scholarly journals Fasting Gastrointestinal Tract: Changes in Structure, Functions and Microbiota Milieu

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
PD Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Structure Functions ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Recent Addition

Short and Intermittent fasting brings many structural and functional changes in the GI tract.Now it has been shown that changes are beneficial in terms of postponing the onset of NCDs prolonging the healthage,That might be the reason for Ancient Indian saints todo fasting. These benefits have been described in a series of research papers by us and others. Change in microbiota due to fasting is a recent addition which explains the mechanism of many physiological processes taking place during fasting.Two other parameters namely, effect of long and short term fasting and.sexual dimorphism on microbiota also dealt with in this review.

Effect of Intraduodenal Starch Infusion on Net Portal Absorption of Amino Acids in Growing steers Fed Lucerne

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
C.J. Seal ◽  
D.S. Parker ◽  
J.C. MacRae ◽  
G.E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Glucose Availability

Amino acid requirements for energy metabolism and protein turnover within the gastrointestinal tract are substantial and may be met from luminal and arterial pools of amino acids. Several studies have demonstrated that the quantity of amino acids appearing in the portal blood does not balance apparent disappearance from the intestinal lumen and that changing diet or the availability of energy-yielding substrates to the gut tissues may influence the uptake of amino acids into the portal blood (Seal & Reynolds, 1993). For example, increased net absorption of amino acids was observed in animals receiving exogenous intraruminal propionate (Seal & Parker, 1991) and this was accompanied by changes in glucose utilisation by the gut tissues. In contrast, there was no apparent change in net uptake of [l-13C]-leucine into the portal vein of sheep receiving short term intraduodenal infusions of glucose (Piccioli Cappelli et al, 1993). This experiment was designed to further investigate the effects on amino acid absorption of changing glucose availability to the gut with short term (seven hours) or prolonged (three days) exposure to starch infused directly into the duodenum.

Constipation in patients with comorbidity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.А. Лялюкова ◽  
Е.Н. Логинова
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Age Related

Пациенты пожилого и старческого возраста в силу физиологических причин и коморбидной патологии имеют высокий риск развития запора. Причиной запора чаще всего являются алиментарные факторы и возраст-ассоциированные заболевания и повреждения толстой кишки (дивертикулярная болезнь, ишемия толстой кишки, ректоцеле, геморрой и другие); метаболические, эндокринные расстройства и неврологические заболевания. Возрастные анатомические, структурные и функциональные изменения пищеварительной системы вносят свой вклад в развитие запоров у пожилых. У пациентов «серебряного возраста» отмечено увеличение длины желудочно-кишечного тракта, прогрессирование атрофических, склеротических изменений слизистой и подслизистой оболочки, снижение количества секреторных клеток, замещение мышечных волокон соединительной тканью и др. Все это способствует замедлению транзита по желудочно-кишечному тракту и нарушению акта дефекации. Образ жизни пожилых людей также может способствовать развитию запора. Низкое содержание в рационе клетчатки, употребление преимущественно термически обработанной пищи, нарушение ритма питания (прием пищи 1-2 раза в день) являются одной из причин возникновения запоров у пожилых, чему способствуют трудности при жевании вследствие стоматологических проблем. Колоноскопия показана всем пациентам пожилого и старческого возраста с запором, а выявление «симптомов тревоги» необходимо проводить при каждом визите пациента. Вне зависимости от причины вторичного запора, все пациенты должны осуществлять ряд мер немедикаментозного характера, включающих изменение образа жизни, диету с включением достаточного количества клетчатки и потребление жидкости. Физические методы лечения могут включать лечебную гимнастику, массаж толстой кишки для стимуляции моторной активности кишечника в определенное время. При неэффективности немедикаментозных мероприятий рекомендуется использование осмотических слабительных, а также средств, увеличивающих объем каловых масс. Высокая эффективность и безопасность псиллиума позволяет рекомендовать его в лечении хронического запора у пожилых пациентов. Elderly and senile patients, due to physiological reasons and comorbid pathology, have a high risk of constipation. The causes of constipation are more often nutritional factors and age-associated diseases and damage to the colon (diverticular disease, colon ischemia, rectocele, hemorrhoids, and others); metabolic, endocrine disorders and neurological diseases. Age-related anatomical, structural and functional changes in the digestive system contribute to the development of constipation in the elderly. In patients of «silver age», there was an increase in the length of the gastrointestinal tract, the progression of atrophic, sclerotic changes in the mucous and submucosa, a decrease in the number of secretory cells, replacement of muscle fibers with connective tissue, etc. All this contributes to the slowing down of transit through the gastrointestinal tract and the violation of the act of defecation. Elderly lifestyles can also contribute to constipation. The low fiber content in the diet, the use of mainly thermally processed food, the violation of the rhythm of the diet (eating 1-2 times a day) are one of the causes of constipation in the elderly, which is facilitated by difficulty in chewing due to dental problems. Colonoscopy is ordered for all elderly and senile patients with constipation, and the identification of «anxiety symptoms» should be carried out at each patient visit. Regardless of the cause of secondary constipation, all patients should take a number of non-pharmacological measures, including lifestyle changes, a diet with adequate fiber, and fluid intake. Physical therapies may include medical gymnastics, colon massage to stimulate bowel movement at specific times. If non-drug measures are ineffective, it is recommended to use osmotic laxatives, as well as agents that increase the volume of feces. Psyllium supplementation is recommended for treatment of chronic constipation in elderly patients due to its high efficacy and safety.

