scholarly journals Acute bacterial conjunctivitis – antibiotic susceptibility and resistance to commercially available topical antibiotics in Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Sachet Prabhat Shrestha ◽  
Jagat Khadka ◽  
Amod K Pokhrel ◽  
Brijesh Sathian
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Bacterial Conjunctivitis ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Topical Antibiotics ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

Introduction: There is a shifting trend in susceptibility and resistance of the bacteria towards available antibiotics in the last decade. Therefore, periodic studies to monitor the emerging trends in antibiotic susceptibility and resistance are crucial in guiding antibiotic selection. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the most common pathogens causing bacterial conjunctivitis, and to find the in vitro susceptibility and resistance of these pathogens to commercially available topical antibiotic eye drops in Nepal. Subjects and methods: Conjunctival smears and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for 308 patients presenting to the Eye Care Center, Padma Nursing Home, Pokhara, Nepal from 11th December 1012 to 4th October 2013 with clinical signs and symptoms of acute infective conjunctivitisin in a hospital based cross-sectional study. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for thirteen commercially available topical antibiotics- Chloroamphenicol, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Methicillin, Cephazoline, Amikacin and Vancomycin. Results: Acute infective conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis was more common in adults and in males. Bacterial conjunctivitis was present in about one third (32.47% to 36.04%) of the patients with acute infective conjunctivitis, and it was more common in children. Bacteria were highly sensitive (93-98%) to most commercially available antibiotics but significant resistance was found against three antibiotics-Bacitracin (9.0%), Neomycin (16.0%) and Polymyxin-B (24.0%). MRSA infection was found in 7.0% of the bacterial isolates. Rest of antibiotics, showed variable resistance (14.3% to 100.0%). All cases of Ophthalmia neonatorum were bacterial. Conclusion: The best commercially available antibiotic for bacterial conjunctivitis was Moxifloxacin. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 23-35

scholarly journals Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 414-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prapti Bora ◽  
Priya Datta ◽  
Varsha Gupta ◽  
Lipika Singhal ◽  
Jagdish Chander
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Tracheal Aspirate ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: This study has been done to speciate coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and also study their antibiotic susceptibility pattern isolated from clinical samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 consecutive CoNS were isolated from various clinical samples such as blood, pus, wound swab, drain fluid, tracheal aspirate, peritoneal fluid, and pleural fluid over a period of 6 months. CoNS were identified by characteristic growth on media such as Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Speciation and identification were done by a range of biochemical testing such as PYR broth hydrolysis, novobiocin resistance, polymyxin B sensitivity, and then by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per CLSI 2017 guidelines. RESULTS: Among the 120 isolates, the most common species was Staphylococcus epidermidis (56.67%) followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (21.67%), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (11.67%), Staphylococcus caprae (5%), Staphylococcus cohnii (3.33%), and finally Staphylococcus vitulinus (1.67%). Good in vitro susceptibility was noted toward linezolid (100%), vancomycin (100%), teicoplanin (100%), and doxycycline (80.2%). The antibiotics to which resistance was seen were penicillin (96.5%), ciprofloxacin (57.1%), and oxacillin (45.5%). MR CoNS in our study ranged from 50% to 68.67%. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic resistance in CoNS is increasing toward penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and oxacillin as found in our study. The antibiotics such as vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, and doxycycline which showed good in vitro susceptibility, therefore, should be kept as reserve drugs and used judiciously.

