Use of Contraceptive among Postpartum Women of a Municipality: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Contraception plays a key role in preventing unwanted births. It also decreases pregnancy and childbirth-related morbidities and mortalities, but many women don't use contraception particularly in the postpartum period. The main objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of contraception use among postpartum women in a municipality. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among married women of reproductive age in Dhulikhel municipality of Kavrepalanchok from January to September 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Committee and permission was taken from Dhulikhel Municipality before the study. The sample size was 332. A convenience sampling method was used. A semi-structured questionnaire pre-tested in Panauti municipality was used. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated for descriptive analysis. Results: Out of total 332 women, 146 (40%) (34.73-45.26 at 95% Confidence Interval) used postpartum contraception. Injectable/Depot was used by 61 (42%) women. Total 97 (52%) of the non-users intended to use contraception in the future. The most common reason for contraception use was women not wanting the next child soon 91 (62%) and reason for non-use was feeling contraception as unnecessary 73 (39%). Conclusions: The use of postpartum contraception was poor, and only half of the non-users intended to use contraception in the future. Thus, contraception use should be encouraged during all possible contact times, and counselling should be made universal to improve postpartum contraception services' uptake.

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The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Menstrual Abnormalities—a Cross-Sectional Study

Obesity Surgery ◽

10.1007/s11695-020-04840-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (11) ◽

pp. 4505-4509

Author(s):

Anna Różańska-Walędziak ◽

Paweł Bartnik ◽

Joanna Kacperczyk-Bartnik ◽

Krzysztof Czajkowski ◽

Maciej Walędziak

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Obese Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Contraception Use ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Obesity is associated with hyperestrogenism along with other hormonal abnormalities affecting the menstrual cycle. The most effective and decisive method of obesity treatment is bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of bariatric surgery on menstrual cycle, the incidence of menstrual abnormalities, hyperandrogenism manifestation, and contraception use. Materials and Methods It was a cross-sectional study of 515 pre-menopausal women who had undergone bariatric surgery between 1999 and 2017 in a bariatric center. Data was collected via anonymous questionnaire, and the questions covered a 1-year period before the surgery and the last year before questionnaire completion. Results Before the surgery, 38.6% of the patients reported irregular menstruations in comparison with 25.0% after bariatric surgery (RR = 0.65; 95%CI 0.53–0.79). The mean number of menstruations per year did not differ before and after surgery (10.2 ± 3.9 vs 10.4 ± 3.3; p < .45). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of prolonged menstruations, acne, and hirsutism prevalence. A total of 14.4% of patients before surgery reported estrogen-based contraception use in comparison with 15.0% after the surgery (p < .95). There were no significant differences in the frequency of OC use (11.0% before surgery vs 13.6% 12 months after the surgery vs 11.5% at the moment of survey administration; p < 0.46). Conclusion Bariatric surgery improves the regularity of the menstrual cycle in obese women in reproductive age. The lack of any changes in the combined hormonal contraception (CHC) use, especially OC, before and after bariatric surgery may be a result of a possibly low level of contraception counseling.

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Associated factors of pregnancy spacing among women of reproductive age Group in South of Iran: cross-sectional study

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-020-03250-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tania Dehesh ◽

Elaheh Salarpour ◽

Neda Malekmohammadi ◽

Sepideh Arjomand Kermani

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Recurrent Event ◽

Age Group ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pregnancy Spacing ◽

