СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ СОГЛАСИЕ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПУТИ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
N. D. Sorokina
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Social Harmony ◽  
High Level

The article deals with the concept of social cohesion, as well as various approaches to its study. It is shown, that modern society is characterized by such features as a high level of social inequality, poverty. There is a limiting factor in achieving social harmony. Other factors may include an information war, increasing competition over limited resources between countries, value differences, etc. So there is the problem of reaching cohesion in modern society. Issues of cohesion were reflected in various sociological concepts. Thus, this problem was considered by the French sociologist E. Durkheim in connection with the theme of solidarity. Human solidarity is not possible without cohesion, social harmony as a fundamental principle. The author examines this concept in connection with the concept of solidarity. The methodological basis of the consensus approach is the structural-functional theory developed by T. Parsons, R. Merton and K. Davis. The problem of social harmony was also considered by John Rawls. The theory of equality and justice J. Rawls called the theory of «complete agreement». Recently, the issue of cohesion has been developed in connection with the issue of conflict. So well-known agonistic approach Sh. Muff, who proposed the term «conflict consensus». A number of researchers, for example, V. Vasilyev, considers the problem of social harmony from the point of view of common interests, noting that there is an antagonistic social structure with oppositely significant interests in our Russian reality. The article analyzes the results of a sociological survey on the prospects of achieving social harmony in modern Russian society; it is concluded that it is difficult to achieve social harmony because of social inequality, differences in the values of representatives of different social groups, a high level of conflict relations in Russian society.

Estate Practice and Its Relation to Factory Requirements

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
F. B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
High Level ◽  
Surprising Fact

Abstract In spite of continuous investigation of the problem of the variation in supplies of raw rubber, a completely satisfactory method of dealing with the matter has yet to be devised. Before discussing estate practice it is necessary to agree what the desirable properties of raw rubber should be. It is perhaps a surprising fact that rubber manufacturers are not in complete agreement. There seem to be two schools of thought. One school considers quick-vulcanizing and high-tensile rubbers to be preferred, while the other favors a slow-vulcanizing and easily worked raw material. The most desirable properties in raw rubber from the factory point of view are uniformity, ease in handling, and a high level of quality in the finished product. Uniformity must come first. If the properties of raw rubber are known to be consistent, a standard manufacturing process can be confidently adopted and followed. Nowadays the ability to repeat operations exactly is so important from a factory efficiency point of view that variability in raw material is much more important than the actual properties of that material, assuming of course a reasonable level of quality.

scholarly journals Understanding of the features of political justice in the concept of John Rawls

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
A. A. Shulika
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Modern Capitalism

The article deals with the features of the interpretation of political justice in the concept of John Rawls. The emergence of the concept of justice by American researcher John Rawls would mark a new stage in the scientific study of the problem of justice. He raises the question of the lack of development of modern capitalism in terms of solving social, political and economic problems. According to Rawls’s concept, the future society should not only be effective, as the theorists and practices of industrial society have called for, but also fair. First of all, for the existence of justice, an unbiased system of ordering institutions is needed. The main subject of justice, according to Rawls, is the basic structure of society, under which he understands the whole set of the most important social, legal, political and economic institutions, the main function of which is the distribution of advantages and burdens arising from the social cooperation of members of the society. From Rawls’s point of view, justice issues are on the agenda when there is a need for a public assessment of the activities of the relevant institutions in order to balance legitimate competing interests and harassment of members of society. In other words, the problem of legitimacy arises when the legitimate rights of people come into contact with each other. Justice in the first place begins with the choice of the fundamental principle of the political, social and legal system of society, which should regulate all further institutional reforms. J. Rawls defines political justice as «the constitutionality of justice», that is, in his understanding, the validity of the functioning of the political sphere, the organization of public administration and the political regime.

scholarly journals Statistics in the Eyes of the Modern Russian Society: Good or Evil?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
M. V. Karmanov
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Statistical Literacy ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Almost All

Historically, statistics arose from the needs of society in obtaining information about the state of production, markets for goods and services, labor, as well as from the need to analyze the data for further socioeconomic development. For a long time, statistics have been understood as the science of collecting, processing, and analyzing quantitative indicators on the dynamics of mass phenomena and processes, which is the most important tool for implementing state plans and tasks.One of the classics of statistics, V. Pokrovsky wrote as early as 1874: “... Statistical figures are the best way to verify the correctness and appropriateness of measures used for public improvement. ... But for statistics to be of such importance, it is necessary to use its data with extreme caution and impartiality. ... The widest variety of opinions exists on almost all public issues, and each opinion tries to find support in statistical facts and figures. ... It is not the fault of statistics that every political party uses statistics for its own purposes, that statistics support the most unjust and absurd opinions”. [1]In our time, this statement has not lost its relevance, because very often, using the same statistical indicators, politicians, economists, scientists to justify their point of view, give directly opposite results. But is there a clear understanding of statistics in modern society? What is the value of statistics? What is the statistical literacy of the population? Do people need to learn the language of numbers? In the proposed paper, the author sets out the view on these issues and invites you to join the discussion of the issues raised.