scholarly journals The in vitro efficacy of eye drops containing a bacteriophage solution specific for Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Urban-Chmiel ◽  
Ireneusz Balicki ◽  
Katarzyna Świąder ◽  
Anna Nowaczek ◽  
Ewelina Pyzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Bacterial Conjunctivitis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Abstract Background The purpose of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effect of experimental eye drops with bacteriophages in elimination of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis.. The bacterial material was collected from dogs with independent clinical signs of bacterial conjunctivitis. Staphylococcus spp. were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods (MALDI-TOF MS mass spectrometry). Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disc-diffusion method. Phage activity (Plaque forming units, PFU) was determined on double-layer agar plates. Phages with lytic titres > 108 PFU were used to prepare eye drops. The stability of the antibacterial titre was evaluated for preparations stored in sealed bottles as well as after opening and reclosing. Results The tests confirmed the occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. strains as etiological agents of bacterial conjunctivitis in dogs. A high percentage of strains were resistant to more than three antibiotics. The experimental phage eye drops used in the study exhibited 100% efficacy in vitro against the tested Staphylococcus isolates. Particularly noteworthy is the long duration of activity and constant antibacterial lytic titre of ≥108 PFU/mL of two eye drop solutions, nos. 7 and 12, after the bottle had been opened (21 days) and after hermetically sealed packaging (28 days) at 4–8 °C. Conclusions The results represent the first stage of research and require continuation in vivo. If positive effects are obtained in animals, the results can be used in applied research in humans and animals.

scholarly journals Bacterial Conjunctivitis and Use of Antibiotics in Dhulikhel Hospital - Kathmandu University Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Sthapit ◽  
N R Tuladhar ◽  
S Marasini ◽  
U Khoju ◽  
G Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Bacterial Conjunctivitis ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumonia ◽  
Topical Antibiotics ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Micro Organisms

Background Acute Infective Conjunctivitis may be due to viral or bacterial infection; though it is usually self limiting, topical antibiotics are often prescribed for rapid recovery. Objectives This study aims to find out prevalence of bacterial infection among cases of acute infective conjunctivitis and to determine their in-vitro antibacterial susceptibilities to commonly used antibacterial agents and to find out whether the rampant use of topical antibiotics are at all necessary or justified. Methods A prospective analytical study conducted over a period of two years on clinically diagnosed cases of Acute Infective Conjunctivitis. Isolation and identification of microorganisms by culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were done on conjunctival swabs from 65 patients. Results A total of 65 patients were included where children (one month to 10 years old) accounted for the commonest age group (35.4%).On Gram’s Stain, 90.8% were negative for pus cells or micro organisms. Gram positive cocci were found in 6.2% of cases. On culture, bacterial growth was seen in 11 cases (18.9%) among which Streptococcus pneumonia was seen in seven cases (10.8%).The analysis on in-vitro susceptibility testing showed that Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin were the most sensitive (78.6% of samples) drugs for conjunctivitis. ConclusionOphthalmic antibiotics should be prescribed judiciously in acute infective conjunctivitis even for suspected bacterial cases; since it is found to resolve spontaneously without any serious complications. Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin are drugs of choice if at all required.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6292 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):69-72 

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis in Children Older than 1 Month

Drug Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (04) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reihaneh Mohsenipour ◽  
Behdad Gharib ◽  
Hamid Eshaghi ◽  
Parisa Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Meningitis In Children

AbstractThe frequency and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial meningitis in children older than one month at Children's Medical Center during 2012–2017 were evaluated in this study. The CSF samples were cultured, and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed. The samples were cultured on chocolate agar, blood agar (for gram positive) and Mkanky (for gram negative). The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. In total, 72 samples were positive for bacterial infection where Staphylococcus epidermidis (20.8%) was seen most and Enterobacter (1.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.4%) was seen least. Most of these patients were under 1 year of the age and overall frequency of positive cultures of CSF in men (58.3%) was greater than women (41.7%). Bacterial meningitis has relatively diverse etiological factors that include; time of infection, geographical location and age. Most commonly seen bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus with S.epidermidis whereas, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was seen least. This result can be substantial in hospitalized patients, because these bacteria are also the result of nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals Fungal Keratitis Caused byDrechsleraspp. Treated with Voriconazole: A Case Report

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Margarita I. Echavez ◽  
Archimedes Lee D. Agahan ◽  
Noel S. Carino
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Corneal Opacity ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Bacterial Conjunctivitis ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The Right