Contraception Use ◽

Reproductive Age Group

Abstract Background Optimal pregnancy spacing is an important incidence in reproductive women’s health. Short or long pregnancy spacing leads to the greatest health, social and economic problems such as increase in maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study is to assess the mean of pregnancy spacing and associated factors of pregnancy spacing among women of reproductive age group with recurrent event analysis. Methods The fertility history of 1350 women aged 15–49 years was collected in this cross-sectional study. The women were selected through multistage random sampling method from a list of clinics in 2018. Some predictors were collected from their records and others were collected by face-to-face interview. The recurrent event survival analysis was used to explore the effect of predictors on pregnancy spacing. The R software program was used for analysis. Results There were nine predictors that had significant effect on pregnancy spacing. These predictors included the age of mother at marriage, mother’s BMI, contraception use, breast feeding duration of the previous child, the education level of husband, the sex preference of the mother, presence of abortion or stillbirth in the preceding pregnancies, income sufficiency, and mother’s awareness of optimum pregnancy interval. The most influential predictors; contraception use (HR = 2.34, 95%CI = 1.23 to 2.76, P < 0.001) and income sufficiency (HR = 2.046, 95%CI = 1.61 to 3.02, P = 0.018) lead to longer and son preference of mother (HR = 2.231, 95%CI = 1.24 to 2.81, P = 0.023) lead to shorter pregnancy spacing. Conclusion The up to date contraception tool should be at hand for couples to manage their pregnancy intervals. The unfavorable economic situation of a family leads to long pregnancy spacing. Despite the relative equality of the status of girls and boys in today’s societies, the desire to have a son child is still an important factor in shorter pregnancy spacing. The benefit of optimal pregnancy spacing should be more announced.

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Childhood Overnutrition among School Going Children in a Municipality: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.5367 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 59 (242) ◽

pp. 868-871

Author(s):

Alisha Thapa ◽

Susmita Nepal ◽

Garima Malla ◽

Sushma Pokhrel

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

School Children ◽

Binary Data ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Point Estimate ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Status

Introduction: Childhood obesity, caused due to excessive fat accumulation, is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths associated with several non-communicable diseases. In Nepal, there is limited data available on the status of overweight and obesity among school children. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of childhood overnutrition among school going children in a municipality. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019, in four schools of a municipality selected by simple random sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from Nepal Health Research Council (Registration number 380/2019). Data was collected using census sampling from children aged 5-18 years through self-administered questionnaires to the children’s parents. The data was entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for analysis. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 379 school children, the prevalence of overnutrition was found to be 38 (10.03%) (95% Confidence Interval= 7.01-13.05). Prevalence of overnutrition was highest in children of age group 10-13 years 23 (60.5%), in females 27 (71.1%), those consuming junk food 4-6 times weekly 14 (36.8%) and those performing daily physical activity less than 60 minutes 24 (63.2%). Conclusions: The prevalence of childhood overnutrition is similar in comparison to other studies done in similar settings.

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Long Acting Reversible Contraception use among postpartum women in Hossana Town, Southern Ethiopia: cross sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.19848/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Biruktawit Fekade Woldu ◽

Tadesse Lelago Ermolo ◽

Lidiya Gutema Lemu ◽

Negeso Gebeyehu Gejo

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Period ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Immunization Service ◽

Contraception Use ◽

Long Acting

Abstract Background: In low and middle-income countries, 95% of postpartum women want to avoid a pregnancy for 2 years, but 70% are not using contraception. Delay in use of contraception by couples during postpartum period can result in many unwanted pregnancies. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) is ideal for postpartum women. Therefore this study aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with LARC use among postpartum women.Methods: Facility based cross sectional study was conducted among 381 women in extended postpartum period visiting Child Immunization service in hosanna health institutions. Pretested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done. The presence and strength of association was determined using AOR with its 95% CI. Variables with P value less than 0.05 were considered as statistical significant. Results: Less than one fifth (18.1%) of participants intend to give birth within 2 years. The prevalence of LARC use was 36.5% (95%CI (33.05-39.95)). The main reason for not using was fear of side effect and false information. Previous use of LARC n (AOR=3.3, 95%CI (1.7-6.5)) and have ever discussed with health providers on LARC (AOR=2.5, 95%CI (1.1-5.74)) were found to be significantly associated with LARC use. Conclusions: Despite their lesser intention to give birth within 2 years, the utilization of LARC among postpartum women was found to be low in this study. Provision of health education and expanding access should be emphasized to enhance its utilization.

