Каменная икона Богоматери «Одигитрии» Смоленской XV века из собрания Сергиево-Посадского музея-заповедника: новые данные

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Татьяна Юрьевна Токарева ◽  
Нина Викторовна Холодкова
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Complex ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
Over Time

Из настоящей статьи читатель узнает непростую историю уникального экспоната из собрания Сергиево-Посадского музея-заповедника. Речь идёт об иконе Богоматери «Одигитрии» Смоленской - едва ли не единственной в стране каменной иконе XV в. Признанная в XVIII веке чудотворной, она стала главной святыней специально построенного на территории Троице-Сергиевой лавры храма в её честь. Эта икона получила со временем несколько ценных и изысканных украшений. Об этих предметах и их вкладчиках впервые приводятся подробные сведения в данной статье. Также впервые освещается история иконы и оклада в советский период (в частности, рассказывается о реконструкции утрат на иконе (головы младенца), передаче оклада в Гохран и его возврате). В настоящее время в исторической экспозиции музея впервые за последние 100 лет икона и отреставрированный оклад показаны единым комплексом. This article tells the reader the complicated story of a unique exhibit from the collection of the Sergiev Posad Museum-Reserve. It is about the icon of the Mother of God "Hodegetria" of Smolensk - perhaps the only stone icon of the XV century in the country. Recognised as miraculous in the XVIII century, it became the main sacred thing of the temple in its honour built on the territory of the Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra. This icon has received several valuable and exquisite decorations over time. These items and their contributors are detailed for the first time in this article. The history of the icon and the case in the Soviet period is also covered for the first time (in particular, the reconstruction of the losses on the icon (the head of the child), the transfer of the case to the Gokhran and its return). Now for the first time in the last 100 years, the icon and the restored case are displayed as a single complex in the museum's historical exposition.

Solicitors and the Law of Maintenance 1590–1640

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Temple

The surviving image of the Elizabethan and Jacobean solicitor was created for us by the pamphleteers and playmongers, who could be sure of immediate applause or popular sympathy by introducing into their work a few caricatures drawn from the seamier recesses of the legal world. We are encouraged by these writers to imagine a London plagued by these vermin of the law, scurrying in and around the Temple and lurking in the shadows of Westminster Hall, waiting to pounce on the unsuspecting bumpkin who had the misfortune to wander near their reach. Whether and to what extent these portraits bear any relation to reality are questions which social historians have yet to answer. Legal historians have made but a slight contribution to the history of solicitors during the period which, for them, was the most critical of all. To this period may be assigned the beginning of a process of demarcation between the functions of barristers and solicitors, and when we understand how this came about we shall have traced for the first time the origin of the solicitors' branch of the profession.

scholarly journals ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN THE LOWER PART OF THE NIZHNIY NOVGOROD KREMLIN (PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE 2018-2019 EXCAVATIONS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 322-338
Author(s):  
Н. Н. Грибов ◽  
Т. А. Марьенкина ◽  
Н. В. Иванова
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church

