scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF FEEDING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ABILITIES OF SERVICE DOGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 248 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-177
Author(s):  
O.S. Poptsova ◽  
◽  
T.V. Sheremeta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Service Dogs ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Dry Food

The article presents the results of a study of indicators of reproductive ability of dogs of the German Shepherd breed when fed with natural products and dry food. The indices of reproductive function of dogs, multiple births, stillbirth and preservation of puppies for weaning were studied. Statistically significant differences were established in some indicators of the reproductive ability of the German Shepherd, which allows us to conclude about the possible influence of the type of feeding on these traits.

scholarly journals Influence of full value of diets on digestibility of nutrients by dogs

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
D. V. Plotnikov ◽  
V. Sitnikov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Service Dogs ◽  
Control Substance ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Dry Substance ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. The article presents the results of the physiological experience conducted on the campus for the maintenance of service dogs of the Department of Cynologists of the Perm Institute of FPS of Russia in 2015. The aim of the study is to identify feed from the proposed ready-made dry food Stout and Pedigree, to replace the prepared feed from natural products, most satisfying the needs of service dogs while saving money for the organization Feeding. The objectives of the study are to study the variability of nutrients by dogs of ready-made dry food “Stout”, “Pedigree” against the background of prepared food from natural products; to establish the impact of the studied feed on the live mass of animals; calculate the cost of daily rations. For what of the three groups of scientific and economic experience was selected by 3 males, by the method of pairs of analogues, to participate in the balance experience. High digestibility of nutrients prepared by dogs of the control group has been established. Dogs of the first experimental group, who received Stout's feed, absorbed a dry substance worse than the control substance by 0.23 %, but better than the II experienced at the stern “Pedigree” by 3.92 % (P < 001). The organic invariability rate in the first experimental group was 3.56 % higher than the II experimental group. Invariability ratios: raw protein in the first experimental group was 3.64 % higher than the II of the experimental group, fat by 5.70% (P < 0.001), raw fiber by 5.29 % (P < 001), and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 2.85% (P < 0.01). Taking into account the weighting of animals it is established that the dogs of the control group on the prepared feed, received a positive dynamics in the live mass. In animals, on the dry stern “Stout”, the indicators of live mass were stable. In dogs, on the stern “Pedigree” there was a decrease in live mass. Stout dry feed is recommended for replacement prepared in summer, and in winter – with an increase in daily norm by 10 %. Dogs of the first experimental group, who received “Stout’s” feed, absorbed a dry substance worse than the control substance by 0.23 %, but better than the II experienced at the stern “Pedigree” by 3.92 % (P < 001). The organic invariability rate in the first experimental group was 3.56 % higher than the II experimental group. Invariability ratios: raw protein in the first experimental group was 3.64 % higher than the II of the experimental group, fat by 5.70 % (P < 0.001), raw fiber by 5.29 % (P < 0.01), and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 2.85 % (P < 0.01). Taking into account the weighting of animals it is established that the dogs of the control group on the prepared feed, received a positive dynamics in the live mass. In animals, on the dry stern “Stout”, the indicators of live mass were stable. In dogs, on the stern “Pedigree” there was a decrease in live mass. “Stout” dry feed is recommended for replacement prepared in summer, and in winter – with an increase in daily norm by 10 %.

Indexes of reproductive ability and their repeatability in sows of different genotypes, taking into account the polymorphism g.1426g> a of the Mc4r gene

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Khalak ◽  
Vasyl Voloshchuk ◽  
Konstiantyn Pochernyaev ◽  
Serhii Smyslov ◽  
Maria Ilchenko
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Large White ◽  
Mc4r Gene ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Consolidation Coefficient