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Child Sexual Abuse among School Children of a Municipality: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.6865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 59 (239) ◽

Author(s):

Sushma Shrestha ◽

Swechhya Baskota ◽

Urusha Karki ◽

Lisasha Poudel ◽

Niroj Bhandari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Child Sexual Abuse ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

School Children ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Point Estimate ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Sexual abuse remains a hidden and underreported form of violence against children and a serious public health concern. Although it results in severe mental, physical, and psychological risks with consequences such as depression, fear, and low self-esteem, it is still an unexplored and less prioritized area in Nepal. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse among school children of a municipality. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among 405 students, aged below 18 of Mandan-Deupur Municipality, Kavrepalanchowk from April to May 2018. Ethical clearance was taken from Nepal Health Research Council (Ref no 2506). A simple random sampling technique was used to select the schools. Collected data were then entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage. Results: In overall, 64 (15.8%) (12.4-19.7 at 95% Confidence Interval) were found to be sexually abused, where a high prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse was reported for boys 46 (73.43%). Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, child sexual abuse is seen as a significant issue in the place studied. Awareness programs on child sexual abuse should be organized targeting children along with parents and community people.

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Culture Positive Cases of Ophthalmia Neonatorum in a Tertiary Care Centre of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.5044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 59 (236) ◽

Author(s):

Sabina Shrestha ◽

Sunil Raja Manandhar ◽

Om Krishna Malla

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Binary Data ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Point Estimate ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ophthalmia Neonatorum ◽

Culture Positive

Introduction: Ophthalmia neonatorum although runs a benign course mostly, sometimes may progress to sight threatening complications. The study was conducted to find the prevalence of culture positive cases of opthalmia neonatorum. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care center from January to December 2019. Ethical clearance was obtained from institutional review committee of Kathmandu Medical College. Convenience sampling was done. All data were entered into excel and, then for analysis, exported to Statistal Package for Social Sciences version 21. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: The prevalence of culture positive cases of opthalmia neonaturum is 10 (55.55%) (32.61-78.49 at 95% Confidence Interval). The causative organisms were coagulase negative Staphylococcus 4 (40%), Staphylococcus aureus 3 (30%), Klebsiella 2 (20%) and Pseudomonas 1 (10%). Culture sensitivity of the isolated organisms were different according to the patient even in case of the same organism. Vancomycin 7 ( 70%) was the most sensitive antibiotic followed by Ciprofloxacin 6 (60%), Amikacin 5 (50%) and Cloxacillin 5 (50%) while Azithromycin 1 (10%), Cefixime 1 (10%) and Cotrimoxazole 1 (10%) were the least sensitive. Conclusions: Staphylococcus species was the most common organism isolated from neonates with ophthalmia neonatorum and vancomycin was the most sensitive antibiotic.

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Right External Carotid Artery Originated Right Superior Thyroid Artery in Cadavers of a Medical College in Western Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.6419 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 59 (241) ◽

pp. 906-909

Author(s):

Nitasha Sharma ◽

Ruku Pandit ◽

Bhima Neupane ◽

Ram Prakash Sah ◽

Laxmi Bhattarai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

External Carotid Artery ◽

Point Estimate ◽

External Carotid ◽

Superior Thyroid Artery ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College

Introduction: External carotid artery originated superior thyroid artery are frequently documented in classical anatomical, surgical and radiological textbooks. Knowledge of anatomical variations, proper identification of superior thyroid arteries is very important to avoid major complications during and after neck surgeries. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of right superior thyroid artery originating from right external carotid artery in cadavers of a Medical College in Western Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the department of anatomy in Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal from October 2020 to January 2021 after ethical clearance from the same institution (IRC UCMS, Ref: UCMS/IRC/078/20). Variations in origin of superior thyroid arteries were observed, recorded and photographed. Convenient sampling method was used. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016. Point estimate at 90% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage. Results: Out of 30 right superior thyroid arteries of 30 cadavers, 27 (90%) at 90% Confidence Interval (80.22-96.44) originates from right external carotid artery. Conclusions: In our study we observed that almost nine tenths of right superior thyroid arteries originated from the right external carotid artery which was relatively high in comparison to other studies. Thus, Extensive knowledge of variations in origin of superior thyroid artery is important for surgeons prior to various interventional surgeries.