Food supplement “carrageenan” and its effect on the organism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.E. Luneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Physiological Processes

Food additives are positioned as harmless, although, their components affectthe physiological processes associated with the permeability of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and intestinal microbiota. This article describes thecarrageenan supplement and its effects on the body in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The experimental part is devoted to analysis of the intestinalmicrobiota of laboratory rats with the consumption of the carrageenan dietary supplement in the amount of about 4,4 % of the standard feed.

scholarly journals Clinico-expert diagnostics of gastrointestinal form of diabetic neuropathy

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-97
Author(s):  
Irina Alekseevna Kurnikova ◽  
Tatiana Evgen'evna Chernyshova ◽  
Irina Vladimirovna Gur'eva ◽  
Guzyal' Ilgisovna Kliment'eva
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Parasympathetic Innervation ◽  
Gastric Tone ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathology ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Aim. To estimate dynamics of secretory and motor-evacuational functions of the stomach in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and gastrointestinalform of diabetic neuropathy. Materials and methods. 32 patients with DM1 without gastrointestinal pathology allocated to different groups depending on DM duration (gr. 1 lessthan 10 yr, gr. 2 over 10 yr). Vegetative equilibrium was estimated from the Kerdo index, rehabilitative potential from its basic constituent (morphophysiologicalindex). The motor-evacuational function of the stomach was studied with the use of a scintillation gamma-chamber, the gastric secretoryfunction by pH measurements. Results. Half of the patients in gr 2 presented with hypersympathicotony. The frequency of hypertonic form of gastric tone increased with durationof DM while the acid-producing and evacuational functions of the stomach decreased (as estimated by pH-measurement and gastroscintiographyrespectively). The propulsive function most significantly decreased in the pyloric part. The efficacy of rehabilitation of diabetic patients with gastrointestinalform of diabetic neuropathy was much lower than in those with preserved vegetative function of the stomach. Conclusion. Impairment of evacuational function of the stomach and duodenum with DM1 duration may be a cause of unstable blood glucose level.Hypomotor dyskinesia of the upper gastrointestinal tract due to DM1 and deficit of parasympathetic innervation occurs more frequently in patientswith low rehabilitative potential. Functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract of DM1 patients do not depend on the quality of compensation ofmetabolic disorders but correlate (r=-0.39) with DM duration. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal form of diabetic neuropathy impairs rehabilitativepotential of fhe patients.

scholarly journals The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain and Cognitive Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jip Gudden ◽  
Alejandro Arias Vasquez ◽  
Mirjam Bloemendaal
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Positive Effects

The importance of diet and the gut-brain axis for brain health and cognitive function is increasingly acknowledged. Dietary interventions are tested for their potential to prevent and/or treat brain disorders. Intermittent fasting (IF), the abstinence or strong limitation of calories for 12 to 48 hours, alternated with periods of regular food intake, has shown promising results on neurobiological health in animal models. In this review article, we discuss the potential benefits of IF on cognitive function and the possible effects on the prevention and progress of brain-related disorders in animals and humans. We do so by summarizing the effects of IF which - through metabolic, cellular and circadian mechanisms - lead to anatomical and functional changes in the brain. Our review shows that there is no clear evidence of a positive short-term effect of IF on cognition in healthy subjects. Clinical studies show benefits of IF for epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis on disease symptoms and progress. Findings from animal studies show mechanisms by which Parkinson’s disease, ischaemic stroke, autism spectrum disorder and mood- and anxiety disorders could benefit from IF. Future research should disentangle whether positive effects of IF hold true regardless of age or the presence of obesity. Also, variations in fasting patterns, total caloric intake and intake of specific nutrients may be relevant components of IF success. Longitudinal studies and Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) will provide a window into the long-term effects of IF on the development and progress of brain-related diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Triclosan Exposure on Microbiota in Zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Tang ◽  
Pianpian Fan ◽  
Xiaogang Yu ◽  
Rui Ma ◽  
Yexuan Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
A Minor

