scholarly journals Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin in Healthy Children of 2- 14 Years at High Altitude in Nepal

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
S Shrestha ◽  
S Shrestha ◽  
L Shrestha ◽  
N Bhandary
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Value Of Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Altitudes

Background Individuals residing at higher altitude may have oxygen saturation of hemoglobin different to those living at lower altitude. # Objectives To find out the baseline value of SpO2 in healthy Nepali children (2-14 years) living permanently at high altitude using pulse oximeter and also to study the relation of SpO2 with age, sex and ethnicity. Methods A descriptive observational study was conducted at 4 different altitudes ranging from 2700 to 3800 m in Mustang district. The mean pulse oximery values at different altitudes were calculated and compared. Results One hundred six children were enrolled with the median age of 10 years. The mean SpO2 value of children permanently residing at altitude 2700m was 95.18%, at 2800m was 94.82%, at 3550m was 94.1% and 3800m was 93.1%.The difference in the SpO2 values at different altitude was statistically significant. No sex or age wise differences were noted on the mean SpO2 values in the study group. Conclusions The mean SpO2 values were higher than several other studies done in the altitude above 2500 meters. Enrollment of older children and the different ethnic background could be the contributing factors for the differences. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL  VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 40-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6912

scholarly journals Occurrence of high altitude cerebral edema (hace) and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPO) simultaneously at 12000 ft: a rare phenomen

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075
Author(s):  
Dharmendra Kumar ◽  
T. K. Rath ◽  
L. C. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Standard Protocol ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema ◽  
High Altitude Cerebral Edema ◽  
Rapid Ascent ◽  
Male Sex

High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPO) are the most dreaded complications related to high altitude. Authors managed a case of HACE and HAPO simultaneously set at unusually low height (1200 ft) in a patient. The altitude was not too much to develop these comorbidities as studied earlier. Relationship with altitude was immaterial in our case. However, rapid ascent without proper acclimatisation, young and tender age, male sex and smoking were associated contributing factors. He was managed with standard protocol and descent to lower altitude.

scholarly journals Secular trends in weight, height and weight for height among children under 7 years in nine cities of China, 1975–2015: results from five repeated cross-sectional surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e029201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Qin Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Hua Hong Wu ◽  
Xin Nan Zong
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveTo analyse the secular trends in mean value and distribution of weight, height and weight for height in children under 7 years in developed regions in China.DesignFive repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted using the same methods at the same sites during 1975–2015.SettingNine cities in northern, central and southern regions of China.PopulationHealthy children under 7 years; the sample sizes were 94 496 in 1975, 79 177 in 1985, 79 152 in 1995, 69 760 in 2005 and 83 583 in 2015.Main outcome measuresWeight and height were measured by the same methods in the five surveys.ResultsThe increasing trends in the mean value of weight, height and weight for height were observed and their distribution was found to have shifted upwards. There were unbalanced increments in various centiles and the relative increments in the 3rd centile of height for children under 7 years were larger than those in the 50th and 97th centiles. Although the relative increments in the 3rd centile of weight for children under 2 years were larger than those in the 50th and 97th centiles, the increments in the 97th centile for children older than 2 years became the largest compared with other centiles. The changes in each centile of weight for height were similar with those of weight. The annual increments of height and weight increased over time and were more significant between birth and 2 years of age for height and between ages 4 years and 6 years for weight. The per-decade increments in 1975–1985, 1985–1995 and 1995–2005 became larger, while those in 2005–2015 slowed down.ConclusionsThe rapid increasing trends of weight, height and weight for height had slowed down since 2005 in developed regions of China. The relative increments in the low centile of height were more significant, while the high centile of weight and weight for height increased more significantly in older children.

