Interference and level of economic damage of turnip in canola

The weeds if not properly controlled have great ability to settle in agricultural systems, affecting crop production. The objective of this work was to determine the interference and level of economic damage in different density of crop. The treatments were composed of canola hybrids (Hyola 50, Hyola 76, Hyola 433, Hyola 571 CL, Hyola 575 CL and Diamond) and twelve infestation turnip density in crop. The variables evaluated to estimate the competitiveness of the hybrids were plant density, leaf area, soil cover and dry mass of the turnip. Grain yield, canola price, herbicide efficiency, and control cost were used to determine the weed's level of economic damage on the crop. The canola hybrids Hyola 575 CL, Hyola 50, Hyola 76 and Hyola 571 CL are more competitive with turnip. The values of economic damage levels range from 2.86 to 5.95, 2.43 to 5.05, 2.22 to 5.43 and 2.99 to 6.22 turnip plants m-2 for hybrids Hyola 50, Hyola 76, Hyola 571 CL and Hyola 575 CL, respectively, as a function of simulated variables. The increased grain yield, canola price, herbicide efficiency and lower control costs reduce the level of economic damage, justifying the adoption of control.

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INTERFERENCE AND ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL FOR CONTROL OF BEGGARTICK ON BEAN CULTIVARS

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582016340300002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 411-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. GALON ◽

C.T. FORTE ◽

R.L. GABIATTI ◽

L.L. RADUNZ ◽

I. ASPIAZÚ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Hyperbolic Model ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Economic Threshold ◽

Control Cost

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to assess the interference and determine the economic threshold level of beggartick damage on bean crops. Treatments consisted of bean cultivars (IPR Uirapuru, BRS Supremo, BRS Campeiro, Fepagro 26, BRS Esplendor and IPR Tuiuiú) submitted to competition with ten beggartick populations. We evaluated plant population, leaf area, ground cover and shoot dry mass of beggartick. Dry mass of shoots of beggartick fitted better to the hyperbolic model, and grain yield losses due to beggartick interference were estimated satisfactorily by this model. BRS Esplendor and IPR Tuiuiú were more competitive than the others in the presence of beggartick. Sowing of BRS Esplendor, IPR Tuiuiú and Fepagro 26 increases the level of economic damage, justifying the adoption of control measures only for higher densities of beggartick. Increase in grain yield, commercial price of beans, herbicide efficiency and reduction in control cost decrease the threshold level for weed control, justifying application of control measures for lower densities of beggartick.

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Interference and Level of Economic Damage of Alexandergrass on Corn

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582020380100045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

Author(s):

F.S. FRANDOLOSO ◽

L. GALON ◽

G. CONCENÇO ◽

E.R.O. ROSSETTO ◽

F. BIANCHESSI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Control Measures ◽

Seeding Density ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Corn Crop ◽

Maize Plants

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the interference and to determine the level of economic damage (NDE) of the weed when infesting the corn crop. Treatments were composed by corn densities (2.60, 3.10, 3.65, 4.00 and 4.80 plants m-1) and 10 Alexandergrass populations for each crop seeding density. The population of plants, leaf area, soil cover and shoot dry mass of Alexandergrass were evaluated as indicator of infestation. Shoot dry mass of Alexandergrass presents better adjustment to the model of rectangular hyperbole, and losses of grain yield due to interference of the weed were satisfactorily estimated by this model. Corn sowing densities of 2.60; 3.10 and 3.65 plants m-1 in average, were more competitive of all evaluated variables in the presence of Alexandergrass. Corn densities of 2.60; 3.10 and 3.65 plants m-1 increase the level of economic damage, justifying the adoption of control measures of Alexandergrass when in higher populations. NDE values ranged from 1.58 to 9.37 plants m-2 at the densities of 4.00 and 4.80 maize plants m-1, which were less competitive with Alexandergrass.

