scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 crisis on Italian labour law

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (19) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Emanuele Menegatti
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mandatory Use

The Italian response to the Covid-19 crisis involved a general lockdown of all nonessential activities, accompanied by significant labour law and social security measures. The overall idea behind the Government’s action has been that of safeguarding, as far as practicable, the employment level and workers/families income, notwithstanding the sharp slowdown of business and professional activities. For that purpose, a temporary block of dismissals for economic reasons has been issued, combined with an almost mandatory use of remote work, whenever feasible, and a massive recourseto short-time work compensation schemes. Other measures have involved financial support for the self-employed, extraordinary leaves for parents to cope with schools closure, and special health and safety measures when work is to be performed within the employer’s premises.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and labour law in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Adam Sagan ◽  
Christian Schüller
Keyword(s):  
Video Conferencing ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Time Work ◽  
The One ◽  
Short Time

As in many countries, the coronavirus pandemic is a major challenge facing labour law in Germany. On the one hand, the risk of infection in the workplace must be reduced as effectively as possible to prevent the pandemic from spreading. On the other hand, work processes must be maintained as far as possible to prevent an economic crisis, which could have an adverse impact on the pandemic. In this situation, German labour law does not only rely on existing regulations. The German legislator reacted promptly to the pandemic and amended a number of labour laws over a short period. The following contribution provides an overview of health and safety regulations; working time, including short-time work; employees income protection; and new possibilities for video conferencing in Germany.

scholarly journals Temping fates in Spain: hours and employment in a dual labor market during the Great Recession and COVID-19

SERIEs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Lafuente ◽  
Raül Santaeulàlia-Llopis ◽  
Ludo Visschers
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Dual Labor Market ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Temporary Contracts ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Permanent Workers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe investigate the behavior of aggregate hours supplied by workers in permanent (open-ended) contracts and temporary contracts, distinguishing changes in employment (extensive margin) and hours per worker (intensive margin). We focus on the differences between the Great Recession and the start of the COVID-19 Recession. In the Great Recession, the loss in aggregate hours is largely accounted for by employment losses (hours per worker did not adjust) and initially mainly by workers in temporary contracts. In contrast, in the early stages of the COVID-19 Recession, approximately sixty percent of the drop in aggregate hours is accounted for by permanent workers that do not only adjust hours per worker (beyond average) but also face employment losses—accounting for one-third of the total employment losses in the economy. We argue that our comparison across recessions allows for a more general discussion on the impact of adjustment frictions in the dual labor market and the effects policy, in particular the short-time work policy (ERTE) in Spain.

Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. Do short-time work schemes help workers remain in the same firm?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Arranz ◽  
Carlos García-Serrano ◽  
Virginia Hernanz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Future ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Labour Market Status

PurposeThis paper investigates whether short-time work (STW) schemes were successful in their objective of maintaining employment and keeping workers employed within the same firms after the onset of the financial and economic crisis in 2008.Design/methodology/approachSpanish longitudinal administrative data has been used, making it possible to identify short-time work (STW) participation not only of workers but also of employers and allowing to know the future labour market status of participants and non-participants. Accordingly, treatment and control groups are defined, and Propensity Score Matching models estimated. The dependent variable is measured as the probability that an individual remained employed with the same employer in the future (one, two and three years) after implementation of a STW arrangement.FindingsOur results suggest that treated individuals are about 5 percentage points less likely to remain working with the same employer one year later than similar workers, and this negative effect of participation increases over time. Thus, STW schemes would not have the assumed effect of preventing unemployment by keeping the participants employed relative to non-participants.Research limitations/implicationsAs our analysis is based on the comparison of the employment trajectories of participant and non-participant workers in firms that have used STW arrangements, our findings cannot be interpreted as the job saving effects of either macro or micro studies carried out previously.Practical implicationsThe analysis carried out in the paper is complementary to the country-level and firm-level approaches that have been used in the empirical literature.Originality/valueWe adopt a worker-level approach. This is novel since no previous study has focused attention on the impact of STW participation on the subsequent labour market status of workers.

scholarly journals Development of security measures at public international airports in relation to the history of threats against civil aviation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamín Pojedinec ◽  
◽  
Iveta Škvareková
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
Theoretical View ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The security and safety of civil aviation at airports is important given the level of risks faced by civil aviation. It is a threat of terrorist attacks, smuggling or cyber attacks. We are trying to prevent all these threats and thus protect the health and safety of passengers. The paper deals with the issue of safety in civil aviation. The primary goal of paper is evaluation of the current situation at selected Slovak airports with regard to safety. The paper is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is required to present a theoretical view of basic concepts in aviation history air strikes, present and future conservation and the impact of human factors on the safety of air transport. The essence of the practical part is the evaluation of the current situation in selected Slovak airports and the implementation of a qualitative survey with the help of a questionnaire. Based on the analysis and the results of the questionnaire survey, suggestions are provided to improve safety at selected airports.