scholarly journals Childfree in the Reproductive Strategies of Saratov Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Ivchenkov ◽  
◽  
Nadezhda V. Shakhmatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Voluntary Childlessness ◽  
Great Responsibility ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
High Level

The intensification of the process of depopulation of the population in Russia, the demographic crisis, exacerbated by the pandemic, actualize the importance of the sociological analysis of reproductive behavior “childfree”, especially considering this from the point of view of the prospects of social and family policy of the state. Childfree is interpreted as a voluntary refusal of individuals, married couples from childbearing. According to the results of an empirical study by the method of questioning Saratov youth (the volume of the quota sample was 486 respondents), it is shown that the modern transformation of reproductive relations and parenthood in modern society has led to the fact that voluntary childlessness is not considered as a social deviation and does not act as a basis for conflict in society. The sexual, gender characteristics of young childfree adherents are analyzed. Objective factors (high level of education, median income, nonreligiosity) that contribute to the development of this strategy are revealed. For them, cohabitation and celibacy act as the most comfortable ways of organizing everyday life, although they do not deny the traditional form of marriage. In a pregnancy situation, they are prone to abortion. Children in the representations of childfree supporters are associated primarily with difficulty, fear, loss of freedom, forced denial of material comfort, risk, suffering. Hostility to the children was not revealed. Most of all, they are frightened by great responsibility (91.9%), which demonstrates not so much selfishness as fears of being untenable in this regard

Social inequality in the evolution of human societies

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Georgi Derluguian
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Political Economic

The author develops ideas about the origin of social inequality during the evolution of human societies and reflects on the possibilities of its overcoming. What makes human beings different from other primates is a high level of egalitarianism and altruism, which contributed to more successful adaptability of human collectives at early stages of the development of society. The transition to agriculture, coupled with substantially increasing population density, was marked by the emergence and institutionalisation of social inequality based on the inequality of tangible assets and symbolic wealth. Then, new institutions of warfare came into existence, and they were aimed at conquering and enslaving the neighbours engaged in productive labour. While exercising control over nature, people also established and strengthened their power over other people. Chiefdom as a new type of polity came into being. Elementary forms of power (political, economic and ideological) served as a basis for the formation of early states. The societies in those states were characterised by social inequality and cruelties, including slavery, mass violence and numerous victims. Nowadays, the old elementary forms of power that are inherent in personalistic chiefdom are still functioning along with modern institutions of public and private bureaucracy. This constitutes the key contradiction of our time, which is the juxtaposition of individual despotic power and public infrastructural one. However, society is evolving towards an ever more efficient combination of social initiatives with the sustainability and viability of large-scale organisations.

Book Review: Toshchenko Zh.T. Trauma Society: Between Evolution and Revolution (The Experience of Theoretical and Empirical Analysis). Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Krivosheev
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Trauma Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Research ◽  
Further Development

The review reveals the basic conceptions elaborated by one of the major Russian modern sociologists Zh.T. Toshchenko in his new research. The reviewer argues that the book’s author thoroughly examines the various methodological grounds for identifying the essential characteristics of social dynamics. At the same time, the reviewer focuses on the further development of the theory of modern society, proposed by the book’s author. Thus, Zh.T. Toshchenko, who spent many years researching social deformations, formulates an important concept – the concept of a society of trauma as the third modality of social development along with evolution and revolution. The book offers a fundamentally new view of social life, there is a holistic, systematic approach to all its processes and phenomena. The reviewer concludes that the new book of the social theorist Zh.T. Toshchenko is a significant contribution to sociological theory, since it develops ideas about the state and prospects of Russian society, gives accurate assessments of all social processes.

РЕЛИГИЯ И НАУКА: КОНФЛИКТ ИЛИ ДИАЛОГ? (ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МИРОВОЗЗРЕНЧЕСКИХ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЙ В РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
G. E. Bokov
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Official Position ◽  
The Face

The article is devoted to the study of the worldviews and social contradictions in Russian society on the example of two different positions on the relationship between religion and science. According to one of these positions these relationships are defined as conflict. The second, opposing point of view says there never was and there cannot be any conflict between religion and science. In the publication such points are called “the paradigm of conflict” and “the paradigm of dialogue”. It shows, the first “paradigm” in the Soviet period of Russian history was determined by ideologization of science and was an important part of anti-religious propaganda. On the contrary, “the paradigm of dialogue” has always been represented primarily by religious thinkers. Today it is the official position of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate. The official Church document “The Basis of the Social Concept” says religion and science are designed to complement each other, especially in solving ethical problems that inevitably arise in the face of modern science. However, secular scientists often see in such statements the Church’s claims to active participation in the public life, including the educational process. Representatives of the academic community often speak out against the introduction of the theological educational programs and the theological departments in secular Universities of the Russian Federation. Thus, in contemporary Russian society some continue to believe that there is a conflict between religion and science, while others insist on the need for dialogue.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ РОССИЙСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО КАК ПРОСТРАНСТВО КОНФЛИКТА

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
V. V. Gorshkova ◽  
A. A. Melnikova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Russian

