scholarly journals A Study on the Plant Litter Decomposition Using Mycoflora for Sustainable Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Raj Singh ◽  
Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Stachybotrys Atra ◽  
Resource Specificity

Most of the agricultural, forest and field crop litters are consisting lignocelluloses, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Among these cellulose is most predominant constituent followed by hemicellulose and lignin. The lignin together with the hemicellulose, encrust the cellulose chains forming a barrier which prevents wetting and access of cellulose-degrading enzymes therefore, the decomposition of litters can be achieved by breaking this association at first. The biodegradation of lignin of field crop litters representing a key step for carbon recycling in land ecosystem, as well as for industrial utilization of plant biomass, humification of dead organic matter by the application of certain bacterial and fungal species. The present study revealed the process of decomposition of plant litters. The fungal species colonized different types of plant litters on the basis of enzymatic activities and resource specificity. The mixtures of microorganisms could degrade lignocellulosic materials of wheat stubbles more efficiently than any individual species; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Fuserium equiseti, Trichoderma lignorum and Stachybotrys atra. A mixture of fungi and Streptomyces caused 48.0% decomposition while decomposition by an individual species viz. Aspergillus flavus was 36.90% only. It was found that, fungi have better abilities to decompose wheat straw than bacteria and actinomycetes. The mineralisation of plant residues could accelerate the rate of decomposition.

scholarly journals PRESENTATION PATTERN AND FUNGAL AGENTS SPECTRUM CAUSING OTOMMYCOSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Kassim Dekhil
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
The Public

 Objective: This study was aimed to identify the public pattern of presentation, influencing factors, and sort the fungal species, distribution of sex of patients with otomycosis.Results: The predominant complaints were pruritus and found in 76 patients (88.73%), discomfort and pain found in 62 patients (72.09%), aural fullness in 48 patients (55.81%), tinnitus in 34 patients (39.53%), hearing impairment in 50 cases (58.31%), ear discharge in 22 patients (25.58%), and most of the symptoms seen in 36 patients (68.14%). The results showed a total of eight fungal species belong to six different genera, namely, Aspergillus, Candida, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Alternaria, and Cephalosporium were isolated during this study. Among identified fungi, Aspergillus niger was found to be the most prevalent fungal species with 35.71% followed by Candida albicans (27.55%), Aspergillus flavus (10.20%), Aspergillus fumigatus (8.16), Penicillium digitatum (6.12%) and Cephalosporium species (4.08%), and Rhizopus species (5.1%), while Alternaria alternata had the lowest percentage (6.54%).Conclusion: Otomycosis/mycotic otitis externa is still a common problem and there is a rise in the occurrence of otomycosis in latest years, especially in tropical and subtropical humid climates.

Diffusion-Linked Microbial Metabolism in the Vadose Zone

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Watson ◽  
R. F. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Transport And Transformation ◽  
Low Energy Electrons

Figure 7.1 is a schematic of nutrient and contaminant transformations and cycling in the vadose zone. As detailed in Harris and Arnold (1995), higher plants take up C, N, P, and S in their most oxidized forms and use, via photosynthesis, the Sun’s energy and low-energy electrons from the oxygen in water to convert the oxidized forms of these essential elements into the relatively high energy reduced forms comprising plant biomass. Following plant death, the biomass residues enter the soil and are attacked by soil organisms as a source of food. The plant residues are depolymerized and the reduced, high-energy monomers are assimilated in part into soil organism biomass, and in part are used as electron donors to combine with the most thermodynamically efficient electron acceptors for dissimilatory energy generation to drive growth and maintenance reactions. In aerobic zones, oxygen is the preferred electron acceptor as long as it is nonlimiting. Death of soil organisms produces dead biomass which re-enters the biological reactor. Ultimately, via respiration in aerobic soils, all the reduced C, N, P, and S materials are released as their oxidized forms, and oxygen is reduced to water to complete the cycle. Ideally, the cycle is conservative, particularly from the standpoint of nonleakage of nutrients, such as nitrate, into the groundwater. Similarly, contaminants entering the vadose zone, either as a function of agronomic use or by accident, should ideally be integrated into the natural nutrient cycles and converted to harmless by-products for assimilation and dissimilation by soil organisms and higher plants (Liu, 1994). Management of nutrient and contaminant transformations by the soil organisms requires a thorough understanding of the ecophysiological and solute transport ground rules that control the nature and rates of transformation options available to the soil organisms. In models of chemical transport and transformation through the vadose zone, colonies of microorganisms are frequently treated as a homogeneous biofilm reactor (Grant and Rochette, 1994). Often, modeling efforts are focused on environmental conditions external to the microbial colony. This consideration of the colony as a biofilm with relatively constant nutrient uptake rates ignores the growth differentiation that occurs as the colony develops

