scholarly journals PENGARUH BAHAN DAN KADAR PENGISI DALAM PEREKAT EKSTERIOR TERHADAP KETEGUHAN REKAT KAYU LAPIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
M. I. Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Material Content ◽  
Plywood Industry ◽  
The Cost

Effect of Materials and Filler Content in Exterior Adhesion for the Bonding Strength of Plywood          Constraints that faced by the plywood industry today is the high cost of manufacture of plywood which are mainly due to the high cost of the adhesive, to lower the cost of the adhesive can be done by adding fillers (filler) into the glue mixture. The material is expected to assist in the process of adhesion, especially to reduce the excessive penetration of the adhesive into venir. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the material and content of filler in the bonding strength of the adhesive of plywood. Venir used in this study was peeled veneer measuring 40 cm x 40 cm with a thickness of 1.5 mm. Plywood was made of three layers with a thickness of 4.5 mm. Type of adhesive used was liquid Phenol Formaldehyde (FF) with labor heavy of 170 g/m2 for each surface (one line labor), venir formed felted cool for 10 minutes with a pressure of 10 kg/cm2 followed by heat press at temperatures 140⁰ C , in the pressure of 10 kg/cm2 for 5 minutes. Testing the bonding strength of plywood with the Indonesian National Standard. This research was conducted using the nested experimental design 3 x 5 with four replications. Factor A (filler) the level of three kinds, namely three kinds of flour. Factor B (filler content) were level five kinds, namely 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The results showed that the factor A (filler) was not significantly different, while factor B (grade fillers) was very significant effect on the bonding strength of plywood.Key words: material, content, fillers, exterior, bonding strength ABSTRAK          Kendala yang dihadapi oleh industri kayu lapis dewasa ini adalah tingginya biaya pembuatan kayu lapis yang pada umumnya disebabkan oleh tingginya biaya perekat, untuk menurunkan biaya perekat tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan bahan pengisi (filler) ke dalam campuran perekat. Bahan tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu dalam proses perekatan, terutama untuk mengurangi penetrasi yang berlebihan dari perekat ke dalam venir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan dan kadar pengisi dalam perekat eksterior terhadap keteguhan rekat kayu lapis. Venir yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah venir kupas berukuran 40 cm x 40 cm dengan ketebalan 1,5 mm. Kayu lapis yang dibuat yaitu tiga lapis dengan ketebalan 4,5 mm. Jenis perekat yang digunakan adalah Fenol Formaldehida (FF) cair dengan berat labor 170 g/m2 untuk setiap permukaan (satu garis labor), venir yang dibentuk dikempa dingin selama 10 menit dengan tekanan 10 kg/cm2 kemudian dilanjutkan dengan kempa panas pada suhu 140⁰ C, tekanan kempa sebesar 10 kg/cm2 selama 5 menit. Pengujian keteguhan rekat kayu lapis dengan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan percobaan tersarang (nested) 3 x 5 dengan empat kali ulangan. Faktor A (pengisi) yang bertaraf tiga macam yaitu tiga macam tepung. Faktor B (kadar pengisi) yang bertaraf lima macam, yaitu 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor A (bahan pengisi) tidak berbeda nyata, sedangkan faktor B (kadar bahan pengisi) berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap keteguhan rekat kayu lapis.Kata kunci:  bahan, kadar, pengisi, eksterior, keteguhan rekat

scholarly journals Keteguhan Rekat Kayu Lapis Sengon Menggunakan Perekat Lignin-Formaldehida dengan Dua Macam Bahan Pengisi (Bonding Strength of Sengon Plywood Using Lignin-Formaldehyde Adhesive with Two Types of Fillers)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Achmad Supriadi ◽  
Adi Santoso ◽  
Rohmah Pari
Keyword(s):  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Resin Content ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Adhesive Formulation ◽  
Different Content