The article considers the contradictions and conflicts that are characteristic of modern Russian society. The processes of social disintegration are analyzed and interpreted as a result of fundamental social and economic transformations. The problems of economic inequality are presented in the historical perspective in close connection with the previous stages of Russia's socioeconomic development. Significant polarization of the population is one of the most significant conflict factors in modern society, which leads to an increase in protest moods and may in the long term threaten social upheavals. Nevertheless, dissatisfaction with the socio-economic situation does not lead to ideas of the unification and consolidation of society, but find expression in social conflicts. The emergence and development of social conflicts is influenced by a number of factors: economic, ethnic, religious. One of the most important characteristics of society is its social structure. After the collapse of the USSR, the previous social structure was abolished, and a new social reality was formed in Russia. When considering the stratification structure of society, most attention is paid to the middle class, which is considered the backbone of a stable society. The middle class in Russia is in the stage of formation, it is hardly possible to speak of a complete analogy with the middle class of Western society. The share of middle class in society can be estimated in different ways depending on the methodological approaches used by researchers. An important consequence of the transformation of the social structure was the problem of marginalization, since the dismantling of the old social structure and the slow formation of the new one put the social status and place in the division of labor system of many individuals into question. The sharp impoverishment of representatives of prestigious professions led to a reassessment of their situation, especially for the younger generation. When analyzing the origins of social conflicts in modern Russian society, it is necessary to consider the issue of the attitude of the broad masses of the population to power and national elites. It should be noted that power in Russia historically takes shape around specific leaders and does not have an institutional character. The most significant factor shaping the attitude towards the authorities and the elite in general in Russian society are the economic results of the market reforms that have taken place. Only a small part of the population believes that they won as a result of the changes that have taken place, the natural consequence of which is the population's distrust of the authorities and, in general, political institutions.

Territorial Distribution of Alcohol and Drug Addictions Mortality Concerning Regional Disparities in the Slovak Republic from Year 1996 to Year 2015

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

BACKGROUND: This paper deals with territorial distribution of the alcohol and drug addictions mortality at a level of the districts of the Slovak Republic. AIM: The aim of the paper is to explore the relations within the administrative territorial division of the Slovak Republic, that is, between the individual districts and hence, to reveal possibly hidden relation in alcohol and drug mortality. METHODS: The analysis is divided and executed into the two fragments – one belongs to the female sex, the other one belongs to the male sex. The standardised mortality rate is computed according to a sequence of the mathematical relations. The Euclidean distance is employed to compute the similarity within each pair of a whole data set. The cluster analysis examines is performed. The clusters are created by means of the mutual distances of the districts. The data is collected from the database of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for all the districts of the Slovak Republic. The covered time span begins in the year 1996 and ends in the year 2015. RESULTS: The most substantial point is that the Slovak Republic possesses the regional disparities in a field of mortality expressed by the standardised mortality rate computed particularly for the diagnoses assigned to the alcohol and drug addictions at a considerably high level. However, the female sex and the male sex have the different outcome. The Bratislava III District keeps absolutely the most extreme position. It forms an own cluster for the both sexes too. The Topoľčany District bears a similar extreme position from a point of view of the male sex. All the Bratislava districts keep their mutual notable dissimilarity. Contrariwise, evaluation of a development of the regional disparities among the districts looks like notably heterogeneously. CONCLUSIONS: There are considerable regional discrepancies throughout the districts of the Slovak Republic. Hence, it is necessary to create a common platform how to proceed with the solution of this issue.

Feministic Analysis of Shauna Singh Baldwin’s selected stories in English Lessons and Other Stories

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ravindra Ranaware
Keyword(s):  
Short Fiction ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Indian Woman ◽  
Specific Technique ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Indian Immigrant ◽  
Shauna Singh Baldwin

The present paper aims at exploration of Shauna Singh Baldwin’s specific technique implemented to present women predicament in selected stories from feministic point of view. The feministic point of view has developed out of a movement for equal rights and chances for women society. The present search is based on analytical and interpretative methods. Shauna Singh Baldwin is a writer of short fiction, poetry, novels and essays. Her ‘English Lessons and Other Stories’ explores the predicament of earlier neglected women of Sikh community by putting them in the context of globalization, immigration to West and consumerism at Indian modern society. “Montreal 1962” presents a Sikh wife’s attachment, love, determination, struggles and readiness to do anything for survival in Canada where her husband is threatened to remove his turban and cut his hair short to get the job. “Simran” presents the story of sacrifice of individual desire by a young Sikh girl because of her mother’s fundamentalist attitude. The title of story “English Lessons” presents injustice to an Indian woman who has married to an American, who compels her to become a prostitute and a source of his earnings in the States. The fourth selected story “Jassie” tells us about the timely need of religious tolerance in the file of an Indian immigrant old woman. Being a feminist writer, though Baldwin has never claimed directly to be, she has very skillfully presented the issues of feminism through her own technique of presentation. She has used technique of presenting absence or opposite to highlight it indirectly. Thus, true to her technique, though not explicitly declared, Baldwin is one of the feminist writers who skillfully deals with feminine concerns.

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