changing their application scale from small to large. Characteristic paradigms of Cretan cisterns are considered which justify the significance of that technology for water supply in areas with low water availability during the whole Cretan history. Herein, nowadays climatic conditions and water resources management in Crete are presented and discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document