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Threshold Tolerance of New Genotypes of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. to Salinity and Drought

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy8100230 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 230 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kristina Toderich ◽

Elena Shuyskaya ◽

Zulfira Rakhmankulova ◽

Roman Bukarev ◽

Temur Khujanazarov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Production ◽

Plant Density ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Malonic Dialdehyde ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Grain Yields

With continued population growth, increasing staple crop production is necessary. However, in dryland areas, this is negatively affected by various abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. The field screening of 10 improved genetic lines of pear millet originating from African dryland areas was conducted based on a set of agrobiological traits (i.e., germination rate, plant density, plant maturity rate, forage, and grain yields) in order to understand plant growth and its yield potential responses under saline environments. Our findings demonstrated that genotype had a significant impact on the accumulation of green biomass (64.4% based on two-way ANOVA), while salinity caused reduction in grain yield value. HHVBC Tall and IP 19586 were selected as the best-performing and high-yielding genotypes. HHVBC Tall is a dual purpose (i.e., forage and grain) line which produced high grain yields on marginal lands, with soil salinization up to electrical conductivity (EC) 6–8 dS m−1 (approximately 60–80 mM NaCl). Meanwhile, IP 19586, grown under similar conditions, showed a rapid accumulation of green biomass with a significant decrease in grain yield. Both lines were tolerant to drought and sensitive to high salinity (above 200 mM NaCl). The threshold salinity of HHVBC Tall calculated at the seedling stage was lower than that of IP 19586. Seedling viability of these lines was affected by oxidative stress and membrane peroxidation, and they had decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis. This study demonstrated that ionic stress is more detrimental for the accumulation of green and dry biomass, in combination with increasing the proline and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contents of both best-performing pearl millet lines, as compared with osmotic stress.

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Nitrogen fertilizer rate for improving inbred maize (Zea mays L.) yield on the semi-arid southern coast of Puerto Rico

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v101i2.15789 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (2) ◽

pp. 185-202

Author(s):

Johanie Rivera-Zayas ◽

David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽

Ricardo Barnes

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Puerto Rico ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Height ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Crop Production ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Plant Density ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

Semi Arid

Nitrogen (N) is possibly the most limiting nutrient for crop production on the southern semi-arid coast of Puerto Rico. In efforts to improve inbred maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield, fertilizer N is sometimes aggressively managed. In this paper, we report on the results of a field experiment that evaluated the effect of six rates of fertilizer N (0, 34, 68,102,135 and 203 kg N/ha) and of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Iron-clay), planted as a cover crop during the offseason, on inbred maize grain yield. The soil was Jacaguas series (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, isohyperthermic Fluventic Haplustolls) on the Dow Agrosciences experimental farm in Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico. Cowpea was planted on 13 July 2013 and incorporated into the soil on 20 September 2013. An inbred maize line was planted on 19 December 2013 and harvested on 19 March 2014 at a plant density of 51,645 plants per hectare. Irrigation was provided via drip system, and fertilizer N was applied at three different stages during the growing season: at emergence, 21 and 37 days after planting. Measurements of plant height, chlorophyll readings using SPAD-502® and GreenSeeker®, and leaf N concentration were used as indicators of treatment response and N sufficiency. The maximum grain yield of 2,918 kg/ha was attained with the fertilizer N rate of 68 kg N/ha. The cowpea cover crop rotation did not affect grain yield (P>0.05). Plant height, and measurements by SPAD-502® and GreenSeeker® provided adequate indicators of crop N sufficiency during the vegetative stages V6 to V12, with optimum values of 149 cm, 46, and 0.67 NDVI, respectively, 52 days after planting with an application of 68 kg N/ ha. Crop response to fertilizer N occurred at a lower rate than in previous studies and those occurring under conventional commercial conditions. Other factors related to fertilizer N management, such as sources, placement and timing of application might be as important for grain yield improvement of inbred maize.

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Tillering does not interfere on white oat grain yield response to plant density

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162003000200008 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 253-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Milton Luiz de Almeida ◽

Luís Sangoi ◽

Márcio Ender ◽

Anderson Fernando Wamser

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Density ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Main Stem ◽

Yield Response ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Plant Densities

Plant density is one of the cropping practices that has the largest impact on individual plant growth. This work was conducted to evaluate the response of white oat (Avena sativa) cultivars with contrasting tillering patterns to variations in plant density. Two field experiments were carried out in Lages, SC, Brazil, during the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. A split plot experimental design was used. Four oat cultivars were tested in the main plots: UFRGS 14, UFRGS 18, UPF 16 and UPF 17 using five plant densities split plots: 50, 185, 320, 455 and 550 plants m-2. Five plant samples were taken 25, 34, 48, 58 and 70 days after plant emergence to assess the treatment effects on dry matter partition between main stem and tillers. UFRGS 18 promoted dry matter allocation to tillers whereas UPF 17 directed dry mass mostly to the main stem. Differences in dry mass allocation between the main stem and tillers had no impact on grain yield, UPF 16 presenting the highest values for both growing seasons. The lack of interaction between population density and cultivar and the small effect of plant population on grain yield indicates that the oat tillering ability is not fundamental to define its grain yield.