scholarly journals Physical and mental growth and development in children with congenital hypothyroidism: a case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Nazari ◽  
Kimia Jafari ◽  
Maryam Chegini ◽  
Akram Maleki ◽  
Pari MirShafiei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Children Development ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Introduction The clinical complications of congenital hypothyroidism such as brain disorders are very subtle and are not recognizable in infancy period. They are recognizable when it is too late for treatment or prevention. General screening of newborns is effective in diagnosing congenital hypothyroidism and initiating initial treatment. The aim of this study is to compare the physical and mental growth pattern of children with congenital hypothyroidism with healthy ones. Methods This case–control study was performed on 34 patients and 68 healthy children who were matched in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Children development screening test (ASQ), children development assessment test (Bayley), preschool Wechsler intelligence scale (WPPSI) and age and steps questionnaire of emotional social development (ASQ-SE) were completed by trained questioners. Data were analyzed using STATA software. Results The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean of verbal (P = 0.77), non-verbal (P = 0.81) and general (P = 0.66) IQ in permanent and transient patients and healthy individuals. Also, there was no significant difference between the mean of different ranges of ASQ test (including communication, delicate and large movements, problem solving and social) at 12 months and 42 months (P < 0.05). According to Bayley test, there was no significant difference between the cases (permanent and transient) and controls in the cognitive (P = 0.42) and expressive (P = 0.38) categories. The difference was significant in the perceptual (P = 0.011), large (P = 0.03) and delicate (P = 0.04) movements categories. Conclusion This study emphasized on the high effectiveness of neonate hypothyroidism screening program, so that the difference between 3.5 years old children with and without this disease has decreased significantly. Early diagnosis of the patients, while creating beneficial effects for patients and increasing quality of life, cause reduction in the long-term costs of the health system.

scholarly journals Hematological Parameters and Erythropoiesis Regulation of True Native Highlanders

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 4448-4448
Author(s):  
Subhash Varma ◽  
Uday Yanamandra ◽  
Harikishan Senee ◽  
Srinivasa Bhattachar ◽  
Sushma Yanamandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Serum Erythropoietin

Abstract Introduction: The haematological parameters, regulation of erythropoiesis, erythropoietin and body iron stores have been variably studied in dwellers and transient visitors from high altitude. Even in individuals born at high altitude, transient movements out of high altitude can significantly change these parameters. The role of this genetic adaption (reduced erythropoiesis) in Tibetans is well described (Moore LG et al, High Alt Med Biol 2001). There are scarce studies on true native highlanders and 'Ladakhi' populace from India which is geographically co-located to Tibet but of different ethnic origin (Wu TY et al, Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li XueZaZhi. 2013). Objective: To study complete blood counts including red cell and platelet indices in native highlanders and influence of high altitude living on body iron stores and serum erythropoietin levels in true native highlanders. Methodology: True native highlanders in this study are defined as individuals born at altitudes above 11500ft with no descent to lower altitudes ever in their life. Baseline anthropometric data and peripheral oxygen saturations were collected. Haematological work up included total haemoglobin, haematocrit, total/ differential leucocyte count, platelets, red cell and platelet indices done by Sysmax® automated counter at Leh, Ladakh and serum erythropoietin/ ferritin levels at PGIMER, Chandigarh. A total of 1328 children were screened of which 402 children (stratified by age 4-17years) were identified as true native highlanders. Guardians of 12 children didn't consent for the haematological evaluation. Results: Study population included 197 males and 193 females. The mean age of study population was 127.58 + 39.64 months (range 35-254). The mean BMI was 18.7+2.5 kg/m2 (range 12.86-30.45). The mean peripheral oxygen saturation was 90.35 + 3.583 %. The haematological parameters of the study population are described in table 1. There was statistically significant difference between males and females in haemoglobin concentration, RBC count, haematocrit, platelet count and platelet distribution width (p<0.001). There was significant negative correlation between erythropoietin and haemoglobin concentration (r=0.718, p<0.001) (Fig 1A), serum ferritin and haemoglobin concentration(r:0.219, p=0.012) (Fig 1B). There was no significant correlation of peripheral oxygen saturation with haemoglobin concentration, serum ferritin or serum erythropoietin and of ferritin with EPO (Fig 2A-D). The prevalence of anaemia was 3.3% and polycythaemia was 17.2%. Low and high serum erythropoietin levels were seen in 18.8% and 7.5% respectively, low and high serum ferritin levels were seen in 23.9% and 2.2% respectively. The relation of haemoglobin groups with erythropoietin/ ferritin levels, ferritin groups with haemoglobin/ erythropoietin levels and erythropoietin groups with ferritin and haemoglobin levels are illustrated in Fig 3A-F. Conclusion: There is no relation of haemoglobin to the oxygen saturation of the individuals. The serum erythropoietin and ferritin levels do correlate with the haemoglobin levels but not with the oxygen saturation. A considerable proportion of individuals have low to normal erythropoietin and ferritin levels.Table 1.Haematological parameters in true native highlandersNMinimumMaximumMeanStd. DeviationHaemoglobin (g/dL)3604.5022.0014.69942.02690RBC count (x1012/L)357484.95.517Hematocrit (%)35718.5770.7040.60605.33243MCV (fL)36250.49101.0082.19247.45698MCH (pg)35712.2738.9229.76553.63519MCHC (g/dL)35621.1864.2036.31594.57284RDW.CV18311.2731.7015.17182.96735RDW_SD36235.6060.0043.88743.52161WBC (x109/L)3623430157407599.721990.329Lympho (%)362146036.128.104Mixed (%)3621175.353.421Neutro (%)362168458.349.013ALC (x109/L)362152.70.774ANC (x109/L)3621134.511.654PLT (x109/L)362701352376.86147.814PDW (%)3542.9057.1014.41075.56488MPV (fL)3543.3214.609.73401.63144PCT (%)183.031.47.4122.14302P.LCR (%)3485.2060.0026.85289.78539Ferritin (µg/L)1344.00192.0036.940334.05960EPO (mIU/L)80.78456.0019.902258.89438 Figure 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 3. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

