Premature weaning in East Bhutan: only if mother is pregnant again

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Bohler ◽  
Staffan Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Subsequent Pregnancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Supplementary Foods ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe relationship between breast-feeding and subsequent pregnancy in East Bhutan is examined, against the background of local attitudes to family planning. Ninety-eight mothers who had given birth 30–36 months earlier were interviewed. Semisolid supplementary feeding was introduced at a median age of 3 months. Median total duration of breast-feeding was 28 months, and day and night breast-feeding on demand was continued throughout. Median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea was 12 months, and was associated with the timing of the introduction of supplementary foods.There was a significant association between the occurrence of a subsequent pregnancy and early termination of breast-feeding. The relationships between breast-feeding pattern and pregnancy interval are complex, and their relative influence changes with time. During the first year postpartum, infertility during lactational amenorrhoea is important. During the second year there is a strong negative effect on lactation from the next pregnancy. The only important reason for ceasing to breast-feed within 2 years seems to be a new pregnancy.

scholarly journals Comparison of Grain Yield and Some Characteristics of Hulled, Durum and Bread Wheat Genotypes Varieties

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Atar ◽  
Burhan Kara
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Hulled Wheat ◽  
Hulled Wheats ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Second Year

In spite of the low grain yield they produce, the hulled wheat have become even more important in recent years because of their resistance to negative environmental conditions and healthy nutritional content. The research was carry out in order to comparison the yield and yield characteristics of durum (Kiziltan-91 and C-1252), hulled (Einkorn and Emmer) and bread wheat (Tir) varieties in Isparta ecological conditions in 2013-14 and 2014-15 vegetation periods. In both years, the highest grain yield was obtained in Kiziltan-91 variety (3992 and 3758 kg ha-1 respectively). The grain yield of hulled wheats in the first year (Einkorn 1269 kg ha-1, Emmer 2125 kg ha-1) was around Turkey averages. However, grain yield decreased of commercial wheat varieties due to the negative effect of high amount of rainfall in June in the second year, but considerably increased in (Einkorn 2150 kg ha-1, Emmer 2533 kg ha-1). N uptake was found to be lower in the than durum wheats. In terms of grain protein content, the highest values were obtained in Emmer variety (16.4%-15.3%).

Practices and Attitudes Toward Breast-Feeding Among Medical Professionals

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-920
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Hospital Administrators ◽  
Feeding Experience ◽  
Family Practitioners ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Supplementary Foods

The results of a mail survey conducted among pediatricians, obstetricians, family practitioners, and nurses, and results of an adjunct survey conducted among hospital administrators are presented. According to the findings, breast-feeding is advocated by physicians; however, the topic is not always initiated, so the mother is influenced by other sources. Supplementary foods and vitamins are advocated to varying degrees and not necessarily in keeping with present knowledge about nutrition. Physicians are willing to counsel mothers regarding problems with breast-feeding and feel that further physician encouragement is necessary for more breast-feeding or longer breast-feeding. Mothers should have an opportunity during pregnancy, while they are in the hospital, and postnatally to learn as much as they can about feeding methods. The obstetrician can initiate earlier discussion with the mother on feeding methods and can assume a more aggressive role in initiating this discussion. In the hospital, a mother who chooses to breast-feed can be assisted in having a successful breast-feeding experience by spending as much time as possible with her infant starting with the period immediately following birth. Postnatally, physicians can encourage successful breast-feeding and breast-feeding of longer duration by not encouraging the early initiation of supplements and solid foods. The increasing trend in breast-feeding can best be facilitated by these positive actions taken by physicians, nurses, and health care facilities.

Breast-feeding and Contraception

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-140
Author(s):  
Sydney Segal ◽  
Albert W. Pruitt ◽  
Walter R. Anyan ◽  
Reba M. Hill ◽  
Ralph E. Kauffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Contraceptive Effect ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
Lactational Amenorrhea ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Postpartum Amenorrhea ◽  
The Relationship

Emphasis on the advantages of breast-feeding to the infant and to the nursing mother has been accompanied by resurgent interest in this practice. Although breast-feeding has many desirable features, the needs of the lactating mother and her nursing infant may not always be complementary. Possible competition between the mother's requirement for adequate contraception and the infant's nutrition or maturation is an important example. For this reason, the relationship between breast-feeding and various forms of contraception has been reviewed. LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA Nursing mothers experience lactational amenorrhea of longer duration than postpartum amenorrhea of women who do not breast-feed their infants.1-3 In addition to a decline in maternal estrogen levels following delivery, hyperprolactinemia— enhanced by suckling—facilitiates the onset of breast milk production.4,5 Depending to some extent on the frequency of breast-feeding, modestly raised prolactin levels may be maintained for several or many months post partum.4,6-8 Many studies suggest that prolactin exerts antagonistic effects on the secretion and actions of gonadotropins, and lactational amenorrhea seems to parallel the presence of hyperprolactinemia.7,8 As breast-feeding continues, the prolactin levels usually return to normal, with some episodic increases occurring in response to suckling. The contraceptive action provided by breast-feeding alone is well established. When breast-feeding is used exclusively and amenorrhea exists, ovulation usually does not occur before the end of the tenth postpartum week.3 However, this contraceptive effect is not universal; 5% to 10% of women with lactational amenorrhea become pregnant, and an even greater proportion of nursing mothers who have reinitiated menstruation become pregnant.2,9 These data indicate that women who want to breast-feed and also avoid pregnancy need to use contraception for complete protection, beginning about four to five weeks post partum when breast-feeding is firmly established.9