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An analysis of yield variation among long-duration pigeonpea genotypes in relation to season, irrigation and plant population

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859601008747 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 136 (3) ◽

pp. 291-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. V. D. K. KUMAR RAO ◽

C. JOHANSEN ◽

Y. S. CHAUHAN ◽

V. K. JAIN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Production Environment ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Long Duration ◽

Plant Dry Mass

The response of eight long-duration pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] genotypes to irrigation was studied at Gwalior in Central India during the 1990–91, 1991–92 and 1992–93 growing seasons on an Inceptisol. The crop was grown at two spacings as it was expected that crop density could interact with the crop's ability to extract soil moisture. The irrigation treatment received furrow irrigation four times during the 1990–91 and 1992–93 seasons and twice during the 1991–92 season. Grain yields of all genotypes were 11 % higher when planted at higher density than at low density. There was a differential variation in yield and harvest index among genotypes due to season but not due to spacing and irrigation suggesting the validity of the present approach of testing genotypes under optimum conditions. Grain yield declined by 21 % from the 1990 to 1992 season. The decline was > 1 t/ha in some cultivars (ICPL 366, GW3), and between 0·5 and 1·0 t/ha in others (NP [WR] 15, ICP 87143 and ICPL 84072). In others (Bahar, ICP 9174, ICP 8860) the yield fluctuation was < 0·5 t/ha. The genotypes' mean yields were as high as 2·7 t/ha for ICPL 87143, ICPL 84072 and ICPL 366. There was a significant reduction in both grain yield (16 %), and also above-ground plant dry mass (18 %) due to soil moisture limitation in the unirrigated treatment. Both the above-ground plant dry mass and grain yields were significantly more at high plant density than at lower plant density especially with irrigation. The genotypes were found to differ in their response to production environment (irrigation, spacing and to the undefined differences of the 3 years). Genotypic variation in yield within a production environment was found to vary in relation to changes in harvest index and across environment (irrigation, seasons) due to variation in total dry matter production. A lack of negative relationship between the total dry matter and harvest index suggests the possibility of optimizing both for obtaining higher yield from long-duration genotypes.

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Applications of Nanotechnology in Plant Growth and Crop Protection: A Review

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24142558 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (14) ◽

pp. 2558 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Yifen Shang ◽

Md. Kamrul Hasan ◽

Golam Jalal Ahammed ◽

Mengqi Li ◽

Hanqin Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Food Security ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Controlled Delivery ◽

High Tech ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

And Control

In the era of climate change, global agricultural systems are facing numerous, unprecedented challenges. In order to achieve food security, advanced nano-engineering is a handy tool for boosting crop production and assuring sustainability. Nanotechnology helps to improve agricultural production by increasing the efficiency of inputs and minimizing relevant losses. Nanomaterials offer a wider specific surface area to fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, nanomaterials as unique carriers of agrochemicals facilitate the site-targeted controlled delivery of nutrients with increased crop protection. Due to their direct and intended applications in the precise management and control of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides), nanotools, such as nanobiosensors, support the development of high-tech agricultural farms. The integration of biology and nanotechnology into nonosensors has greatly increased their potential to sense and identify the environmental conditions or impairments. In this review, we summarize recent attempts at innovative uses of nanotechnologies in agriculture that may help to meet the rising demand for food and environmental sustainability.

