scholarly journals Biological features of pigs of different productivity types in early ontogenesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
A. M. Khokhlov ◽  
◽  
D. I. Baranovsky ◽  
I. I. Goncharova ◽  
A. S. Fedyaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Large White ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Integral Structure ◽  
Directed Development ◽  
Phenotype Selection

The morphogenetic period is the most important period of ontogenesis, the period of the highest activity of genes that provide the fundamental foundation and development of the main systems of the body. Breeding changes always begin with genetic changes that change the course of development and are realized in the phenotype. Thus, at the level of the phenotype selection plays an important role. The path from gene to trait is a major problem in developmental biology. The study was carried out on fetuses, embryos and newborn piglets of large white, Landrace and Mirgorod breed. The animal organism is an integral structure, where all organs, systems and tissues are interdependent and interconnected. Correlations preserve the organism as an integral structure. The study of biological patterns of development is of great practical importance in pig breeding. Their knowledge allows not only to improve existing breeds, breed types, but also allows to create new breeds and manage productivity. The directed development of the organism is influenced by the controlling factors of heredity in interaction with the environment. The intensity of metabolism is associated with its development and the formation of productive qualities. The type of animal can be the main factor in the assessment that determines the productivity of the animal. The type of animal includes its general appearance by which the productivity of the animal is determined. Meat, greasy and versatile types can be clearly distinguished. The main indicators that characterize the features of the morphogenetic period of ontogenesis are the following: live weight, height, development of the physique, internal organs, skeleton and muscle tissue. The role of blood in the body is very diverse. The main indicators for studying the properties of blood, its total amount, composition (the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, the content of hemoglobin, protein, its fractions) are also relevant. In fetuses of Landrace and Large White breeds, along with high fertility, a greater number of blood cells and a high concentration of protein in the plasma of blood elements were revealed in comparison with fetuses and newborns of Mirgorod breed.

Physical and chemical composition of the body of breeding sows with differing body subcutaneous fat depth at parturition, differing nutrition during lactation and differing litter size

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTThe physical and chemical composition of sows was determined at first mating (no. = 6), weaning the first litter (12) and 14 days after weaning the fourth litter (24). The sows were from 108 Large White/Landrace Fl hybrid gilts allocated in a factorial arrangement according to two levels of subcutaneous fatness at parturition (12 v. 22 mm P2), two levels of lactation feeding (3 v. 7 kg) and two sizes of sucking litter (six v. 10). Treatments significantly influenced the composition of dissected carcass fat and chemical lipid, but not composition of dissected lean and chemical protein. The final body protein mass of well fed sows at the termination of parity 4 was 41 kg, and the total content of gross energy (GE) in excess of 3000 MJ, with an average of 12·4 MJ GE per kg live weight; equivalent values for the less well fed sows were 33 kg and 9·4 MJ GE per kg live weight respectively. The weights of chemical lipid and protein could be predicted from the equations: lipid (kg) = -20·4 (s.e. 4·5) + 0·21 (s.e. 0·02) live weight + 1·5 (s.e. 0·2) P2; protein (kg) = -2·3 (s.e. 1·6) + 0·19 (s.e. 0·01) live weight - 0·22 (s.e. 0·07) P2. On average, sows lost 9 kg lipid and 3 kg protein in the course of the 28-day lactation; these being proportionately about 0·16 and 0·37 of the live-weight losses respectively. Maternal energy requirement for maintenance was estimated as 0·50 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg M0·75, while the efficiency of use of DE for energy retention was 0·28.

scholarly journals OBSSERVATIIONS O GROWTH, BODY DIMENSIONS AND CARCASS TRAITS OF NIGERIA INDIGENOUS PIGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
E. B. Soniya
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deposition Pattern ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Genetic Potential

Observations were made on 79 Nigerian indigenous (NI) and 24 Large White pigs.There was. a, three-month delay, in growth acceleration in NI pigs as compared with LW pigs. Growth acceleration started at 7 and 4 months for NI and LW respectively. Over all ages studied, NI differed markedly from LW in live weight, body length, height, depth and ham dimen­sions but this difference was much less between males than between females_ In NI ;boars serially slaughtered, live and carcass weights doubled between 7 and 10 months of age while dressing percent and carcass length reached peak values at 10 months. Carcass backfat measurements were higher and more consistent at the shoulder than at the loin or rump. Com­bined longitudinal and dissection studies are needed to elucidate the growth curve, the true genetic potential for growth and the body fat deposition pattern in the NI pigs.

scholarly journals Influence of the innovative prebiotic complex on physiological state of pigs and quality indicators of pork

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Marina Slozhenkina ◽  
Ivan Gorlov ◽  
Alexei Miroshnik ◽  
Dmitriy Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Physiological State ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large White ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Animal Diet ◽  
Experimental Group