Objective. To present a case ofDrechsleraspp. keratitis treated with topical Voriconazole.Method. A case report.Results. A 52-year-old diabetic male presented with a one-week history of foreign body sensation of the left eye, self-medicated with Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Dexamethasone eye drops, and was diagnosed to have bacterial conjunctivitis, which was treated with Levofloxacin drops. The patient developed a corneal opacity after 2 days and was initially seen with a visual acuity of counting fingers on the left eye, with a 3 mm central corneal ulcer with feathery borders. No hypopyon was noted. The right eye had a visual acuity of 20/20 and had unremarkable findings. Corneal scraping of the ulcer showed no organisms on Gram and Giemsa stain. Cultures were positive forDrechsleraspp. and patient was started on Natamycin drops every 15 minutes, Atropine drops 3× a day, and Levofloxacin was continued every 4 hours. The ulcer increased to 4 mm, the infiltrates became deeper involving the midstroma, and there was appearance of a 2 mm hypopyon. Natamycin was shifted to Voriconazole eye drops every 15 minutes. There was note of a decrease in the size of the ulcer and clearing of the infiltrates with the new treatment regimen. Final visual acuity after 29 days of treatment was 20/40 with note of a slight corneal haze in the area of the previous ulcer.Conclusion. Voriconazole may be safe and effective in the treatment ofDrechslerakeratitis. There was no perforation and there was immediate decrease in the size of the ulcer. This is the first known case ofDrechslerakeratitis treated with Voriconazole eye drops in the Philippines.

scholarly journals Phosphorus stress induces the synthesis of novel glycolipids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that confer protection against a last-resort antibiotic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah A. Jones ◽  
Holly Shropshire ◽  
Caimeng Zhao ◽  
Andrew Murphy ◽  
Ian Lidbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
P Limitation ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Glycolipid Synthesis

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is a nosocomial pathogen with a prevalence in immunocompromised individuals and is particularly abundant in the lung microbiome of cystic fibrosis patients. A clinically important adaptation for bacterial pathogens during infection is their ability to survive and proliferate under phosphorus-limited growth conditions. Here, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa adapts to P-limitation by substituting membrane glycerophospholipids with sugar-containing glycolipids through a lipid renovation pathway involving a phospholipase and two glycosyltransferases. Combining bacterial genetics and multi-omics (proteomics, lipidomics and metatranscriptomic analyses), we show that the surrogate glycolipids monoglucosyldiacylglycerol and glucuronic acid-diacylglycerol are synthesised through the action of a new phospholipase (PA3219) and two glycosyltransferases (PA3218 and PA0842). Comparative genomic analyses revealed that this pathway is strictly conserved in all P. aeruginosa strains isolated from a range of clinical and environmental settings and actively expressed in the metatranscriptome of cystic fibrosis patients. Importantly, this phospholipid-to-glycolipid transition comes with significant ecophysiological consequence in terms of antibiotic sensitivity. Mutants defective in glycolipid synthesis survive poorly when challenged with polymyxin B, a last-resort antibiotic for treating multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa. Thus, we demonstrate an intriguing link between adaptation to environmental stress (nutrient availability) and antibiotic resistance, mediated through membrane lipid renovation that is an important new facet in our understanding of the ecophysiology of this bacterium in the lung microbiome of cystic fibrosis patients.