scholarly journals Transformation of university teachers’ working and employment conditions in the period of distance learning: socio-psychological aspects and risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (33) ◽  
pp. e16165
Author(s):  
Irina Yurievna Ilina ◽  
Natalya Vladimirovna Buley ◽  
Tatiana Sergeevna Demchenko ◽  
Elena Vasilevna Povorina ◽  
Irina Gennadevna Shadskaja
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Teaching Community ◽  
The Impact

The forced transition to distance learning during the pandemic has determined the development of new models of university teachers’ professional activity. The results of the “first wave” show that the community of teachers was not prepared for distance learning not only due to the lack of necessary competencies and skills of working in the online environment but also psychologically. In particular, the psychological unpreparedness of teachers for the transition from traditional formats of interaction to the remote ones, the collapse of the familiar “live” models of communication with students and colleagues turned up to be a major difficulty. Based on the results of research, the key problems of the organization of teachers’ remote work are determined and the socio-psychological consequences of remote employment are revealed. The main groups of risks faced by teachers due to the forced transition to remote employment are also identified. The impact of remote formats on the professional activities of teachers cannot be assessed unequivocally. On the one hand, in the time of remote work, teachers have developed new skills and competencies, mastered innovative online technologies, managed to overcome numerous psychological struggles, etc. On the other hand, teachers are aware that the necessary process of transformation of education will not only substantially change their professional activity but will also lead to the emergence of fundamentally new social roles and models of professional behavior. There is a growing sense of unease and confusion in the teaching community and negative expectations associated with uncertainty in the professional labor market are developing.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the employment situation and financial well-being of families with children in Austria: Evidence from the first ten months of the crisis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Steiber ◽  
Christina Siegert ◽  
Stefan Vogtenhuber
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Childless Women ◽  
Employment Situation ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

Objective: This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the employment situation of parents and in turn on the subjective financial well-being of families with children in Austria. Background: The pandemic had strong repercussions on the Austrian labour market. The short-time work (STW) programme covered a third of employees in the first half of 2020 and helped to maintain employment levels. We provide evidence on how an unprecedented labour market crisis of this sort and in particular the exceptionally wide use of STW had affected the (gendered) employment situation of parents and the financial well-being of different types of families. Method: The study draws on representative panel survey data that cover 905 families with underage children. The data include information on the employment situation and financial well-being of single and cohabiting parents before the onset of the crisis, three months and ten months after its onset. Results: In contrast to other countries, mothers were not more strongly affected by the labour market crisis of 2020 than childless women or fathers. About a third of couples with underage children experienced income losses. Despite the wide use of STW and government support to families, the share of families in financial difficulties has substantially increased, especially among those with many children and single parents, many of who were at risk of poverty already before the crisis. Conclusion: Substantial shares of dual-earner families that had low poverty risks before the crisis were in financial difficulties in 2020. Potential spill-over effects of financial shocks on children are discussed.

scholarly journals The impact of remote work on the mental health of teachers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentyna Horlenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The Impact

The paper highlights the results of a study of complications in the professional activities of teachers and their emotional state. Showing the analysis of the problem of complications in the execution of teachers' professional duties in the conditions of remote work and as a consequence - degradation of the emotional state, which is manifested in negative psychological symptoms. As a result of theoretical analysis, it was found that in different countries, studies of the emotional states of teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic are being conducted. To find out the complications in the professional activities and emotional state of teachers associated with the transition to distance learning in connection with quarantine, an online survey of teachers was conducted using the questionnaire "Identification of socio-psychological problems caused by the pandemic COVID-19 in the activities of educational institutions" developed by Panko V.H. Respondents were asked to assess the presence of the problem by scale where "0" - no presence; 1 - minimum presence; 10 - maximum presence. It was found that more than half of respondents (N = 3209) have difficulties in carrying out professional activities in the conditions of remote work (inability to perform the full range of planned tasks and professional responsibilities; insufficient competence in ICT; difficulties with organizing time; disorders in communication between teachers and parents to control the quality of students' knowledge; difficulties with involving children in distance learning; complications with student discipline). As a result, respondents experience emotional exhaustion, decreased emotional balance and excessive fatigue. The results of the study confirmed the need for professional development and psychological assistance to teachers. The ways of psychological support of the educational process are outlined. Keywords. remote work, emotional state, teacher, pandemic COVID-19

scholarly journals Flexible work and flexicurity policies in the Netherlands. Trends and experiences

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van Oorschot
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Part Time Work

Increasing the flexibility of work and working life has been high on the agenda of Dutch public debate for at least 15 years. Resulting policies have been guided by the aspiration of combining flexibility and security, or of achieving adequate ‘flexicurity’, as the combination of these goals has come to be known. This article describes and analyses Dutch flexicurity policies of recent years, as they have been adopted in the fields of part-time work, social security, labour law and the work-care combination. It shows that the government has made it easier for employers and employees to choose part-time work as a strategy for increasing flexibility. In the field of social security there are numerous problems, especially for ‘flex’ -workers (not for part-time workers as such), but little substantial improvements have been implemented. In labour law important flexibility and security measures have been adopted, but here government has been rather slow in taking the lead. As regards the work-care combination, new policies have improved conditions, but the Netherlands still lags behind other European countries.

Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Crisp ◽  
Richard Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Sustainability Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

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