The article presents an analysis of the use of antibiotic therapy in pig breeding and offered an alternative to them in the form of prebiotic supplements. Studies were conducted on the effect of probiotic drugs on the body of large white pigs in the farm-breeding plant Named after Lenin of Surovikinsky District of Volgograd Region and lasted until 180 days of age. For the experiment, 2 groups of Large White piglets of 2 months of age were formed. Each experimental group consisted of 15 pigs. Animals of the control group received standart farm animal diet (SD), analogs of the first experimental group SD + mixture of dietary supplements “LactuVet-1” and “Chlorelact” at a dosage of 0.2 mg / kg of live weight each. Deep studies were conducted on the effect of probiotic supplements to live weight gain, natural resistance, immunoglobulin reactivity, and slaughter indicators of piglets. Superiority of pigs from the experimental group in almost all the studied indicators over the peers of the control group was established.

scholarly journals Productivity and resistance of pigs under the action of immunostimulants

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (79) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Chorniy ◽  
O. S. Machula ◽  
V. V. Voronyak ◽  
V. P. Lyasota ◽  
O. P. Reshetnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Large White ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of the work was to study the influence of stimulant drugs – the regenerating biological stimulant (RBS) and Imunolac on the immunological state and productive qualities of piglets. RBS is a complex of organic compounds of animal tissue that stimulates nonspecific immunity and increases the protective functions of the body. Imunolac is a preparation of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cell wall of Lactobacillus, activating the cellular and humoral factors of non-specific animal resistance. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to find out the microclimate condition and sanitary regime in the boxes in which the experimental animals were kept; – to study the influence of immunostimulating drugs on the growth and intensity of the test pigs, their safety; to study the dynamics of immunological parameters (circulating immune complex (CIC), T-and B-lymphocytes), the content of immunoglobulins (Jg G, Jg M and Jg A) while using RBS and Imunolac. The research was carried out in the pedigree plant «Stepnoy» of the Zaporozhye region on pigs of the Large white breed × Landras. Piglets of the control group were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution at a dose of 1 ml/head. During the experiment, the microclimate was monitored for temperature, relative humidity, air speed, carbon dioxide, ammonia, air contamination with microflora. Cellular indices were determined from the ratio of neutrophils to E. coli according to VG Gostivu, 1956, bactericidal activity of blood serum (BASK) – according to the method of O.V. Smirnova and TA. Kuzmenoy, 1966, lysozyme activity of blood serum (LASK) according to V. Dorofeychuk, 1968. The content of T lymphocytes was determined according to M. Jondal, 1973, B-lymphocytes – according to N.S. When piglets were grown at the temperature lower than 3,5–8 °C, humidity – by 5–8% higher, the parameters of NH3 and CO2 higher by 0.8–1.2%, the contamination microflora was twice as much as recommended by the sanitary norms the genetic productive potential of the animals is not fully realized, while – the highest daily average weight gain was in the pigs, which were injected intramuscularly with RBS growth stimulant. They exceeded the animals from the control group on the 20th and 30th days of the experiment – by 24.3% and 14.4%, live weight – by 15.3% (P < 0.05). The growth rate in the animals that were injected with imunolac was less expressed; the diseases with the symptoms of dyspepsia and bronchopneumonia were registered in 5–10% of the pigs from the experimental groups that received RBS and imunolac that is 10–12 times less as compared to the control group; in the pigs from the experimental group 1, the BASK was at the level of the average values of 56.52 ± 2.03%, from the experimental group 2 – 59.48 ± 1.80%, by 5.2% higher (P < 0.05); LASK indices in the animals of the experimental group tended to increase but the differences were not trustworthy (P < 0.5); the cell indices of resistance in the pigs that received RBS were higher: the phagocytic activity of blood serum – by 4.3% (P < 0.05), phagocytic number – by 9.7% (P <0.05); the highest concentration of immunoglobulin of class Jg G (21.82 ± 0.3 mg/ml) was revealed in the animals that received RBS preparations, the concentration of the above immunoglobulins was slightly below – 19.86 ± 0.18 mg/ml in the pigs that received imunolac (0–1). For immunoglobulins of class Jg M and Jg A, the fluctuations  between the experimental groups were within the limits of 2.23 ± 0.01 and 2.36 ± 0.09 mg/ml.