scholarly journals Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Profiles of Cotton Plant Biomass Products

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongqi He ◽  
Dan C. Olk ◽  
Haile Tewolde ◽  
Hailin Zhang ◽  
Mark Shankle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Cotton Leaf ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Biomass Materials

To achieve the optimal and diverse utilization of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plant residues in various agricultural, industrial, and environmental applications, the chemical composition of cotton biomass tissues across different plant parts (e.g., seed, boll, bur, leaves, stalk, stem, and root) is of essential information. Thus, in this work, we collected field-grown whole mature cotton plants and separated them into distinct biomass fractions including main stems, leaf blades, branches, petioles, roots, and reproductive parts (mid-season growth stage) or bur, peduncles/bract, and seed cotton (pre-defoliation stage). The contents of selected carbohydrates and amino acids in these cotton biomass materials were determined. Both essential and nonessential amino acids were enriched in cotton leaf blades and reproductive parts. The distribution pattern of the selected carbohydrates differed from that of amino acids—higher contents of carbohydrate were found in roots, main stems, and branches. Although glucose was the most abundant non-structural carbohydrate in cotton plant parts at mid-season, xylose was the most abundant in most plant parts at the pre-defoliation stage. Nutritional carbohydrates and amino acids were further accumulated in seeds at pre-defoliation. The information reported in this work would be helpful in exploring and optimizing management practices and processing strategies for utilizing cotton crop biomass materials as valuable and renewable natural resources.

Plant litter variability and soil N mobility

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongtao Zhong ◽  
Carol Smith ◽  
Brett Robinson ◽  
Young-Nam Kim ◽  
Nicholas Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Litter Addition ◽  
Plant Foliage ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Nitrogen Pollutants

Laboratory incubation studies were used to investigate whether and how variability of different plant litters modifies the mobility of nitrogen in soil. Fallen plant foliage from native New Zealand plants of diverse fibre and nutrient content were selected, with C:N ratios ranging from 14 to 102. Different litters provided substantially different inputs of macro- and micronutrients to soil that affected the mobility of N. Both fibre content and C:N ratios were influential. A primary effect of litter addition to soil was modification of pH, largely attributable to calcium enrichment. Nitrate in soil was reduced by up to 85% following litter amendments. Incorporation of five native plant litters into soil significantly suppressed emissions of nitrous oxide. We interpret these findings in the context of plant residues from naturalistic planting on the borders of farm paddocks that may play a role in tightening the N cycle and restricting spillover of nitrogen pollutants to the wider environment.

Studies on the mycoflora and its control on the seeds of some forest trees. I. Cedrus deodara

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
R. K. Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Cedrus Deodara

By tests using standard moist blotters, potato–dextrose–agar plates, and moist sterilized sand, 26 fungal species belonging to 13 genera were isolated from seeds of Cedrus deodara Loud. Most of these fungi were present on seed surfaces and only nine caused deep-seated internal infections. Some of the more common species in different tests were Aspergillus flavus, A. luchuensis, Epicoccum purpurascens, Fusarium moniliforme, Pénicillium canadense, and Rhizopus oryzae. Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium canadense, and Rhizopus oryzae showed differences in pathogenicity to seed germination and seedling development in sterilized and unsterilized soils. Of the nine fungicides tested for the control of the seed-borne fungi, RH-2161, a liquid fungicide, was found to be the most effective. Dithane M-45 was also effective, whereas the remaining seven fungicides were less effective.