Lethal Toxic Encephalopathy Due to Childhood Shigellosis in a Developed Country

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1189-1193
Author(s):  
Avner Goren ◽  
Serem Freier ◽  
Justen H. Passwell
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Patients Âgés ◽  
Shigella Species

Shigellosis results in considerable morbidity in endemic areas, but mortality is rare in developed countries. All pediatric deaths (n = 15) in Israel following shigellosis in the past 10 years were reviewed. The patients' ages ranged from 5 months to 11 years; there were eight boys and seven girls. Three were institutionalized mentally retarded patients, 11 were healthy children. Twelve had definite clinical signs of brain death within 48 hours of onset of disease. Cause of death in all patients was consistent with toxic encephalopathy. No other systemic complication was implicated as the cause of death except for one case consistent with a "Reye-like" syndrome. Shigella species were as follows: 8 flexneri, 4 sonnei, 1 dysenteriae, and 2 were not identified. Case-control study of these patients vs surviving, hospitalized patients with shigellosis showed similar severity of fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration and similar incidence of convulsions. Headache was a prominent feature of patients who died; 5 of 7 verbal patients complained of this symptom as opposed to 2 of 20 in the control group (P < .01). There were no significant differences in the hematological and biochemical profile (except for an increased incidence of hyponatremia in the study group), pattern of shigella species, or antibiotic sensitivity. These findings indicate that mortality from shigellosis in a developed country is due primarily to the toxic encephalopathy syndrome.

scholarly journals Resolution of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with conservative management

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
J B Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomaly ◽  
Conservative Management ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nasolacrimal Duct ◽  
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction ◽  
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction ◽  
Duct Obstruction ◽  
Topical Antibiotics ◽  
Appropriate Treatment

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is the commonly encountered congenital anomaly in pediatric population occurring in as many as 30% of new borns. Conservative management of such condition with topical antibiotics and properly performed massage of the nasolacrimal sac is appropriate treatment during the first few months of age. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of resolution of nasolacrimal duct obstruction with conservative management in infants up to 10 months of age. A total of 181 infants of age up to 10 months old with the diagnosis of Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were advised nasolacrimal duct massage with or without the prescription of topical antibiotics. Resolution of nasolacrimal duct obstruction was assessed at 3 month and 6 month and was defined as the absence of all clinical signs of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. At the 6-month examination, 163 eyes (83%) of 181 children showed resolution with conservative management. The overall success rate of Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with conservative management was high and this form of management can be considered as one of the best options in infants.

scholarly journals An Unusual Cause of Keratitis

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-178
Author(s):  
Saroj Gupta ◽  
Atul Aher
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Minor Trauma ◽  
Parasite Culture ◽  
Wet Mount ◽  
Corneal Scraping

This report is of an unusual case of keratitis in a young healthy man who presented with minor trauma to his left eye. At examination, a characteristic ring infiltrate was seen in the centre of the cornea. Normal saline wet mount preparation of the corneal scraping showed unusual motile trophozoites of a parasite. Culture on non-nutrient agar with Escherichia coli overlay was negative. The patient was treated with topical neomycin, polymyxin B, and bacitracin eye drops and responded well to treatment.

scholarly journals TO STUDY ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF NONFERMENTATIVE GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI FROM VARIOUS CLINICAL SAMPLES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, JAIPUR.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirti Hemwani ◽  
P. S. Nirwan ◽  
Preeti Shrivastava ◽  
Abhiraj Ramchandani
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: Nonfermentative gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) frequently considered as commensals or contaminants but the pathogenic potential of nonfermenters has been proved beyond doubt. They are resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. Aim: This study was undertaken to identify the nonfermenters isolated from various clinical samples and to know their Antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 150 strains of Nonfermenters isolated from 1200 various non repetitive clinical samples received in Department of Microbiology, NIMS Jaipur. Nonfermenters were identified using a standard protocol and their antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with the help of the modified Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 150 nonfermenters isolated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common isolate 134 (89.33%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii 16 (10.67%). Among all clinical samples Pus and Wound Discharge yield maximum isolates of NFGNB i.e. 54 (36%) % followed by sputum (39.0%). Most sensitive drug against NFGNB was Polymyxin-B (100%) followed by Imipenem (86 %) and Amikacin (71.33 %). Conclusion: Nonfermenters have a great potential to survive in a hospital environment so implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs and strict infection control practices will be required to prevent or slow down their emergence and spread. Keywords:  Nonfermenters,  Polymyxin-B, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter.

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