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Study of choices of contraception in postpartum women in a tertiary care institute in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20196046 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 348

Author(s):

Aliya Farogh ◽

Tushar Palve

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Period ◽

Economic Status ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

First Year ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Postpartum Contraception ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Contraception Use

Background: This modern era talks about women strength and empowerment where they are working either equally or one step ahead of men. However, a fall back in making decisions for contraception use and family planning can still be observed. It is most frequently seen among women belonging to some village as they are exposed to a minimal health care. Keeping this in mind, this crucial period was considered as opportunity to test the issue regarding the various choices of contraception available. Objective of this study was to find out the criteria and methods of contraception selected by women in the postpartum period.Methods: A cross-sectional study in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology was conducted over a period of 11/2 years in which a total of 150 postpartum women were interrogated and counselled regarding various methods of contraception.Results: The contraceptive methods most commonly selected in postpartum period are PPIUCD, Barrier, tubal ligation and injectable contraception of which condom is the most common method adopted. The important factors responsible for the choice of contraception include parity, breast- feeding, education and socio-economic status of the women.Conclusions: Postpartum period is particularly important for initiating contraception as the largest proportion with unmet need of contraception is found among those in their first year after child birth. In order to space birth in a healthy manner postpartum contraception should be emphasized upon.

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Type A Cubital Venous Pattern among Students of a Dental College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.6431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 59 (238) ◽

Author(s):

Bipana Manandhar ◽

Ritee Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Binary Data ◽

Type A ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dental Students ◽

Point Estimate ◽

International Studies ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Venous Pattern

Introduction: Superficial veins in cubital fossa vary frequently in their anatomical pattern. The knowledge of variation of the cubital venous pattern is very essential for medical professionals for venous access during different medical procedures. This study aims to find the prevalence of Type A cubital venous pattern among students of a dental college. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 133 dental students of age 18 to 25 years in the department of anatomy of a dental college from November 2020 to February 2021. This study was conducted after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee. Convenience sampling used and data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 133 dental students, Type A cubital venous pattern was found in 96 (72.18%) (64.56-79.79 at 95% Confidence Interval). Type A cubital venous pattern was seen in the left arm in 116 (43.61%) and in the right arm of 76 (28.57%) students. This pattern was noticed in 30 (22.55%) male and 103 (77.44%) female students respectively. Conclusions: This study showed higher Type A cubital venous pattern among dental students than other international studies.

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Prevalence of Dyspnea among Patients Attending the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.4582 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (219) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anmol Purna Shrestha ◽

Roshana Shrestha ◽

Sanu Krishna Shrestha ◽

Alok Pradhan ◽

Samjhana Basnet

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Binary Data ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Point Estimate ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Dyspnea is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department worldwide and a diagnostic challenge for emergency physicians. Our study aims to find the prevalence of dyspnea among patients attending emergency department in our hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the emergency department of Dhulikhel hospital from May 2019 to July 2019 after ethical approval from the institutional review committee. Total 1200 samples were collected by consecutive sampling method. All patients were triaged in the emergency department as a part of regular protocol. The participants were included in the study after obtaining an informed consent from the patient or caretaker (if the patient were not able to provide it). Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. The statistical analysis was done using R version 3.5.3 (2019-03-11). Results: The prevalence of dyspnea among patients attending emergency department of a tertiary care hospital was 107 (8.9%) (4.6%-13.2%) at 95% confidence interval. The patients triaged into red, orange and yellow categories were 14 (13.1%), 50 (46.7%) and 43 (40.2%) respectively. Median age was 64 years and 74 (69%) were ≥60 years. Sixty-seven (62.6%) were females and 40 (37.4%) were males. Forty-four (41.1%) arrived by ambulance. Most commonly associated symptoms were cough and fever 59 (51.1%) and 44 (41.1%) respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of dyspnea among patients attending emergency department of our hospital is higher compared to that of other studies. This warrants structured and prompt management of dyspnea for quality improvement.

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