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Control of Jointvetch (Aeschynomene spp.), Establishment and Productivity of Rice as a Function of [Imazapic + Imazapyr] Doses

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n4p287 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 287 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Concenço ◽

A. Andres ◽

F. Schreiber ◽

I. S. Moisinho ◽

M. B. Martins

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Crop Development ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Crop Cycle ◽

1000 Grain Weight

We aimed with this work to evaluate the efficiency of the herbicide [imazapic + imazapyr] in the weed control, especially of the jointvetch, and its reflex in rice plant establishment and grain yield. A field study was conducted, where treatments were: control without herbicide application; Kifix® 140g ha-1 (24.5 ga.i. ha-1 imazapic + 73.5 ga.i. ha-1 imazapyr) and Kifix® 280 g ha-1 (49 ga.i. ha-1 imazapic + 147 ga.i. ha-1 imazapyr). We evaluated crop emergence up to 25 days after sowing, crop plant height 12 days after emergence (DAE), jointvetch plant density 31 and 62 DAE, jointvetch dry mass 62 DAE and general weed infestation 62 DAE. At the end of the crop cycle we evaluated grains per panicle, panicle and 1000 grain weight, panicle density and crop grain yield. There is a risk of 15% reduction in the establishment of Clearfield® rice plants when the maximum dose of the herbicide [imazapic + imazapyr] is applied pre-emergence, but under appropriate conditions, the crop development tends to compensate for this reduction in establishment. The herbicide [imazapic + imazapyr] is effective on jointvetch, but under high infestation conditions, as in the present study, a complementary herbicide application is required to achieve adequate control of jointvetch and avoid rice grain yield reduction due to competition.

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Performance of crispy lettuce cultivars in different soil covers

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v8i4.1942 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 514-520

Author(s):

Pablo Forlan Vargas ◽

Amanda Chiarion Zecchini ◽

Renato Silva Soares ◽

Leonardo Dos Santos Duarte ◽

Edgard Henrique Costa Silva

Keyword(s):

Soil Cover ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Nitrate Content ◽

Soil Covers ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Crop Management Systems ◽

And Control ◽

Vegetable Cultivation

The lettuce cropping is an important segment of the national agriculture, with strong economic expression. However, climatic factors such as high temperature and humidity can affect this vegetable cultivation. These environmental conditions are common in various Brazilian regions, so the growers should adopt crop management systems, as soil covers, to minimize the environmental effect and obtain higher returns. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different soil covers on the agronomic performance of crispy lettuce cultivars. The study was conducted at UNESP, Registro Campus, Brazil, from August to October, 2013. The experiment was carried out in a randomized blocks design, arranged in a 4x4 factorial, with three repetitions. The treatments consisted of the factors soil covers (black mulching, silver mulching, white mulching and control) and cultivars (Inaiá, Milena, Vanda and Vera). The experimental unit consisted of fifteen plants, with the useful area composed of nine central plants. At harvest, the following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, head diameter, fresh mass, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf height, stem diameter, heart diameter, heart height, dry mass, yield and nitrate content. Among the studied covers, white mulching showed the best results for the main productive characteristics and can be used as soil cover in the cultivation of Vera, Vanda and Inaiá culivars.

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Ovicidal activity of spirotetramat and its effect on hatching, development and formation of Frankliniella occidentalis egg

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-00160-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaomin Yang ◽

Guiying Zhou ◽

Lijuan Sun ◽

Changying Zheng

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Crop Production ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Depth Of Field ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Ovicidal Activity ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Egg Shells ◽

Egg Shell ◽

And Control

AbstractFrankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) has become an important vegetable pest worldwide because of its economic damage to crop production. However, it is difficult to control due to its unique living habits. In this study, the eggs of F. occidentalis were used as the target to explore the ovicidal activity of spirotetramat on the thrips and its effect on hatching, development and formation. After the treatment of spirotetramat, the LC50 value descreased with increased egg age using egg dipping method, and showed the same trend as the leaf dipping method verified on living plants. Through ultra-depth-of-field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the egg shell and internal structures of F. occidentalis eggs were studied. Spirotetramat can destroy the egg shells of F. occidentalis, resulting in shrinkage of the egg surface, sunken pores, egg deformities, egg shell rupture and other phenomena. This allows spirotetramat to enter the egg and destroy the egg structure, making the egg internal structure flocculent, fuzzy and unevenly distributed, which affects embryonic development and causes the nymphs to die before hatching. Therefore, the prevention and control of F. occidentalis using spirotetramat before damage is caused to crops should have a better effect.

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