В статье представлены предварительные результаты первых масштабных археологических исследований в нижней части Нижегородского кремля. Раскоп, заложенный в зоне воссоздания храма Святого Симеона Столпника, вскрыл культурные отложения двух периодов - XIII - начала XV в. и XVI - середины XVIII в. Впервые средневековая усадебная застройка Нижнего Новгорода зафиксирована на таком элементе волжской долины, как береговой склон. Выдающееся значение для нижегородской археологии имеют обнаружение стратифицированных культурных напластований XIII - начала XV в. и зафиксированный на стратиграфических разрезах перерыв в активном освоении городской территории, соответствующий большей части XV в. Предложена реконструкция истории освоения раскопанного участка. Выяснилось, что связанный с храмом малоизвестный нижегородский Симеоновский монастырь вряд ли существовал до строительства Нижегородского кремля. Наиболее раннее, предположительно, монастырское сооружение, возникшее после исчезновения усадебной застройки XIII - начала XV в., датировано концом XV - серединой XVI в. С этим периодом связано строительство деревянного моста, обеспечивавшего транспортное сообщение между «нагорным» и приречным районами города. Обнаружение остатков этого свайного сооружения существенно корректирует известную реконструкцию застройки кремлевской территории начала XVII в., выполненную по письменным источникам. Дано обоснование времени функционирования обнаруженного некрополя Симеоновского монастыря в пределах середины XVI - начала XVIII в., приведена общая характеристика изученных погребений. В общеисторическом контексте материалы исследований представляют интерес для изучения процессов, сопровождающих превращение удельных городских центров в города Московской Руси. The article presents preliminary results of the first large-scale archaeological research in the lower part of the Nizhniy Novgorod Kremlin. The excavation, laid in the area of the reconstruction of the Church of St. Simeon the Stylite, uncovered cultural layer of two periods - the XIII - early XV centuries and the XVI - mid XVIII centuries. For the first time, the medieval estate development of Nizhniy Novgorod was recorded on such an element of the Volga valley as the coastal slope. The discovery of stratified cultural strata of the XIII - early XV centuries and the break in the active development of urban territory recorded on stratigraphic sections, corresponding to most of the XV century, are of outstanding significance for Nizhniy Novgorod archeology. The reconstruction of the history of development of the excavated site is proposed. It turned out that the little-known Nizhniy Novgorod Simeon monastery associated with the temple hardly existed before the construction of the Nizhniy Novgorod Kremlin. The earliest, presumably, monastic structure that arose after the disappearance of the manor buildings of the XIII -early XV centuries., dated to the end of the XV - mid XVI centuries. This period is associated with the construction of a wooden bridge that provided transport links between the «Nagorny» and riverine districts of the city. The discovery of the remains of this pile structure significantly corrects the well-known reconstruction of the Kremlin territory of the beginning of the XVII century, made according to written sources. The justification for the functioning of the necropolis discovered Simeon monastery in the middle of the XVI century - beginning of the XVIII centuries, the general characteristics of the studied burials. In the general historical context, the research materials are of interest for studying the processes that accompany the transformation of specific urban centers into cities of Muscovite Russia.

scholarly journals INSTITUTE OF EMISSARIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Koigeldiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Management System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Administrative Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time

The 20-30 years of the XX-th century in the history of Kazakhstan are characterized by the formation of such a form of governance of the republic from the center as the institute of emissaries. This form of management remained unchanged until the end of the Soviet period. The system of administrative management has acquired a new character, consolidating the former imperial positions based on the search for sources of raw materials and sales markets. The history of the formation and activity of the Institute of emissaries as a management system in Kazakhstan was not considered as an object of historical analysis. For the first time in the Kazakh historiography in the context of the 20-30s, the author analyzes the origins of the formation of this institute of management. The article highlights the beginning of a new stage in the Kazakh history, which implies a generalization of the activities of the power system and its nature from the point of view of modern realities.

scholarly journals COMPASS INSIDE US BY PETER JILEMNICKÝ: CREATIVE HISTORY, GENRE PECULIARITY, ETHNO-HISTORICAL MATERIAL, AND IDEOLOGICAL TRENDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
В.С. ПУКИШ ◽  
И.С. ХУГАЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Original Text ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Central Characters ◽  
First Time