Breast-Feeding and the Risk of Life-Threatening Rotavirus Diarrhea: Prevention or Postponement?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-685
Author(s):  
J. Clemens ◽  
M. Rao ◽  
F. Ahmed ◽  
R. Ward ◽  
S. Huda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Control Study

Purpose. To assess the relationship between breast-feeding and the risk of life-threatening rotavirus diarrhea among Bangladeshi infants and children younger than 24 months of age. Design. Case-control study. Setting. A rural Bangladesh community. Participants. One hundred two cases with clinically severe rotavirus diarrhea detected in a treatment centerbased surveillance system during 1985 and 1986, and 2587 controls selected in three surveys of the same community during the same calendar interval. Outcomes. Cases and controls were compared for the frequency of antecedent breast-feeding patterns. Results. Compared with other feeding modes, exclusive breast-feeding of infants was associated with significant protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea (relative risk (RR) = 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03,0.34). However, during the second year of life, the risk of this outcome was higher in breast-fed than in non-breast-fed children (RR = 2.85; 95% CI = 0.37,21.71), and no overall protection was associated with breast-feeding during the first 2 years of life (RR = 2.61; 95% CI = 0.62,11.02). Conclusions. Although exclusive breast-feeding appeared to protect infants against severe rotavirus diarrhea, breast-feeding per se conferred no overall protection during the first 2 years of life, suggesting that breast-feeding temporarily postponed rather than prevented this outcome. While not detracting from efforts to promote breast-feeding to alleviate the burden of diarrhea due to nonrotaviral enteropathogens, our findings cast doubt on whether such efforts will impact on the problem of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

Practice of Breast Feeding Under Two Years Children Amoung Mothers in a Selected Slum of Dhaka City

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (Number 2) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Md. M Bhuiyan ◽  
N Shoaib ◽  
M Begum ◽  
Md. S H Khan ◽  
A Nasreen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Supplementary Foods

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among 240 mothers who had children under two years. Mean age of tlw resputulou was 26.73 years. Most of the mother (60.83%) had dtildren tuuler the age group of 6 months. Fifty three pen.ent respondent and their husbands (47.92%) completed primary level of education and monthly im.onte of them was within 5000-10000 !aka in 39.17% (teases. Most of the respondent (78%) thought that breast milk was most safe food for baby and 82% knew what colostrum was. Only 35% of respondents acquired knowledge about breast feeding from donor and health workers and 32% of mothers thought supplementaty foods should start at the age of 3 months. but .19% of mothers started giving supplementary foods at age of 6 months. It was seen that among breast feed children 51% of them frequently felt sick. Majority of the respondent's children (33%) suffered from common cold and cough and 22% suffered front diarrhoea! diseases. Even after a huge mass publicities and mobilization for many years to promote exclusive breast feeding. only 27% mothers know the duration of exclusive breast-feeding correctly as 6 months. Thus it is obvious that there is a large knowledgesto-pradice gap.

scholarly journals Relationship between Learning Motivation and Reflection in Undergraduate Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Tikhomirova ◽  
N.V. Kochetkov
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to study the relationship between personal reflection and the intensity of motivation for learning in a university.In order to achieve this goal, the following techniques were employed: A.V.Karpov and V.V.Ponomaryova’s technique for identifying the individual level of reflectivity, and T.I.Ilyina’s technique for assessing learning motivation in university students.The empirical study involved 143 subjects.The obtained data indicate that for the first-year students the meaning of the ‘mastering the profession’ motive is directly connected with their reflections on the present and future activities, while the meaning of the ‘getting a diploma’ motive is inversely correlated with the reflection of communication.In the second year, the intensity of the ‘gaining knowledge’ motive correlates with the reflection of communication, and the meaning of the ‘mastering the profession’ motive has an inverse relationship with the reflection of future activity.In the third year, the values of the motive for acquiring knowledge correlate with the integral indicator of reflection, whereas in the fourth year none of the reflection components are interconnected with the components of the motivation for learning in the university.

scholarly journals A survey and assessment of grasshoppers’ population in various sugarcane growing areas of Harion municipality in Sarlahi district, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-320
Author(s):  
Kapil Paudel ◽  
Naresh Dangi ◽  
Anisur Rahman Ansari ◽  
Rashmi Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
First Year ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship

A small-scale study of grasshopper populations was undertaken in Harion municipality of Sarlahi district to ascertain whether grasshopper population in sugarcane growing areas is changing in consecutive years 2014 and 2015. The regular sugarcane growing areas were randomly selected and the survey was conducted to estimate the population in those consecutive years in 14 different locations where outbreak of Hieroglyphus banian (Fabricius) has occurred. The per square meter population was estimated using a ‘T’ shape which was made by tying 1m long two sticks to estimate one square meter area. The population of two consecutive years was compared to study the relationship between two years populations. The grasshopper infestation by risk category indicated that infestation warranted rating of severe in ward seven, eight and nine for 2015 from the population of 2014 AD. For 2016 AD, the risk was found low as most of the areas was categorized as moderate to light category as the population was found low in 2015 AD. Grasshopper population densities were found higher in some areas of Sarlahi district in the first year as compared to the second year. The population level in the first year was not found to induce population in next year as the population decreased in the second year. The trend of grasshopper population was not so threatening as the population was not found increasing in these years so was risk for next year. This might be due to the management of grasshoppers in nymphal stage in previous year, weather parameters, location, inter-cultural operations, decreasing of the rationing crops or presence of natural enemies. These findings provide guidance for the farmers in relation to grasshopper management and for future survey programs in relation to targeting regions of the district at risk from grasshoppers.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and Stress in Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Ludvigsson ◽  
Åshild Faresjö ◽  
Tomas Faresjö
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Psychosocial Vulnerability ◽  
The Family ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Influence Degree ◽  
Intervening Factors

Abstract ObjectiveRepeated serious stress e.g. repeated serious life events or chronic stress may contribute to increased morbidity. One of the most important protective health factors for children is breast-feeding, but the mechanisms for this effect are not fully elucidated. Our objective was to assess if the duration of breastfeeding actually could influence degree of stress of children still at school-age. MethodsA random sample of 126 children from the ABIS-study, a prospective population-based child cohort study in southeast of Sweden was included. We had registered duration of breastfeeding and a number of psycho-social factors related to breast-feeding and/or stress. As a biomarker of stress we measured the child´s cortisol in hair at 8 years of age.ResultsWe found a negative correlation (r= -0.23, p=0.009) between total duration of breastfeeding and hair cortisol levels. In a multivariate analysis this association persisted (p=0.006) even when adjusted for other potential intervening factors like age of mother at delivery and early psychosocial vulnerability in the family, an index based on 12 factors.ConclusionA long breastfeeding seems to decrease stress many years later in children. This is a reason to facilitate for mothers to breast-feed their children, also in the modern society where women are expected to have a professional life.

scholarly journals Academic Schedule and Day-to-Day Variations in Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity of University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Q. Chim ◽  
Mirjam G. A. oude Egbrink ◽  
Pascal W. M. Van Gerven ◽  
Renate H. M. de Groot ◽  
Bjorn Winkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
First Year ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
The Relationship

Students starting at university tend to adopt unhealthy behaviors. With students expected to sit during classes, their academic schedule may be responsible for their activity patterns. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between university students’ academic schedule and day-to-day variations in sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA). The activity of 317 first-year undergraduate students (mean age 19.6 ± 1.4 years, 69.4% female, 30.0% male, and 0.6% other) was measured with the activPAL3™ triaxial monitor for seven consecutive days. Each class hour was found to be associated with 9.0 additional minutes of SB (95% CI [4.9, 13.1]), 54 additional seconds of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; 95% CI [12, 96]), and 12.2 min less time in bed (95% CI [−16.6, −7.8]). Active SB ratio (total duration of SB bouts < 30 min divided by total SB duration) decreased by 0.011 per hour of class scheduled for the students (95% CI [−0.016, −0.006]). Light PA (LPA) was not significantly associated with class duration. Students tend to cycle more on days with classes. Seated transportation was not significantly related to whether the students had classes or not. Overall, the academic schedule is associated with SB and PA in students.

scholarly journals Planktonic and Parasitic Sea Lice Abundance on Three Commercial Salmon Farms in Norway Throughout a Production Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lone S. Jevne ◽  
Maria Guttu ◽  
Anna S. Båtnes ◽  
Yngvar Olsen ◽  
Kjell I. Reitan
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Successful Reduction

The present article reports the densities of planktonic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus) in three Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) localities, and the relationship between the abundance of adult sea lice on the salmon and the densities of planktonic sea lice stages, during a complete production cycle followed by a fallowing period. Samples were taken downstream inside and immediately outside of cages, at one locality with lice skirts and two localities without lice skirts. There were no differences in densities of planktonic sea lice in samples taken from the inside or the outside of cages for any of the localities. However, the proportion-non-zero of planktonic sea lice samples taken from inside the cage was higher during months with a temperature above 9°C (mean abundance: 0.40–2.5 individuals m–3) than months with temperature below 9°C (mean abundance: 0.02–0.21 individuals m–3, odds ratio of the proportion-non-zero: p &lt; 0.01). Densities of planktonic sea lice correlated most strongly with temperature in the first year (τ = 0.44–0.57, p &lt; 0.05). A significant correlation between the number of adult female lice on salmon and average density of plankton sea lice was found in the locality with lice skirts during the second year (τ = 0.43 inside cages, τ = 0.58 outside cages, both p values &lt; 0.05). Background levels of planktonic sea lice in the succeeding fallowing period showed neither L. salmonis nor C. elongatus planktonic sea lice, suggesting that there was successful reduction of the densities of planktonic sea lice for this area during the fallowing period.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document