Method for estimating mass content of paraffins in Achimov condensates based on chromatographic data

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
S. A. Zanochuev ◽  
T. S. Ponomareva ◽  
E. A. Gromova ◽  
A. V. Polyakov ◽  
R. V. Meir
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Group Composition ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Standard Approach ◽  
Mass Content ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Chromatographic Data ◽  
Component Group ◽  
Urgent Task

The paraffin content in production well streams must be monitored to assess the risks of wax formation during the production, transportation, and treatment of hydrocarbons. This is especially important when operating Achimov reservoirs containing fluids with a high content of heavy paraffin-type hydrocarbons. The standard approach for determining the paraffin content in oil using certified methods involves a long process of sample preparation and separation in selective columns followed by freezing out of paraffin from toluene extract. An urgent task is to find methods for the rapid assessment of paraffin content in condensates. The article considers a method for estimating the mass content of paraffins in condensates based on chromatographic data on the component-fractional and component-group composition of degassed condensate. The authors provide a comparison of the mass fraction of paraffins obtained by the proposed method and measured by the standard certified method.

scholarly journals Analysis of crude mineral sample preparation schemes

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Vladimir Z. Kozin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Sample Mass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Mineral Sample ◽  
Model Scheme ◽  
Paradoxical Growth ◽  
Selection Of

Introduction. Sample preparation schemes are multi-stage. Sample reduction in the process of preparation introduces extra inaccuracy in the result of sampling, consequently, sample preparation schemes inaccuracy should be calculated with further selection of its rational parameters. Research methodology is based on calculation by the formula of sample reduction random inaccuracy. Inaccuracy calculation of a sample preparation scheme. Calculation has been carries out of the scheme recommended by GOST 14180-80. Paradoxical growth of inaccuracy of sample preparation has been shown with ore homogeneity growth. Determination of sample mass by the stages of preparation. Standards and techniques of ore and nonferrous metals concentrates sampling for the creation of sample preparation schemes recommend finding the coefficient in minimum mass formula depending on the mass fraction variation coefficient in the sampled product. Sample preparation is carried out in laboratory conditions, and sample mass cannot depend on this coefficient of variation. Sample inhomogeneity in the laboratory depends only on the inhomogeneity of separate lumps of a sample. Sample inhomogeneity in the preparation laboratory is defined by lump dispersion, and the coefficient is the function of this dispersion, admissible inaccuracy of sample reduction and the dimensions of grain impregnations of the mineral which contains the analyte. 78 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 1. 2020 ISSN 0536-1028 For each factory, individual coefficient can be found, and sample masses can be calculated by the stages of preparation. Analysis of sample preparation schemes. Sample preparation scheme inaccuracy formula is given. Calculation and analysis of the model scheme of sample preparation according to GOST 14180-80 have shown that at the third crushing stage the sample is advisable to be crushed not up to 3, but up to 2 mm, and the recommended sample size at the final stage 8.08 hardly improves the result of preparation, that is why the previous recommendation of 0.1 mm can be used.

Influence of starch content on selected properties of hardboard

2020 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Anita Wronka ◽  
Adam Rdest ◽  
Grzegorz Kowaluk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Mass Content ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Different Content

Influence of starch content on selected properties of hardboard. The aim of the research was to examine the possibility of producing wet-formed fiberboard using a different content of potato starch. The scope of works included the production of plates in laboratory conditions with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20% mass content of potato starch and subjecting them to selected physical and mechanical tests. Thanks to the research, it was possible to produce a hard fiberboard hardboard using a mass fraction of starch. The results of the tests confirmed that as the starch content in the panel increases, the value of mechanical properties increases also.

scholarly journals Scientific and practical results of a comprehensive assessment of quality indicators of cocoa processing products

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
N. V. Linovskaya ◽  
E. V. Mazukabzova ◽  
N. B. Kondratyev
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Fat Crystallization ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Ph Level