The results of studies of the reproductive ability of sows of different genotypes are given taking into account the polymorphism g.1426G> A of the MC4R gene, the factor of repeatability of characters is determined, and the economic efficiency of the research results is calculated. The experimental part of the research was carried out in the conditions of the «Druzhba-Kaznacheevka» LTD in Dnipropetrovsk region. The objects of research were sows of the Large White breed. It was determined that sows of the main herd, according to signs of reproductive ability, belong to class I and class elite. The experiment showed that sows of genotype AG exceeded their peers of others (GG and AA) in terms of “born piglets total, heads” by 1.6 and 0.7 heads, “Live piglets born (multiple births), heads - by 1 6 and 0.9 heads, “the mass of the litter at the time of birth, kg” - by 2.7 - 1.3 kg., “the mass of the litter at the time of weaning at the age of 28-35 days, kg” - by 5, 1 - 3.9 kg. The difference between animals of the indicated genotypes is: for large-foetus - 0.06-0.01 kg, the index "evenness of the sow’s litter in live weight of piglets at birth, points" - 1.05-1.84 points, index of N. D. Berezovsky - 3.75 -2.36 points. The index of the safety of piglets before weaning ranged from 84.4 to 93.0 %. It was proved that the minimum value of the index “evenness of the sow’s littar in live weight of piglets at the time of birth, points (7.76 ± 1,082 points) are characterized by sows of genotype AA, in which the rate of multiple pregnancy ranged from 8 to 14 pigs, and the value of the sign“ large-foetus, kg "equaled 1.37 kg. The repeatability coefficient for sows of the main herd and sows of the Large White breed of different genotypes for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) receptor gene ranges from -0.916 ± 0.1418 (І-IV farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “piglet safety before weaning, %) to 0.978 ± 0.0738 (I-V farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “large foetus”, kg ”). The maximum value of the phenotypic consolidation coefficient was found in sows of genotype AA according to the following quantitative characteristics: “live piglets (multiple births), heads.”, “litter weight at the time of birth, kg”, “litter weight at weaning age of 28-35 days, kg "," the safety of piglets before weaning ,% ". The sows of the genotype GG belong to the unconsolidated group according to the signs of reproductive qualities. The use of sows of the genotype for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) AG receptor gene provides additional products at the level of 5.15 %, and its cost is 165.41 UAH /head. Keywords: sow, breed, reproductive ability, MC4R gene, genotypic consolidation coefficient, variability, correlation, repeatability.

scholarly journals INCREASING NONSPECIFIC STABILITY OF SERVICE DOGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
A.A. Ishtudov ◽  
◽  
V.G. Semenov ◽  
D.A. Nikitin ◽  
E.N. Ivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Service Dogs ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biochemical Profiles ◽  
The Right

A biopreparation Dog-Stim-N-B was developed and a scientific and practical justification was given for its feasibility in the canine center for raising dogs of the German shepherd breed. Se-lective mobilization of morphological and biochemical profiles of blood, cellular and humoral factors of nonspecific resistance of dog organism is established against the background of intramuscular injection of first-tested biopreparation Dog-Stim-N-B and previously tested Prevention-N-E. The biologics used in the experiments showed a wide range of bio-effects: activated the production of red blood cells and increased the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood of dogs, that is, im-proved hematopoiesis, but did not have a stimulating effect on the production of white blood cells; caused physiological eosinophilia, moderate neutrophylopenia with neutrophilic nucleus shift to the right and lymphocytosis; increased protein metabolism, mainly due to synthesis of albumin and γ-globulin fractions; activated cellular and humoral factors of nonspecific resistance of the organism.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF DOGS OF DIFFERENT AGES TO WORKLOADS IN A MODERATE MONSOON CLIMATE

2020 ◽  
pp. 334-343
Author(s):  
A. S. Semenov ◽  
◽  
O. S. Poptsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Monsoon Climate ◽  
Service Dogs ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Adaptive Ability

The article presents the results of changes in the adaptive ability of dogs of different ages before and after exposure to physical activity in different seasons of the year in the conditions of Sakhalin island (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). The main clinical and physiological parameters of the body of service dogs of the German shepherd breed were studied. The authors established a certain relationship between the degree of training and the response of the body of service dogs to physical activity in different seasons of the year. The most stressful periods for the life of service animals are summer and spring, and autumn and winter are consid-ered more comfortable. In General, the authors believe that service dogs are quite well adapted to use them in a moderate monsoon climate in the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk region, regardless of age. Regular train-ing conducted with service dogs increases their resistance to physical exertion and endurance, so older dogs have adaptive abilities.

scholarly journals Methods for determining optimal insemination time in nutrients

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
N. Katsemba ◽  
P. Sklyarov
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Cost Of Drugs