Background: Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antibacterial agent in personal care products and is ubiquitous in the environment. We aimed to examine whether TCS exposure affects microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish.Methods: After exposure to TCS 0 (Dimethyl Sulphoxide, DMSO control), 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 100, and 300ng/ml, respectively, from day 0 to 120days post fertilization (dpf), or for 7days in adult 4-month zebrafish, the long- and short-term impact of TCS exposure on the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by analyzing 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing.Results: The top two most dominant microbiota phyla were Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria phylum in all zebrafish groups. In TCS exposure 0–120 dpf, compared with DMSO control, the mean number of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was 54.46 lower (p<0.0001), Chao indice 41.40 lower (p=0.0004), and Ace indice 34.10 lower (p=0.0044) in TCS 300ng/ml group, but no change was observed in most of the other TCS concentrations. PCoA diagram showed that the microbial community in the long-term TCS 300ng/ml exposure group clustered differently from those in the DMSO control and other TCS exposure groups. A shorter body length of the zebrafish was observed in the long-term TCS exposure at 0.03, 100, and 300ng/ml. For 7-day short-term exposure in adult zebrafish, no difference was observed in alpha or beta diversity of microbiota nor the relative abundance of Proteobacteria or Fusobacteria phylum among DMSO control and any TCS levels, but a minor difference in microbial composition was observed for TCS exposure.Conclusions: Long-term exposure to high TCS concentration in a window from early embryonic life to early adulthood may reduce diversity and alter the composition of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of short-term TCS exposure was not observed on the diversity of microbiota but there was a minor change of microbial composition in adult zebrafish with TCS exposure.

Fitoterapia i suplementacja diety w chorobach górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Błecha
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Materials Used

Prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal tract diseases should take into account as minimal as possible intervention physiological processes which take place in digestive system. Digestive disorders, which are often caused by synthetic drugs, can generate more complicated diseases. Herbs should be a preventive or complementary way of action. They can also play the main role in therapy of less complicated diseases. Natural products are used in therapy of gastrointestinal tract diseases because they have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, coating, digestion improving and relaxative properties. They are helpful in gastro-oesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, gastritis and ulcers. Natural products, especially plant raw materials, used in the therapy of digestive system diseases, according to their leading activity, can be divided into the following groups: anti-inflammatory and protective, facilitating digestion, sedative and antimicrobial. It should be emphasized that plant raw materials act in multidirectional way and therefore not always may be classified strictly within such groups of curing activity.

scholarly journals The Fast Lane of Hypoxic Adaptation: Glucose Transport Is Modulated via A HIF-Hydroxylase-AMPK-Axis in Jejunum Epithelium

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 4993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengler ◽  
Gäbel
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Ussing Chamber ◽  
Transepithelial Transport ◽  
Adaptation To Hypoxia ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Short Term Adaptation

The intestinal epithelium is able to adapt to varying blood flow and, thus, oxygen availability. Still, the adaptation fails under pathologic situations. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the epithelial adaptation to hypoxia could help to improve the therapeutic approach. We hypothesized that the short-term adaptation to hypoxia is mediated via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that it is coupled to the long-term adaptation by a common regulation mechanism, the HIF-hydroxylase enzymes. Further, we hypothesized the transepithelial transport of glucose to be part of this short-term adaptation. We conducted Ussing chamber studies using isolated lagomorph jejunum epithelium and cell culture experiments with CaCo-2 cells. The epithelia and cells were incubated under 100% and 21% O2, respectively, with the panhydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) or under 1% O2. We showed an activation of AMPK under hypoxia and after incubation with DMOG by Western blot. This could be related to functional effects like an impairment of Na+-coupled glucose transport. Inhibitor studies revealed a recruitment of glucose transporter 1 under hypoxia, but not after incubation with DMOG. Summing up, we showed an influence of hydroxylase enzymes on AMPK activity and similarities between hypoxia and the effects of hydroxylase inhibition on functional changes.

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