Analysis of the surplus of nutrients in ration of lactating cows with different methods of housing

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
G.E. Akifieva ◽  
N.N. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

Complete feeding is one of the most important factors that ensure the success of breeding work; it is the basis for increasing the productivity of animals, improving existing and breeding new breeds and types. In order to obtain high productivity from animals in accordance with their genetic potential it is necessary to ensure that animals consume more dry matter in rations with a variety of high-quality feed with a high concentration of energy and nutrients in the dry matter. The purpose of the research was to study the nutritional value of feeding rations in breeding farm with different technologies of cows housing in accordance with the feeding standards. The experiment has been carried out in the breeding farm of CJSC “Azovskoye” in the Azov district in the Omsk region. The results of studies of the ration of lactating cows of Red Steppe breed with a live weight of 500–550 kg and a daily milk yield of 19,5 kg of milk with different methods of housing (tie-up housing and free-stall housing) have been presented. It has been established that the farm ration did not provide for the specifics of the housing technology and consists of energy, protein and expensive feed with insufficient content of carbohydrates and macro elements (phosphorus). The proposed ration takes into account the peculiarities of the technology of animals housing, equalizes the indicators of the sugar-protein ratio, as well as phosphorus to calcium by reducing concentrated, coarse feed and introducing grain molasses, as well as phosphorus additives. The balanced ration provides for a large energy output of 9,97 MJ and prevents a number of possible metabolic diseases in the body associated with a violation in the feeding system of lactating cows.

A note on allometric relationships in large white × landrace pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Carol Petherick
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Space Allocation ◽  
Static Space

ABSTRACTLinear measurements of six body dimensions were taken of Large White × Landrace pigs in the live-weight range of 1 kg to 286 kg. Logarithmic regression lines were fitted to the live-weight and measurement data. It was found that the body dimensions could be expressed as a function of live weight and that these equations agreed well with the simple allometric equation L = kW1/3, where linear dimension, W= live weight and k= an appropriate coefficient. It is suggested that these equations may provide a method of estimating the static space occupied by a pig and thus provide a basis for the development of space allocation recommendations in pig housing. It is also suggested that these principles may be applicable to other livestock.

The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature: tryptophan

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Ferguson ◽  
R.M. Gous
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acid ◽  
Large White ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Young Pigs

AbstractAn experiment was performed to measure the response of young pigs to dietary tryptophan (TRP) concentrations and environmental temperatures. Seventy-two entire male Large White ✕ Landrace pigs were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (2·90 (T1), 2·46 (T2), 2·01 (T3), 1·57 (T4), 1·12 (T5) g/kg and T5 + supplemented TRP (T6)) and one of three temperature treatments (20, 25 and 30°C) at a mean starting live weight of 14·38 (s.e. 0·201)kg. Animals were given ad libitum access to food until a final weight of 26·42 (s.e. 0·479) kg. There were no significant interactions between temperature and dietary TRP on any production variable. There was a significant (P < 0·05) quadratic improvement in the rate of live-weight growth (ADG) as the concentration of dietary TRP increased and as the temperature decreased. However, the response to increasing dietary TRP was independent of the environmental temperature. Maximum ADG was attained on T2 (0·498 (s.e. 0·023) kg/day) and at 20ºC (0·412 (s.e. 0·024) kg/day). Final live weight was a significant (P < 0·001) covariate for ADG and food intake (FI) responses. With TRP as a precursor for serotonin, a neurotransmitter that regulates appetite, it was anticipated that food intake would be affected with decreasing dietary TRP levels. However, there was no response in daily food intake to decreasing TRP concentration. This lack of response in appetite to dietary TRP may have been a result of an increasing TRP to large neutral amino acid ratio, which is known to correlate with an increase in serotonin synthesis. Total heat loss followed a similar response to FI. The gain per unit of food consumed was significantly (P < 0·001) reduced as the TRP content of the diet was decreased. The most efficient treatments were T1 (506 (s.e. 1·90) g gain per kg food) and T2 (495 (s.e. 23·2) g gain per kg food) while the worst was T5 (237 (s.e. 22·3) g gain per kg food). There were significant quadratic responses to dietary TRP in protein content of the empty body (P < 0·05) and the rate of protein retention (PR) (P < 001) but only PR was affected by temperature (P < 001). Both temperature (P < 0·05) and dietary TRP (P < 0·001) had a significant effect on the lipid content of the body but only temperature affected the rate of lipid retention, with a significantly (P < 0·001) lower rate at 30 oC. The efficiency of TRP utilization improved with increasing temperature. It was lowest at 20ºC (0·60 g TRP per kg protein) and highest at 30ºC (0·86 g/kg), while the mean efficiency for pigs between 14 and 26 kg live weight, at thermoneutrality (25°C), was close to 0·71 g/kg.