В статье рассматривается роман основоположника «революционно-пролетарской словацкой литературы», «словацкого Горького» Петера Йилемницкого (1901–1949) «Компас в нас» (1937). Актуальность данного рассмотрения определяется уже тем, что в романе значительное место уделено советской (русской, киргизской) и кавказ­ской (осетинской, в хронотопе, заступающем советские рамки) теме, – и при этом произведение Йилемницкого до сих пор не было переведено на русский язык и осталось, в общем, вне поля зрения отечественного литературоведения и литературной кри­тики. Отдельные, связанные с осетинской темой, главы романа в переводе на осетин­ский язык, выполненном в свое время Хасаном Малиевым и Сафаром Хаблиевым, пу­бликовались в советское время в североосетинской периодической печати, и, поскольку одним из героев Йилемницкого выступает друг Петера Йилемницкого известный осе­тинский писатель Чермен Беджызаты (1898–1937) и действие первого плана происхо­дит именно в Южной Осетии, которую, в рамках сюжета, посещает повествователь, роман «Компас в нас» несколько раз упоминался в осетинском литературоведении. Одним из авторов данной статьи (В.С. Пукишем) роман Йилемницкого в «осетин­ской» части в последнее время переведен на русский язык с языка оригинала (редакто­ром перевода, необходимого в виду этнокультурной фактуры, выступил И.С. Хугаев); соответственно, здесь, помимо необходимой биографической и библиографической справки, вводятся в литературно-критический оборот обстоятельства творческой истории романа «Компас в нас», его основные идеи и образы, а также его оценки в словацком литературном процессе; впервые на основе оригинального текста тракту­ется архитектоника, образная система, идеология, общие изобразительные приемы и идейно-эмоциональная тенденция текста Петера Йилемницкого. The article examines the novel Kompas v nás (Compass Inside Us) by Peter Jilemnický (1901–1949), the founder of “revolutionary proletarian Slovak literature,” and “the Slovak Gorki.” The topicality of this review can be proved by the fact that the novel devotes much attention to the Soviet (Russian, Kyrgyz) and the Caucasian (Ossetian – in the space-time going beyond the Soviet period) themes – however, by now it has not been translated into Russian and thus it has remained mostly out of the eye of contemporary Russian literary criticism. At the same time, the Ossetia-related chapters of the novel translated into Ossetian by Khasan Maliev and Safar Khabliev, were published in the North Ossetian press, and due to the fact that one of the central characters of the novel is Chermen Bedzhyzaty (1898–1937), a known Ossetian writer and a friend of Peter Jilemnický, and that the foreground of the story takes place in South Ossetia visited by the narrator, Compass Inside Us has more than once been mentioned by Ossetian literary critics. One of the authors of this article (V. Pukish) recently translated the ‘Ossetian’ part of the novel from Slovak into Russian (I. Khugaev edited the translated text as required by the ehtnocultural texture); this is why, the circumstances of creative history of the novel, its main ideas and images, and the assessments given to it by Slovak literary critics are hereby introduced into the scientific discourse in addition to the required biographical and bibliographical references. Based on the original text of the novel, the authors of this article are for the first time discussing the architectonics, imagery, ideology, general representational devices, and ideological and emotional trends of the text by Peter Jilemnický.

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION ON LIABILITY FOR FRAUD IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Arkhipov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The article examines the history of the emergence and development of Russian legislation on criminal liability for fraud. It is noted that for the first time fraud is mentioned in the legal acts of the second half of the 16th century - the Codes of Justice of Tsars Ivan IV and Fyodor Ioannovich. Initially, fraud was most often understood as a deft but petty theft, in which de-ception was used to facilitate its commission. The understanding of fraud as the theft of other people's property, committed by deception, began to be formed only in the second half of the 18th century with the publication on April 3, 1781 by Empress Catherine II of the Decree "On the court and punishments for theft of different kinds and the establishment of working houses in all the gubernias." In the 19th century, the clarifying process of the content of the term "fraud" continued. It was reflected in the first codified criminal laws of the Russian Empire - Code of crimi-nal and corrective penalties of Russia of 1845 and the Charter on Punishments imposed by the justices of the peace of 1864. A significant contribution to the development of the Russian criminal law on liability for fraud was made by a group of legal scholars involved in the de-velopment of the Criminal Code of the Russian Empire, in which the whole Chapter 33 (Arti-cles 591-598) contained the rules on liability for fraud. Although the 1903 Criminal Code was not fully enacted, it had a significant impact on the formation of criminal law on liability for fraud in subsequent regulations. During the Soviet period, the legislation on the responsibility for fraud continued to develop. For the first time, abuse of trust was mentioned as a method of crime, along with deception. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the adoption in 1993 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law 10 of 01.07.1994 made signifi-cant changes to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1960 that served as the basis for the system of crimes against property in modern Russia.

scholarly journals A Dagestiani woman in the system of physical culture and sport in 1930s: a historical aspect of the gender stereotypes transformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Sh. Kaymarazov ◽  
◽  
L.G. Kaymarazova
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Gender History ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time