Production of chocolate products with high quality indicators is one of the most important tasks of the confectionery industry. Products of processing of cocoa beans are the main ingredients of chocolate products and a comprehensive assessment of their quality is an urgent task. In this work, we studied the qualitative indicators of various samples of cocoa liquor and cocoa butter. The analysis shows that the cocoa liquor sample №5 contained 50,1% cocoa butter compared to other samples, the mass fraction of fat which – (52,5?55,2) %. The lower the mass fraction of fat in cocoa liquor, the lower the yield of cocoa butter when it is pressed. The degree of grinding of the studied samples of cocoa liquor was (92,5?94,1) %, which will ensure the production of fine chocolate semi-finished products produced using these samples. It is also necessary to take into account the pH values of cocoa liquor. The pH level 5 will lead to a longer conching time of chocolate semi-finished products to give them optimal organoleptic properties. The best value of pH (5,6?6,2) characterized by cocoa samples №3, 4 and 6. This circumstance can adversely affect the manufacturability of the process of production of chocolate products produced using these raw components, increasing their solidification time and reducing the productivity of the line. The triglyceride composition of cocoa butter was studied, which determines the properties of fat – crystallization behavior and hardness. The melting temperature of all cocoa butter samples ranged from 33,5 ?C to 34,7 ?C, thanks to this, the finished chocolate products based on them will have good organoleptic characteristics. According to the results of the research proposed differentiation of cocoa processing products into varieties on the basis of a system of integrated assessment of their quality.

scholarly journals Direct dilution of cell aliquot for high temporal resolution bacterial surface charge measurement

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Standard Approach ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Dilution Factor ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
One Step

Bacterial surface charge (SC) mediates important cell-environment and microbe-host interactions, and its accurate and precise measurement by microelectrophoresis requires removing metabolites adhered to the cell surface - where repeated centrifugation and washing by buffers is the gold standard approach. Unfortunately, the need for time-consuming centrifugation limits the temporal resolution of sampling and interrogation of experimental dynamics; especially for samples requiring immediate treatment post sampling. Herein, the feasibility of diluting cell aliquots with buffer as a one-step sample preparation technique for SC measurement was investigated by characterising the effects of dilution factor, type of cation, and buffer conductivity on measuring SC of Escherichia coli DH5α grown in LB medium. Results indicated that dilution factor was critical to accurate SC measurement since low signal-to-noise ratios in high or low cell concentration samples generated substantial error. Type of buffer cation was also important since putative binding of high affinity cations to the cell surface underestimated SC of negatively-charged bacteria. Finally, although high conductivity buffers enabled greater removal of adsorbed metabolites through increased charge screening, a broader statistical distribution of measured SC was also observed – which, at extreme conductivity values, led to inaccurate data, probably due to removal of both intrinsic cell surface ions and exogenous adsorbed metabolites. Altogether, one-step dilution of cell aliquot with deionized water reliably reproduced E. coli SC values obtained via the gold standard approach; however, since the ensemble of secreted metabolites is bacteria/medium specific, distinct diluent and optimal parameters exist for each system. The described methodology may find use in preparing samples for cell surface characterisation studies, where it would help reduce sample preparation time – and thus, improve temporal resolution at which scientific questions can be probed and answered.

scholarly journals Influence of abrasive materials on the quality of analytical surfaces during preparation of samples for spectral analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
M. V. Lagoyskaya
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Materials Used

The article considers the possibility of contamination of the surface of steel samples with abrasive materials when preparing samples for determining the chemical composition on optical emission spectrometers.The standards for sample preparation methods describe in detail the methods of surface treatment, the materials used, and the requirements for the quality of the analyzed surface. The sample surface can be milled or sanded using various abrasive materials. In practice, the laboratory found that the surface of samples during sample preparation is contaminated with aluminum and calcium.In order to determine how the contamination of analytical surfaces occurs, the chemical composition of all materials used in the preparation of samples was studied, and an experiment was conducted to establish a method for preparing the sample surface that does not lead to contamination of the surface with aluminum and calcium. For the experiment, three standard samples of steel composition were selected with certified values of the mass fraction of aluminum and calcium in different ranges. The surface of each sample was processed in three ways and optical emission spectral analysis was performed on each analytical surface at five points to determine the value of the mass fraction of aluminum and calcium and to estimate the spread of the results obtained. As a result of tests it was found that by grinding the sample surface by using abrasive white corundum and abrasive paper grit P40 is the surface contamination of the analyzed sample in aluminum and calcium, therefore, when determining the mass fraction of aluminium and calcium in steel are required for surface preparation to use the method of milling.