scholarly journals Effect of feeding sows PVMA Intermiks on digestibility and metabolism of pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Lyubasyuk
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Special Supplement ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Pork production in modern conditions associated with the use of feed and dietary supplements as part of diets, because without them to provide animals essential nutrients almost impossible. Especially for little Ingredient grain rations. Therefore have resorted to creating new PVMA. These concerns and PVMA Intermiks PS – 7.5% and Intermiks LS – 20% – according to gestation and lactating sows. So were conducting research on the influence of feeding PVMA Intermiks sows in different periods of the reproductive cycle of feed digestibility and metabolism of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in their piglets weaned at 28 days age. Research groups conducting two–analogues pigs of large white breed balance method, under which the pigs were kept in individual cages and accounted for eight days consumed feed, feces and urine color. The live weight per head was 9 kg. Sows experimental group during 85 days gestating 7.5% by weight was replaced grain mix PVMA Intermiks PS, and next to farrowing and weaning piglets at 28 days age, replaced 20% concentrated feed on PVMA Intermiks LS. Sows in the control group were kept in complete feed appropriate. After all born piglets up to 14 days eating a special supplement Intermiks SP «Bambino» – 25%, and from 14 to 28 days – Intermiks SP – 25%. Studies have shown that feeding sows PVMA Intermiks increases performance polycarpous 10.8% weight in the pig–breeding nests by 25.3% and 13.3% macrocarpa. The weight of a piglet at birth the control and the experimental groups was 1.05 and 1.19 kg and at weaning at 28 days of life – 8.52 and 9,1 kg. Piglets from sows receiving PVMA Intermiks had higher levels of digestibility of crude oil (3.3%) and fiber (to 5.37%). No significant difference was obtained for the digestibility of dry, organic matter and protein compared to piglets from sows with complete feed in the diet. In the experimental pigs tends to increase the number of nitrogen retained in the body (14.5 %) and from the accepted and digested (by 4.4 and 6.0%). Terms feeding lactating sows gestation and no likely impact on calcium and phosphorus in pigs weaned at 28 days age.

An evaluation of three ultrasonic machines for predicting the body composition of live pigs of the same breed, sex and live weight

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
M. G. Owen ◽  
M. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Large White ◽  
Precise Prediction ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Prediction Residual ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTMeasurements of the m. longissimus and overlying fat at the last rib were taken on 39 live entire male pigs using three ultrasonic machines of differing complexity: Sonatest (simple A-mode machine), Scanogram (modified linear scanner) and Danscanner (‘real time’ scanner). Each machine had a different operator and interpreter. The pigs were from two lines of Large White, one selected for efficiency of lean-tissue gain (20 pigs) and the other a genetic control line (19 pigs). They were measured in the week prior to slaughter at approximately 90 kg live weight (91·4 (s.e. 4·4) kg).The analysis was pooled within line and the precision of carcass lean prediction at constant live weight examined for the three machines. Standard deviation of lean in carcass at equal live weight was 16·2 g/kg.A single fat thickness measurement taken by the Sonatest gave the most precise prediction (residual s.d. = 12·9 g/kg). Marginally poorer relationships were recorded for a similar measurement taken by the Scanogram (13·5 g/kg) and Danscanner (13·3 g/kg). Precision was not improved from the use of additional fat thickness measurements or, in the case of the scanning machines, from the addition of fat area over the m. longissimus or the area of the muscle itself. The results confirm that the Scanogram and Danscanner do not offer significant advantages over the simpler and cheaper Sonatest in the circumstances considered.

The influence of index selection for improved growth and carcass characteristics on appetite in a population of large white pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Smith ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
R. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Large White ◽  
Genetic Changes

ABSTRACTCorrelated genetic changes in the level and pattern of average daily food intake (ADFI) were evaluated n i a population of pigs under index selection over an 11-year period. Performance testing was carried out in single sex groups of two or three full-sibs over the live-weight range 27 to 87 kg on an ad libitum feeding regime. The selection index incorporated live-weight gain, ultrasonic backfat thickness and a group food conversion ratio. Samples of boars from a contemporary control line were used to measure genetic change over time. Cumulated correlated responses in ADFI for boars and gilts showed considerable variation between years but the values were always negative and tended to increase up to year 7 but increased no further from then on. Thus, in year 11 the cumulated responses for ADFI in boars and gilts were -0·25 (s.e. 0·06) kg (P < 0·001) and -0·19 (s.e. 0·05) kg (P < 0001) respectively, the corresponding regressions of cumulated response on year number being — 0012 and — 0·017 kg. The relationship between food intake and live weight was compared in samples of boars and gilts from the selection line (S) and boars from the control line (C) during the final year of the study. The regression of ADFI on live weight for the two boar lines differed in intercept but not in slope with S line boars consuming, on average, 0·23 kg/day less meal than the C line boars over the test period. The regression equations for S line boars and gilts differed in slope and elevation with gilts consuming relatively more food daily up to around 60 kg live weight and less subsequently.

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