SERUM MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-974
Author(s):  
Constantine S. Anast
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

Two hundred and thirty-eight determinations of serum magnesium levels during the first 4 days of life were carried out on 78 infants. No statistically significant differences were found when these values were compared to those determined in 111 older children and adults. Differences in mean values between any of the first 5 days were not statistically significant nor were any significant differences found when the values of each day were compared with the mean value of older children and adults or the mean value of the cord bloods. The mean values on days 3, 4, and 5 were higher in breast-fed infants than in infants fed evaporated milk. Higher values in breast-fed infants and lower values in evaporated-milk-fed infants on days 3 and 4 when compared to day 1 in the same infant were found in a significant number of cases. The possibility that the observed differences in these two groups of infants may be related to the difference in phosphate to magnesium ratio in cow's milk as compared to human milk is discussed. Further investigation of this problem is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn.

scholarly journals Comparison of Serum Apolipoprotein Levels of Diabetic Children and Healthy Children with or without Diabetic Parents

Cholesterol ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashemi ◽  
Mohammad Saadat ◽  
Mohaddeseh Behjati ◽  
Roya Kelishadi
Keyword(s):  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Diabetic Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lipids And Lipoproteins

Introduction. The association of diabetes and atherosclerosis with disorders of lipids and lipoproteins, notably high apolipoprotein B (apoB) and low apolipoprotein A1(apoA1) is well established. Because of the beginning of the atherosclerosis' process from early life, in this study, the plasma levels of apoA1 and apoB were compared in diabetic children with type I diabetes mellitus(DM), healthy children with diabetic parents (HDPs),and healthy children with nondiabetic parents (HNDPs). Methods. This case-control study was conducted among 90 children aged 9–18 years. Serum levels of apoA and apoB were compared among 30 diabetic children (DM), 30 healthy children with diabetic parents (HDPs), and 30 healthy children with nondiabetic parents (HNDP). Results. The mean serum apoA1 was higher in DM (153±69 mg/dL) followed by HNDPs (138±58 mg/dL) and HDPs (128±56 mg/dl), but the difference was not statistically significant. The mean apoB value in HNDPs was significantly lower than DM and HDPs (90±21 mg/dL versus 127±47 and 128±38 mg/dL, P<0.05, respectively). The mean apoB levels in DM (127±47 mg/dl) and HDP (128±38 mg/dL) were not statistically significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusions. Diabetic children and healthy children with diabetic parent(s) are at higher risk of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Thus for primordial and primary prevention of atherosclerosis, we suggest screening these children for low plasma apoA1 and high plasma apoB levels.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Hematocrit, and Effect of Slow Deep Breathing on Oxygen Saturation in Himalayan High Altitude Populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ojashwi Nepal ◽  
BR Pokharel ◽  
K Khanal ◽  
SL Mallik ◽  
BK Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
P Value ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity

Background The oxygen saturation of haemoglobin is reduced in high altitude-living organisms. Increase in the hematocrit is responsible for rise in the hemoglobin concentration so that the oxygen carrying capacity in the hypobaric hypoxic subject is elevated. Objectives To compare two different high altitude populations, in order to study the relationship between arterial oxygen saturation and hematocrit. Methods lIn the cross-sectional study of two populations residing at altitude of 2800 m and 3760 m are compared for the difference in hematocrit. The oxygen carrying capacity of arterial haemoglobin (SaO2) is determined by pulse oximetry. The sample is drawn from the natives of two small villages, Thini at Jomsom (2800 m) and Jharkot (3760 m) in Mustang district of Nepal. The natives at 2800 m are termed as lower high altitude population and local residents at 3760 m are said to be higher altitude population in this study. The sample blood was drawn by venipuncture and packed cell volume was determined by Wintrobe’s method. Results The hematocrit obtained from 3760 m altitude population and the lower high altitude population at altitude of 2800 m differ significantly with the p value < 0.0001and the SaO2 in both the population fails to show any difference with p value > 0.05. Deep breathing exercise in these populations however increased SaO2 significantly. Conclusion The higher altitude natives have greater arterial oxygen saturation than lower altitude population which is due to rise in red cell concentration. The slow deep breathing raises oxygen saturation irrespective of altitude. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 30-34 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8014