The role of environmental variables on interannual variation in species composition and biomass in a subtropical minerotrophic floating marsh

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Sasser ◽  
Jenneke M. Visser ◽  
D. Elaine Evers ◽  
James G. Gosselink
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Panicum Hemitomon ◽  
Dominant Plant Species ◽  
Related Plant ◽  
Floating Marsh

Floating marshes supporting emergent vascular vegetation occur in expansive areas in many parts of the world. We analyzed the long-term variability in species composition and related plant biomass to environmental variables in a subtropical minerotrophic floating marsh, Louisiana, U.S.A. Panicum hemitomon was the dominant plant species, representing 76% of the total mean end of season aboveground dry weight of 840 g∙m−2. Multivariate analyses showed that community structure in the Lake Boeuf floating marsh has changed little during the 11 years included in this study. Individual species occurring in varying frequency with the dominant, Panicum hemitomon, form two marginally distinct assemblages. Mean live end of season biomass varied from a low of 602 g dry wt∙m−2 to a high of 1173 g dry wt∙m−2 during the period of the study. Ninety-nine percent of the variation in total aboveground biomass can be predicted by environmental variables related to temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and water level. Mapping of the area for the years 1945, 1952, 1981, and 1992 show that a net loss of about 4% of marsh has occurred between 1945 and 1992. Key words: vegetation, stability, freshwater floating marsh, Panicum hemitomon, Louisiana, climate.

scholarly journals Peran β-glucan dalam diagnosis rinosinusitis kronik jamur

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Dhaniel Abdi Wicaksana ◽  
Rus Suheryanto ◽  
Iriana Maharani
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Fungal Rhinosinusitis

Latar Belakang: Rinosinusitis kronik jamur merupakan permasalahan kesehatan terutama dinegara berkembang karena prevalensinya yang semakin meningkat, sulitnya penanganan medis, sertaberdampak besar terhadap penurunan kualitas hidup. Saat ini tengah dikembangkan teknologi untukmembantu penegakan diagnosis tanpa tindakan invasif, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan β-glucan sebagaikomponen terbesar penyusun dinding sel beberapa spesies jamur. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antarakadar β-glucan jaringan sinus dan serum darah untuk diagnosis rinosinusitis kronik jamur. Metode:Penelitian cross sectional ini melibatkan 20 subjek penelitian. Dilakukan pengambilan sampel darah, danpembedahan sinus maksila untuk mengambil jaringan mukosa, yang kemudian dilanjutkan pemeriksaanpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) untuk identifikasi jamur pada mukosa sinus. Bila didapatkan spesiesjamur yang memiliki β-glucan, dilakukan pemeriksaan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) untukpengukuran kadar β-glucan. Hasil: Aspergillus flavus merupakan jamur yang paling banyak ditemukan.Seluruh subjek melampaui batasan positif β-glucan (≥80 pg/mL) dari spesimen mukosa, dan hanya 1subjek memberikan hasil intermediate (60-79 pg/mL) dari darah. Uji t berpasangan mendapatkan kadarβ-glucan darah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan mukosa sinus (p=0,886), sehingga pemeriksaan β-glucanpada darah dapat menggambarkan kadar β-glucan pada sinus paranasal. Kesimpulan: β-glucan dapatdimanfaatkan untuk membantu memperoleh diagnosis rinosinusitis kronik jamur, sehingga diharapkandiagnosis dapat ditegakkan dengan cepat dan tepat tanpa memerlukan tindakan invasif, namun hasil inimembutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut, khususnya terkait uji diagnostik.  ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic fungal rhinosinusitis is a major health problem particularly in developingcountries due to its increasing prevalence, difficult medical treatment, and also could make a large impacton the quality of life. The current technology to establish diagnosis without invasive procedure is byutilizing β-glucan, the largest component of fungal cell wall in some fungal species. Purpose: To discoverthe correlation of β-glucan level in paranasal sinus tissue and blood serum as a potential diagnosismarker for chronic fungal rhinosinusitis. Methods: A cross sectional study involving 20 subjects. Bloodsampling and maxillary sinus surgery were performed, then fungi identification in the sinus mucosawas done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). If a fungal species with β-glucan was found, then theexamination was continued with the measurement of β-glucan by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay(ELISA) technique in sinus and blood. Results: Aspergillus flavus is the most commonly found fungus. Allsubjects passed the positive β-glucan limit (≥80 pg/mL) of the mucosal sample, and only 1 subject hadintermediate results (60-79 pg/mL) from the blood. Paired t-test result showed no significant differencebetween the level of β-glucan in blood and mucosal sinus (p=0.886), so that β-glucan blood examinationcould illustrate β-glucan levels in paranasal sinuses. Conclusion: β-glucan may be used to establishthe diagnosis of fungal chronic rhinosinusitis with one hope that the diagnosis process can be obtainedquickly and accurately without invasive procedure, although it still requires more studies, particularlyrelated to diagnostic test.