The relevance of the study is determined by the scientific and practical interest in the history of national physical culture and sports, the state policy in this area, including in the national regions of the country in the early Soviet period, as well as the discussions that have unfolded in the world community today about the fate of women's sports. For the first time, the article analyzes the transformations that took place in the 1930s on the basis of reliable factual materials, taking into account modern historiographic generalizations in the structure of women's gender role on the example of participation in the physical culture movement and sports of women of multinational Dagestan, which became more and more noticeable, despite the preservation of the significant influence of Islam and traditional ideas about the place of women in the system of social relations and the family. The research carried out within the framework of socio-cultural, gender history, the history of everyday life on the basis of the principles of historicism and objectivity with the use of comparative-historical, problem-chronological, descriptive methods and taking into account the main provisions of the modernization concept, led to the conclusion that in the 1930s ... the leadership of the republic and the region began to give priority attention to the involvement of mountain girls in the physical culture and military-sports movement, which became one of the components of the program for solving the "women's issue", the implementation of which made it possible to more and more actively attract Dagestani women to participate in the socio-political and cultural life of the republic, edges, countries.

scholarly journals Inspection of the Monastic Hegumens of Lviv Union Eparchy in 1724

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Andrii Pavlyshyn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Xviii Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Real State

The aim of the research is to introduce an important source of the history of the church, in particular the monasticism of the Lviv Union eparchy of the first half of the XVIII century into scientific circulation – “Inspection of the hegumens of the Lviv eparchy in 1724”. The methodology of the researchis based on the principles of historicism, analytical and synthetic critique of sources. Comparative and typological general historical methods are also used.The scientific noveltyis in the introduction of the source, which most fully reflects the real state of monasticism of the Lviv eparchy in the first quarter of the XVIII century into wide circulation for the first time. Conclusions: As a result of archival searches, a historical source “Inspection of the hegumens of Lviv eparchyin 1724”was discovered and put into scientific circulation. It is the first complete description of the existing monasteries of the Lviv dioceseand allows to recreate their detailed network at the first quarter of the XVIII century. For the first time, the document also reliably outlines the number of monastic communities in the eparchy. Onthebasisofinspection it can be stated that the Lviv Union diocesein 1724 had 62 monasteries with 341 monks. The source also allows us to trace the power of bishops over monasteries, in particular the mechanism of hegumens subordination to bishops. The document contains valuable information about the relationship of monasteries, in particular the subordination of smaller monastic communities to larger ones. No less important are the sources about the economic situation of the monasteries.In 1724, only 34 out of 62 monasteries, showed documents for the right to own some land plots, which allows us to speak of a relatively modest monastic farming. “Inspection of the hegumens of the Lviv eparchy in 1724”, is a key source that allows us to characterize not only the state of monasteries, but also the Lviv eparchy in general in the first decades after the adoption of the Brest Union by the diocese.

scholarly journals “THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE PRESENT INTRIGUES OF THE COURT OF CARAMANIA” BY E. HAYWOOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (79(1)) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
O.M. Buranok ◽  
◽  
N.E. Erofeeva ◽  
I.B. Kazakova ◽  
O.V. Sizova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Secret History

The article examines the works of E. Haywood, as the author of novels, the publisher of three women's magazines that laid the groundwork for the culture of women's creativity in English literature of the XVIII century. Her name is called among the first authors of a women's novel, which is still interpreted from a gender perspective in modern science as a sociocultural phenomenon that represents the world through the eyes of women. Nevertheless, the authors of the article note the serious influence of men's literature on the work of the writer who was passionate about politics and social reforms. Special attention is paid to such genre modification of the novel as "secret histories", the predecessor of "the novel with the key". It is noted that what is new in "secret histories" is the shift in the angle of perception of the text itself, filled with facts about certain historical events and people, which were taken from various kinds of insinuations, as a rule, it had nothing to do with the real history, but attracted the reader with their variations in the relationships of the characters. Slander becomes the subject of the depiction, and its possessors represent heroes (antiheroes) through the prism of the certain moral values, including the state ones. For the first time in Russian literary criticism, the authors acquaint the reader to the "secret histories" of E. Haywood, novels “The Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of Caramania”(1726), “Memories of a Certain Island Adjacent to the Kingdom of Utopia” (1725 – 26), “The Advantures of Eovaai, Princess of Ijavea; a preAdamitical History” (1736) in the context of women's prose in England in the XVIII century. The analysis of the novel “The Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of Caramania” as the most vivid example of the "secret histories" by E. Haywood is offered. The material of the article will be of interest to the specialists, as well as to those who are interested in the development of the female genre of the novel in the literature of England during the Enlightenment.