The implementation of the state agrarian policy provides for the creation of modern production technologies based on fundamentally new theoretical and practical research and scientifi c and technical solutions that will ensure the dynamic development of various livestock industries. Low cost of maintenance, high reproduction, resistance to diseases of various etiologies – these are exactly the criteria that nutraceuticals meet. Nutria are herbivorous, multiple polycyclic animals that multiply combine periods of lactation and pregnancy. Thus, with minimal costs for feed, the farm has the opportunity to make high profi ts. Breeding nutria is cost-eff ective and requires a more detailed study, the development of this industry in all regions of Ukraine. When breeding nutria in closed conditions, the reproductive ability of young females decreases by 20–30%. Research in the direction of the reproductive function of female nutria is practically not conducted, therefore, the study of this issue is relevant. In this article, we analyzed the methods for diagnosing the optimal insemination time for nutria, taking into account their shortcomings and ease of use, and found that the earlier methods used (before 2000) have many shortcomings, as a result of which farms receive less profi t due to death, as well as spoiled quality of fur and skins during fi ghts between animals. The use of a male probe provides not only a benefi cial eff ect on the development of the reproductive system of female nutria, but also allows timely determination of the optimal time for insemination of female nutria. The disadvantage of this method is the cost of drugs for epididiotomy and the postoperative period. Colpocytoscopy is an inexpensive, convenient, non-traumatic, and highly accurate method for determining the optimal insemination period in female nutria. Key words: nutria, reproductive cycle, puberty, male probes, insemination, colpocytoscopy.

ДИНАМИКА КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ ТРИГЛИЦЕРИДОВ В КРОВИ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС ПЕРВОТЕЛОК В ПРЕДОТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПЕРИОД И ВТОРОЙ МЕСЯЦ ЛАКТАЦИИ, СВЯЗЬ С РЕПРОДУКЦИЕЙ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.B. LEJBOVA ◽  
S.V. TIMOFEEVA
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Service Period

Поступление питательных веществ из корма не покрывает возрастающие потребности организма в переходный период, в результате чего формируется состояние отрицательного энергетического баланса, для компенсации которого используются внутренние резервы организма и, в первую очередь, запасы липидов. Особенно актуальна эта проблема для новотельных первотёлок, испытывающих повышенную потребность в питательных веществах и энергии для завершения собственного роста. В нашей работе была изучена связь биохимического статуса у животных с разной динамикой триглицеридов крови перед первым отелом и на 2й мес лактации и показателями воспроизводства и молочной продуктивности. Объектом исследования служили 14 коров (нетелей) голштинской породы. В сыворотке крови, которую отбирали за 715 дней до и 4552 дня после отела, определяли содержание триглицеридов, холестерина, глюкозы, общего белка, альбумина, мочевины, а также активность ферментов. В конце 2го мес лактации параллельно с отбором проб крови определяли кондиции тела. В качестве показателей репродуктивной способности использовали интервал от отела до первого осеменения и продолжительность сервиспериода, молочную продуктивность оценивали по величине удоя за первые 100 дней лактации. Коровы разделились на 2 группы по интенсивности падения концентрации триглицеридов в крови в изучаемый период. В I группу (n7) вошли животные, у которых содержание триглицеридов резко снизилось с 0,2960,025 до 0,1160,008 ммоль/л. У животных II группы (n7) отмечено плавное снижение концентрации триглицеридов (менее чем в 2 раза). Установлено, что у первотелок с плавным снижением концентрации триглицеридов в крови сервиспериод был короче по сравнению с животными, показавшими резкое падение триглицеридов. При одинаковых условиях кормления и содержания животные обладают разной адаптационной способностью к метаболическим изменениям переходного периода, что обусловливает изменение репродуктивной функции у коров сходной молочной продуктивности.During the transition period, the amount of nutrients obtained from the feed does not cover the needs of the body. As a result, a negative energy balance is formed. To compensate for it, the body uses internal reserves, primarily lipids. This problem is particularly relevant for heifers in need of energy and nutrition to complete growth. The aim of this work was investigation the relationship of biochemical status of cows with different dynamics of blood triglycerides and indicators of reproduction and milk production before the first calving and on the 2nd month of lactation. Iin experience were study 14 cows (heifers) of Holstein breed. Blood for biochemical analysis were collected for 715 days before calving and 45 to 52 days after calving. We estimated concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, and enzyme activity. Body condition (BCS) was also determined at the end of the 2nd month of lactation. The interval from calving to the first insemination and the duration of the service period were used as indicators of reproductive ability. Milk productivity was estimated by the value of milk yield for the first 100 days of lactation. The cows were divided into 2 groups. 1 group (n7) animals with a sharp decrease of the content of triglycerides from 50,2960,025 to 0,1160,008 mmol/l (G1), 2 group (n8) with a smooth decline of the content of triglycerides (G2). It was found that heifers with a smooth decrease of the triglycerides concentration in the blood (G2) have a short service period compared to animals with a sharp drop in triglycerides (G1). Thus, animals have different adaptive capacity for metabolic changes in the transition period under the same conditions of feeding and maintenance, this fact determines a change in reproductive function in cows with the same milk production.