Various efforts have been done to reduce the cost, such as finding a suitable mixture of fillers in the adhesive formulation. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristic of lignin-formaldehyde (LF) adhesive and the effect of different content of coconut shell flour and kaolin in the adhesive of lignin on the bonding strength of sengon plywood. Coconut shell flour and kaolin filler content were varied, i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The plywood of (20x20x1.5) cm3 size was prepared using a liquid lignin-formaldehyde (LF) with a glue spread of 170 g m-2 surfaces. Bonding strength of plywood was tested to determine the quality of sengon plywood. The results showed that LF adhesive was appeared as a reddish-brown liquid and there were no foreign substances, solid resin content ranges from 31.85 to 35.68%, viscosity of 1.2 poise, acidity (pH) of 11.5, and gelatinized time ranges from 24.20-25.96 minutes. The type and filler content had a significant effect on the bonding strength of sengon plywood. Increasing of the filler content tended to increase the bonding strength of sengon plywood to 30%. The bonding strength of sengon plywood produced using the content of either coconut shell or kaolin flour fillers up to 30% complied with German Standards requirement. The maximum bonding strength value was obtained on adhesives using both types of fillers as much as 10 %.

Paper fillers innovations: From design of particles to preparing filler composites

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 2117-2118
Author(s):  
Shunxi Song ◽  
Zeshi Wu ◽  
Jingyi Nie
Keyword(s):  
Filler Content ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Critical Properties ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Market Competitiveness ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Natural Fillers

The increase of filler content in paper is an effective way to reduce production costs and to promote the market competitiveness of paper mills. A shift from natural fillers to synthetic fillers has enabled improvements in the critical properties of paper. Meanwhile, innovations from single particles of filler to filler composites has made it possible to increase the filler content of paper. Among various filler innovations, the design of fiber/filler composites has aroused general attention from industry and academic researchers. However, concerns related to the cost and recyclability of composite fillers remain to be addressed.

Preparation and Application of Modified Soybean Protein Adhesives

2010 ◽  
Vol 139-141 ◽  
pp. 706-709
Author(s):  
Zi Tao Sang ◽  
Shi Feng Zhang ◽  
Qiang Gao ◽  
Jian Zhang Li
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Absorption Peak ◽  
Type I ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Protein Adhesives

In this study, a sodium hydroxide modified soybean protein adhesive (NSP adhesive) was prepared and mixed with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin in a ratio of 7:3 to form a compound adhesive (NSPF adhesive), and three-layer plywoods were prepared using the NSP adhesive and the NSPF adhesive. In order to understand the reactions between SP and PF resin during the curing process of NSPF adhesive, the SEM and FTIR spectra were employed to character the adhesives and the bonding strength of the plywoods was measured. The results showed that the bonding strength of the poplar plywood prepared with NSPF reached 1.00 MPa, and met type I plywood requirement in GB/T 17657-1999. There was new absorption peak appear at 1390 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra of NSPF adhesive, indicating that there were -NHCH2- structures generate in NSPF during the curing process in this research.

Preparation and Characterization of Silicate Wood Adhesive Modified with Ammonium Stearate

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 1048-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Li Zhang ◽  
Hong Hui Zhang ◽  
Yi Qiang Wu ◽  
Yun Chu Hu
Keyword(s):  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Grade Ii

In order to improve the water resistance of silicate wood adhesive, a kind of silicate adhesive was prepared from water glass with silica as curing agent, and ammonium stearate as modifier. The chemical structure, surface morphology and thermal properties of the silicate adhesive were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, and thermo-gravimetric analyzer. As the two main measures of adhesion properties, the bonding strength and water resistance were also determined. The results showed that ammonium stearate was successfully introduced into the molecule structure of silicate, the silicate adhesive have good thermal stability in the range of 30~800 °C and the modified silicate adhesive had more smooth cured morphology. The bonding strength and 24h water absorption rate of poplar plywood glued by the silicate adhesive was 0.71 MPa and 22.81%, respectively, reaching the grade II of plywood performance's national standard.