scholarly journals History of Iskcon (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) Distribution in Belarus

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Svetlana Karassyova ◽  
Ilya Tarkan
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
First Time ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Source Of Information

Based on several scientific publications, a limited number of news from the 1980s up until 2021 and a series of in-depth interviews with devotees in 2006–2021, the authors of the paper managed to restore the history of Bengal Vaishnavism distribution in Belarus for the first time. Specific attributes of its introduction to the country were: (1) philosophical requests from the local citizens, not immigration of its original bearers; (2) a long period of spontaneous distribution in the form of personal involvement with Vaishnava ideas and, hence, late institutionalization of the movement. The main stages of Vaishnavism development in Belarus were distinguished: (1) 1980s, the Soviet period: introduction of Vaishnava ideas and practices within individual self-identification of the members of small groups; (2) 1990s, the post-Soviet period: forming organizational structure of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in Belarus; (3) 2000s: spiritual and administrative crises and reformation of the systems of administration and practice creation of the institute of curating the newly converted devotees; (4) 2010s: search for and establishment of the new models of serving, the out-of-temple bhakti practice, in particular; further popularization of the Vaishnava movement and community in Belarus. The main source of information on the history of Vaishnavism distribution in Belarus were in-depth interviews with the members of the community standing at its origin.

COMBATING CORRUPTION IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Марина Михайловна Василенко
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Domestic Law

В статье обосновывается актуальность проведенного исследования в области противодействия коррупции; анализируются правовые нормы, предусматривающие ответственность за деяния, имеющие коррупционную составляющую, в памятниках феодального отечественного права, нормативных актах периодов образования централизованного государства Руси и времен сословно-представительной монархии, эпохи становления и развития абсолютизма в нашем государстве. Особое внимание уделено исследованию такого исторического документа, как Уложение о наказаниях уголовных и исправительных, в котором впервые значительно детализированы нормы, предусматривающие ответственность за должностные преступления. Кроме того, изучены и меры противодействия коррупции, отраженные в уголовном законодательстве советского периода. Применение историко-правового метода позволяет выделить наиболее характерные черты коррупционных проявлений и применяемые за них виды наказаний на различных исторических этапах развития отечественного уголовного законодательства, проанализировать продуктивность применения данного правового инструмента в части борьбы с коррупционными правонарушениями. При этом автором делаются выводы о недостаточной эффективности современного уголовного законодательства в вопросе борьбы с должностными преступлениями и необходимости учета богатого опыта отечественного уголовного законодательства в сфере противодействия такому негативному феномену, как коррупция. На основании метода обобщения автором предлагаются конкретные меры, направленные на совершенствование уголовного законодательства в сфере противодействия коррупции. The article establishes the relevance of the conducted research in the field of combating corruption; analysis of legal norms providing for liability for acts that have a corruption component, in the monuments of feudal domestic law, regulations of the periods of formation of the centralized state of Russia and the era of estate-representative monarchy, epoch of formation and development of absolutism in our state. Special attention is paid to the study of such historical document as the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments, which for the first time significantly details the norms providing for responsibility for official crimes. In addition, the anti-corruption measures reflected in the criminal legislation of the Soviet period. The use of the historical-legal method to highlight the most characteristic features of corruption and use them for the types of punishment in different historical stages of development of the domestic criminal law, to analyze the productivity of application of this legal instrument in fighting corruption. At the same time, the author draws conclusions about the insufficient effectiveness of modern criminal legislation in the fight against official crimes, and the need to take into account the rich experience of domestic criminal legislation in the field of countering such a negative phenomenon as corruption. Based on the method of generalization, the author suggests specific measures aimed at improving the criminal legislation in the field of combating corruption.

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