PSVI-17 Dissimilarities in thyroid profiles and pregnancy rates in dairy cows with different polymorphic variants of the DIO1 gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 230-230
Author(s):  
Olga V Aleynikova ◽  
Olga S Mityashova ◽  
Olga V Kostyunina ◽  
Nikolay V Bardukov ◽  
Irina Y Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Reverse T3 ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Thyroid Metabolism ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
Hormonal Levels

Abstract Thyroid hormones are implicated in regulation of the reproductive function in cattle. In turn, thyroid metabolism is determined by the activity of different types deiodinases. Our research was aimed to compare post-insemination thyroid profiles and pregnancy rates in dairy cows with different SNP genotypes in the deiodinase gene of the first type (DIO1). Thirty lactating Russian Black Pied cows were synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol and artificially inseminated (AI). Blood samples from the cows were collected on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 33 after AI. Hormonal levels in the serum were measured by ELISA. Pregnancy was confirmed by progesterone concentrations and ultrasonography. Genetic variants for the DIO1 gene were tested by RT-PCR and polymorphism at position 13149 (NC_037330) was found. The occurrence frequency of cows with genotypes CC, CG, and GG was 43.3, 33.3, and 23.3 %, respectively. A proportion of pregnant cows in the CC group was higher than in the CG group (84.6 vs. 40.0%, P &lt; 0.05) and tended to be higher than in the GG group (42.9%). The concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood of CC animals did not change during the studied period, whereas that in CG animals decreased between Days 0 and 14 (from 1.60±0.21 to 1.10±0.22 nmol/L, P &lt; 0.05). Concurrently, the T3 concentration on Day 0 was 1.4 times lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the CC group than in the CG group. Furthermore, the level of reverse T3 on Day 7 in the GG group was 1.3 times higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in the CC or CG groups. Thus, cows with DIO1 gene CC genotype have a higher reproductive ability than cows with CG or GG genotypes, which may be due to peculiarities of thyroid profiles during the first two weeks of pregnancy. The study was supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (0445-2021-0004).

scholarly journals German Shepherd Dog Milk Composition and Its Changes During Lactation

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
A. Dokoupilová ◽  
I. Svobodová ◽  
H. Chaloupková ◽  
L. Kouřimská ◽  
B. Dvořáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Service Dogs ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
German Shepherd Dog ◽  
Infra Red

Abstract Milk composition of nine lactating German Shepherd nursing females was studied. The experiment took place at the breeding facility of Police of the Czech Republic (breeding centre for service dogs in Domažlice) in days 2−30 of the females’ lactation. Females were given a commercial granulated feeding mixture (starter category). Canine milk samples were analyzed using an infra-red instrument MilkoScan FT 120. Calculated mean values for colostrum (day 2 postpartum) and normal milk (days 4−29 postpartum) were: 23.86 and 24.63% for total solids, 8.14 and 7.22% for protein, 6.04 and 5.76% for casein, 10.22 and 11.32% for fat, 3.40 and 4.48% for lactose. German Shepherd milk showed almost no variation in composition after day 4 of lactation. Differences observed between colostrum and normal milk composition were statistically insignificant but not for lactose. No significant differences in density and other composition parameters between colostrum and normal milk were identified.

scholarly journals Analysis of interbreeding and age-dependent indexes of reproductive ability of cows.