scholarly journals Total energy expenditure and energy intake in the pre-school child: a comparison

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. W. Davies ◽  
W. A. Coward ◽  
J. Gregory ◽  
A. White ◽  
A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Relative Bias ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
The Mean

In a cohort (n 81) of healthy children aged 1.5–4.5 years, measurements of energy intake and energy expenditure were compared. Energy intake was calculated following a 4 d weighed record completed by the mother or guardian of the child. Total energy expenditure was measured using the doubly-labelled water technique. Mean energy intake and expenditure in the cohort were 4773 kJ/d and 4928 kJ/d respectively. The mean relative bias between the techniques was 154 kJ/d. In the older children (3.5–4.5 years) the mean relative bias was only 37 kJ/d. At the population level the measurements of energy intake and energy expenditure were extremely close, and the study has provided sufficient confidence in weighed intake methodology for it to be used in a major nationwide study of dietary intake and nutritional status of children aged 1.5–4.5 years.

scholarly journals Correlation between results of functional lordosis test and digital pelvic inclinometer

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
K. Kolev ◽  
R. Tasheva
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Lordosis ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Functional Test ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Pelvic Inclination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

THE AIM of this study is to precise the diagnostics of lumbar lordosis in children at primary classes through applying the Digital Pelvic Inclinometer and to correlate the results with the Functional Test. METHODS. The screening examination involved 132 children with the average age 8, 7 from the beginning classes in Sofia. The lumbar lordosis was assessed through the Fuctional Test in all children during the period April - June 2016.. The DPI was applied for preliminary investigation in 25 children of measuring left and rigth pelvic inclination and therefore – torsion. RESULTS. The lordosis test is negative in 8 children and 16 are with functional lordosis. The mean value of the test with DPI - left sided, for healthy children is 7.1 degrees, and in children with functional lordosis is 10.90. The difference of 3.80 is statistically significant due to the value of T-Student criterion (t) of 2.63 at a critical value of 2.07. CONCLUSION. The results showed the correlation between the Digital Pelvic Inclinometer Test and the Functional Lordosis Test. Тhis study confirmed that the applying of the Digital Pelvic Inclinometer give an opportunity to precise the diagnostics of lumbar lordosis in children.

scholarly journals Environmental Health Issues in High Altitude Areas of Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ)

2017 ◽  
pp. 788-797
Author(s):  
Kumud Raj Kafle ◽  
Sanjay Nath Khanal
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
National Park ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Lower Altitude

Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal Himalayas, central part of the Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) has been experiencing neo-environmental health problems in spite of being dubbed as “virgin land and virgin Himalayas with high altitude fresh people”. So far, the common myth in the high altitude places has been only High Altitude Sickness (HAS), however other anthropogenically induced diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, Acute Respiratory Problem (ARP), unusual fever and parasitic worm infection have been commonly observed. Altogether 4 health stations with an average 7hrs trekking apart are not sufficient to cater to more than 20,000 tourists per year with their guides: porters and almost 6000 resident population. Four health centers (Lukla 2850m, Namche 3450m, Khunde 3800m, and Pheriche 4300m) are the main health care units in this region. Poor accessibility and limited resources have caused further constrains to meet the demands of the visitors and locals. The current researches and observations indicate that the waterborne diseases and diseases related to food are the new emerging health issues in the area. The trend is higher in lower altitude area than in the higher altitudes. Poor sanitation, huge amount of manure and its uses, traditional open toilets and open defecation, unhygienic pigsties and cattle sheds, poor drainage system in the major settlements are the major contributing factors. The recent studies have also indicated the acceleration of contamination of water and water bodies from different human induced sources. Awareness and education on health hygiene and sanitation, proper waste management, accessibility of potable water without further polluting the water sources in major trekking routes and settlements are necessary for maintaining good health as well as a sustainable social and economic development in SNPBZ.

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