scholarly journals DESEMPENHO DO TOMATEIRO EM SISTEMA DE TUTORAMENTO VERTICAL EM ESPIRAL CONDUZIDO COM UMA OU DUAS HASTES

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Juniomar Schmidt ◽  
Caroline Merlo Meneghelli ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigo Krause ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Hell ◽  
Milson Lopes de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Indeterminate Growth ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fruit Diameter

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade agroeconômica do tomateiro em sistema de tutoramento vertical em espiral conduzido com uma ou duas hastes por planta. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições, sendo avaliados três métodos de tutoramento: espiral, mexicano e estacas de bambu individuais na vertical e dois sistemas de condução: com uma haste e duas hastes por planta. Avaliou-se a produção de frutos por planta, diâmetro dos frutos, distribuição do número de frutos por classe de tamanho, altura das plantas e de inserção do primeiro cacho e o custo de produção. O método de tutoramento em espiral apresentou produção de frutos por planta semelhante ao método com bambu e superior ao mexicano. Quando as plantas foram conduzidas com uma haste, o diâmetro de frutos obtido no método em espiral foi superior ao método mexicano, entretanto, não diferiu do método com bambu. A receita líquida obtida no método em espiral foi superior à do método mexicano e inferior a do método com bambu. O tutoramento bambu vertical apresenta maior rentabilidade econômica quando comparado aos métodos espiral e mexicano. O tutoramento em espiral pode substituir o tutoramento mexicano, pois apresenta maior rentabilidade, credenciando-se como um novo método de tutoramento para o cultivo de tomate de crescimento indeterminado.Palavras-chave: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, sistema de condução, crescimento indeterminado. TOMATO PERFORMANCE IN VERTICAL TUNA SYSTEM IN SPIRAL CONDUCTED WITH ONE OR TWO HASTES ABSTRACT:The current study aims to evaluate the agroeconomic viability of the tomato in a spiral vertical steerage system conducted with one or two stems per plant. The experimental design was in a randomized block with a 3x2 factorial, with four replications, and three tutoring methods were evaluated: spiral, Mexican and individual bamboo stakes vertically and two systems of conduction: with oneortwo stems per plant. Fruit production per plant, fruit diameter, number of fruits per size class, height of plants and insertion of the first cluster and the cost of production were evaluated. The spiral tutoring method showed fruit production per plant similar to the method with bamboo and superior to the Mexican one. When the plants were conducted with a stem, the fruit diameter obtained in the spiral method was superior to the Mexican method, however, did not differ from the method with bamboo. The net revenue obtained in the spiral method was higher than the Mexican method and lower than the method with bamboo. The vertical bamboo tufting presents greater economic profitability when compared to the spiral and Mexican methods. The spiral tutoring can replace the Mexican tutoring, since it presents greater profitability, being accredited as a new method of tutoring for the cultivation of undetermined growth tomato.Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, driving system, indeterminate growth.

scholarly journals Phenol-formaldehyde resins with suitable bonding strength synthesized from “less-reactive” hardwood lignin fractions

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tainise V. Lourençon ◽  
Sami Alakurtti ◽  
Tommi Virtanen ◽  
Anna-Stiina Jääskeläinen ◽  
Tiina Liitiä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculation ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Lignin Valorization ◽  
Similar Performance ◽  
Press Time ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Resin Bonding ◽  
End Uses