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Irina Bondarenko ◽  
Kristinа Velikodna
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Gynecological Examination ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Digital Material ◽  
Main Components

Comparative estimation of the periods sexual cycle under futile inseminations cortex and heifers sexual mature age in facilities Sumy region. The profitability of dairy farming in the farms of Sumy region will remain an unresolved issue to this day, as the indicators of reproductive capacity of breeding cows and repair heifers need analysis and correction. Inadequate feeding and inadequate care of pregnant cows and parturients are often added to this. As a consequence of the above - the reproductive capacity inherent in this species of animals is not fully realized, most cows remain infertile, and farms are short of calves and milk. The percentage of barren animals can be calculated only at the end of the calendar year, taking into account the data of statistical reporting, while infertility must be fought daily. Detection of infertile animals is effective only in the case of regular obstetric and gynecological medical examinations on the farm. It is during this time that experts find out the causes and calculate the percentage of the main components of infertility, which includes anaphrodisia. The article presents the results of the study of the main folds of anaphrodisia of cows and repair heifers of the experimental farm of Sumy region. The results of obstetric and gynecological examination, indicators of reproductive capacity of cows and heifers of mating age, reflect the basis of technology used in the economy, the intensity of use of breeding stock, as well as determine the economic feasibility of livestock in general. The main indicators of reproductive capacity of cows in the conditions of livestock farms are: indicators of inseminations, fertility, number of hotels, indicators of fruitless inseminations, and also duration of the service period The aim of the research was to study and analyze the components of anaphrodisia of cows and repair heifers of the farm during the experimental years. The results obtained will be a criterion for assessing the state of reproductive function of the uterine population of cattle. The research was conducted at Kosivshchynska Agricultural Company, Sumy District, Sumy Region, on Holstein-Friesian cows during 2019-2020. The main indicators of reproduction of uterine cattle were studied on the basis of annual reports. The obtained digital material was processed by methods of variation statistics using Student's parametric t-test. It was found that a significant percentage of culled animals occurred due to functional disorders of reproductive ability, namely due to repeated and ineffective inseminations. It was found that in 2019, 19.3% showed a sexual cycle after calving in less than 30 days, in 2020 - 18.9%, in 31-60 days in 2019 - 27%, in 2020 - 26%, in 61 -90 days in 2020 - 52.7%, in 2019 - 51.8%, for 91-120 days in 2019 - 22.1%, in 2020 - 23.5%. There is a steady growth of the service period, which worsens the performance of the experimental economy. It was found that the largest percentage of culled cows and repair heifers were animals with anaphrodisia: in 2019 33.7% of the total number of culled animals, in 2020 - 51.10%. The number of inseminations during the experimental years decreased, and the insemination index increased : in 2019 it was equal to 60, and in 2020 -80. Studies in this area highlight the problem of infertility in cattle, which encourages the study of this issue, and the search for ways to solve this problem.  

PSX-B-28 Reproductive function of sows with the using of feed additive “Verva”

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
Sergey Anikin ◽  
Natalia Shemuranova ◽  
Andrey Filatov ◽  
Alexander Sapozhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Large White ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Weaning Piglets ◽  
And Control ◽  
Economic Use ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract The aim of the study was to study the effect of the feed additive “Verva” on the reproductive ability of sows and the recovery of their sexual cyclicity. Fir triterpenic acids are the main active ingredient of the feed additive. The study was conducted on 80 sows of the large white breed. Experimental and control groups were formed: GE (n=50), GC (n=30). GE sows from the 80th day of pregnancy for 30 days were additionally given “Verva” at a dose of 3 g per head per day. GC sows weren’t given the “Verva”. Hunting was detected within seven days after weaning the piglets. Artificial insemination was performed twice and the effectiveness was determined on day 28 by ultrasound. The number, weight of newborn piglets in GE and GC don’t differ significantly. By weaning, 10.94±0.17 heads were obtained from one sow in GE, which is 9.1% (p &lt; 0.01) more than in GC. By weaning, the weight of the nest (total weight of piglets) in GC was 66.72=2.13 kg, which is 7.3% (p &lt; 0.05) less than in GE. The “Verva” has a positive effect on the activation of sexual cyclicity: in GE, 95.3% of animals came to the hunt, and in GC-by 4.4% less. On the 4th day after weaning the piglets, 34.1% of the animals came to the hunt in GE, 40% in GC, on the 5th day–46.3% in GE and 50% in GC. On the 6th, 7th days in GE, 17.1% and 2.1% of sows came to the hunt, and in GC, 10.0% and 0.0%, respectively. The efficiency of artificial insemination in GE was 95.4%, which is 13.5% higher than in GC. The “Verva” has a positive effect on the milk production of sows, preserves their progeny, sexual cyclicity after weaning piglets, increases the duration of economic use of animals.

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