Pollutant Identification by Selected Area Electron Diffraction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 532-533
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson ◽  
C. W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Multiple Component

Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) has been used successfully to determine crystal structures, identify traces of minerals in rocks, and characterize the phases formed during thermal treatment of micron-sized particles. There is an increased interest in the method because it has the potential capability of identifying micron-sized pollutants in air and water samples. This paper is a short review of the theory behind SAD and a discussion of the sample preparation employed for the analysis of multiple component environmental samples.

Preparation of Thin Cadmium Telluride Samples for Electron Microscope Studies

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
T. J. Magee ◽  
J. Peng ◽  
J. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Cadmium Telluride ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solid State Devices

Cadmium telluride has become increasingly important in a number of technological applications, particularly in the area of laser-optical components and solid state devices, Microstructural characterizations of the material have in the past been somewhat limited because of the lack of suitable sample preparation and thinning techniques. Utilizing a modified jet thinning apparatus and a potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid thinning solution, a procedure has now been developed for obtaining thin contamination-free samples for TEM examination.

A Freeze Shadow Technique for the Preparation of Soft Paint Latexes for Electron Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 314-315
Author(s):  
Earl R. Walter ◽  
Glen H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Preparation Techniques

With the development of soft, film forming latexes for use in paints and other coatings applications, it became desirable to develop new methods of sample preparation for latex particle size distribution studies with the electron microscope. Conventional latex sample preparation techniques were inadequate due to the pronounced tendency of these new soft latex particles to distort, flatten and fuse on the substrate when they dried. In order to avoid these complications and obtain electron micrographs of undistorted latex particles of soft resins, a freeze-dry, cold shadowing technique was developed. The method has now been used in our laboratory on a routine basis for several years.The cold shadowing is done in a specially constructed vacuum system, having a conventional mechanical fore pump and oil diffusion pump supplying vacuum. The system incorporates bellows type high vacuum valves to permit a prepump cycle and opening of the shadowing chamber without shutting down the oil diffusion pump. A baffeled sorption trap isolates the shadowing chamber from the pumps.

SEM evaluation of the TEM cold-stage double-film specimen

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Jayesh Bellare
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Liquid Sample ◽  
Thin Specimen ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
Film Specimen

Seeing is believing, but only after the sample preparation technique has received a systematic study and a full record is made of the treatment the sample gets.For microstructured liquids and suspensions, fast-freeze thermal fixation and cold-stage microscopy is perhaps the least artifact-laden technique. In the double-film specimen preparation technique, a layer of liquid sample is trapped between 100- and 400-mesh polymer (polyimide, PI) coated grids. Blotting against filter paper drains excess liquid and provides a thin specimen, which is fast-frozen by plunging into liquid nitrogen. This frozen sandwich (Fig. 1) is mounted in a cooling holder and viewed in TEM.Though extremely promising for visualization of liquid microstructures, this double-film technique suffers from a) ireproducibility and nonuniformity of sample thickness, b) low yield of imageable grid squares and c) nonuniform spatial distribution of particulates, which results in fewer being imaged.

Advanced TEM sample preparation techniques for submicron Si devices

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 516-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Basham ◽  
H. L. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Small Hole ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Polished Side ◽  
Preparation Techniques

The use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to support process development of advanced microelectronic devices is often challenged by a large amount of samples submitted from wafer fabrication areas and specific-spot analysis. Improving the TEM sample preparation techniques for a fast turnaround time is critical in order to provide a timely support for customers and improve the utilization of TEM. For the specific-area sample preparation, a technique which can be easily prepared with the least amount of effort is preferred. For these reasons, we have developed several techniques which have greatly facilitated the TEM sample preparation.For specific-area analysis, the use of a copper grid with a small hole is found to be very useful. With this small-hole grid technique, TEM sample preparation can be proceeded by well-established conventional methods. The sample is first polished to the area of interest, which is then carefully positioned inside the hole. This polished side is placed against the grid by epoxy Fig. 1 is an optical image of a TEM cross-section after dimpling to light transmission.

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