AbstractThe substitution of phenol by lignin in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins is one of the most promising end uses of lignin valorization. Lignin from grasses and softwood has been the focus of the studies in this field as they present a higher number of theoretical reactive sites for resin synthesis. Herein we examined the composition and chemical reactivity of “less-reactive” hardwood lignin fractions and their performance in PF resins, synthesized by substituting 50 wt% of the phenol with lignin. Before resin synthesis, the samples were hydroxymethylated and the maximum formaldehyde consumption was recorded. By doing so, we observed that hardwood fractions consumed formaldehyde close to the theoretical calculation, whereas the reference softwood lignin consumed only about ¼ of the theoretical value. In the resin synthesis, we added formaldehyde to the formulation according to the measured maximum formaldehyde consumption. Thus, low values of free formaldehyde in lignin-PF (LPF) resins were achieved (<0.23%). Moreover, the resin bonding strength displayed similar performance irrespective of whether the LPF resins were made with softwood or hardwood lignin (range of 3.4–4.8 N mm−2 at 150°C and 45–480 s of press time). Furthermore, we concluded that hardwood kraft lignins present no disadvantage compared to softwood lignins in PF resin applications, which have significant practical implications.

scholarly journals Development and Application of a New Flame-Retardant Adhesive

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianqing Xiong ◽  
Yiting Niu ◽  
Zhuorong Zhou ◽  
Jie Ren
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Surface Bonding ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

A new design adhesive mixed with flame retardant was developed by an optimized and modified dedicated flame retardant and selected at a suitable proportion between the adhesive and flame retardant as well as the coating amount of the adhesive. The new design adhesive was applied to ecological board production, and the flame-retardant properties of products were examined. The dipping and peeling properties, surface bonding strength, and formaldehyde emission reached the national standard GB/T 34722-2017, the flame retardancy meets the requirements of GB/T 8626-2017, GB/T 20284-2006, GB/T20285-2006, and it also reaches the B1-C level (the nonflammable level in the flame retardant level). This study not only has theoretical guidance but also has strong practical value to provide a basis and data support for the research and development of flame-retardant ecological boards.

scholarly journals The Impact of Surface Treatment and Degree of Vacuum on the Interface and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Clad Plate

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-ying Feng ◽  
Huan Yu ◽  
Zong-an Luo ◽  
Guang-ming Xie ◽  
R. Misra
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Vacuum Degree ◽  
Composite Oxides ◽  
Interfacial Bonding Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel Clad Plate ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the impact of different surface treatment and degree of vacuum on the interface and mechanical properties of 304/Q345 stainless steel clad plate was investigated. The study indicated that more continuous or aggregated Al2O3 and Si-Mn composite oxides were formed at the interface after brush grinding. However, less inclusions such as Al2O3, MnS and Ca-Mg-Al-Si composite oxides were formed at the interface after pickling treatment. For the vacuum degrees of 10−2 Pa, 1 Pa and 105 Pa, the oxidation reaction became more intense with the decrease in vacuum degree. The interface inclusions were gradually changed from Al2O3 and Si-Mn complex oxides to oxide scale and MnCr2O4 spinel oxide. The interfacial bonding strength of stainless steel clad plate was improved with the increase in degree of vacuum. The bonding strength was 55 MPa at vacuum of 105 Pa, but it was 484 MPa at vacuum of 10−2 Pa, which is far greater than that of the national standard, and an excellent performance was obtained.

Synthesis of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin for fast manufacturing laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

Holzforschung ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 745-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Hong ◽  
Zhongji Gu ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Hailan Lian
Keyword(s):  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Cold Pressing ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
High Production Efficiency ◽  
High Production ◽  
Winter Time

AbstractPhenol formaldehyde (PF) resin is a well-tried adhesive for manufacturing laminated veneer lumber (LVL). PF has a high bonding strength, good cold pressing property and contributes a lot to the high production efficiency of LVL. In the present paper, PFs were synthesized at three different alkaline condition levels with a molar formaldehyde to phenol (F/P) ratio of 2.25. The bonding strength of PFs was not influenced by the alkalinity. Compared with PFs synthesized under alkalinity of 1 and 4%, PF with 8% alkalinity formed a resin with a high mole mass (MM), uniform mole mass distribution (MMD) and a high cross-linking density. With PF8%, the cold pressing property could be shortened from 30 to 12 min in the winter time. Cured PF8%had a higher cross-linking density than PF1%and PF4%. PF8%has a high potential for industrial production of LVL.

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