scholarly journals Cycle of biomass and elements of plant nutrition in soybean crops depending on various preceding crops and primary tillage

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
S. P. Tanchyk ◽  
◽  
D.V. Litvinov ◽  
V.V. Sinchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Primary Tillage

The article analyzes the main laws of the biological cycle of soybean plant biomass, and the parameters of recirculation of nutrients depending on the method and depth of the primary tillage and various preceding crops. It was found that the share of biomass alienated from the field with soybean harvest, depending on the various preceding crops and the primary tillage varied from 31,6 to 32,8 %, which in absolute terms ranged from 1,93 to 3,25 t/ha, and received to the soil with plant residues: from 3,97 to 6,67 t/ha or from 67,2 to 68,4 %. The largest amount of nutrients from 310,2 to 420,5 kg/ha of NPK is involved in soybean crops placed after cereals (winter wheat and spring barley) in the variant of cultivated without soil tillage by 20-22 cm (chisel-deep-tiller), and the lowest after corn for grain from 251,1 to 302,9 kg / ha NPK obtained in the variant during plowing by 20-22 cm. The largest share in the total amount of nutrients in soybean biomass belongs to nitrogen from 61,6 to 65,3 %, the share of phosphorus varies from 12,4 to 14,4 %, and potassium from 20,3 to 25,7 %. The amount of nutrients returned to the soil with plant residues, in relation to their content in the biomass ranges from 41.7 to 55.4% nitrogen, 11,1-14,7 phosphorus and 30,0-46,9 % potassium. It was found that the largest amount of nitrogen enters the soil with crop residues in the variant of soybean placement after soybean and main tillage (disc harrow) by 12-14 cm – 55,4 %. The share of phosphorus was 14,7 %, potassium – 29,8 %. When growing soybeans after cereals, corn for grain and sunflower, the intake of nitrogen in the soil with plant residues was 41,7-42,8 %, phosphorus 11,1-11,2 %, potassium 45,8-46,9 %. The lowest percentage of nitrogen removal - 69.5-69.6% was for the placement of soybeans after soybeans. Although for the removal of phosphorus (14,3%) and potassium – (16,1%) the option of placing soybeans after cereals, corn and sunflower prevailed, where these indicators were respectively (13,0-13,1 %) and (14,5- 14,7 %).

scholarly journals Fungal Diversity in Droppings of Spot- Billed Pelican, Pelecanus philippensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavitha N ◽  
Zehra Amtuz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Public Health Risk

Birds are potential vectors of some diseases as their droppings pose public health risk and cause illness. Dust containing dry faeces after inhaling can infects humans. The prevalence of fungi from the faeces of birds in wetlands has not been previously determined. Hence, the present study was carried out to isolate and identify different fungal species present in the droppings of spot-billed pelican, Pelecanus philippensis. Among the fungal species identified Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus were found to be dominating.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE HUMIFICATION OF PLANT LITTER

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Y.V. Simonov
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Humus Substances ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Humus Acids ◽  
Humus Accumulation ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Techniques of laboratory microecosystems, small groups of arthropods and physical and chemical studies are shown. On the basis of instrumental studies the effect of temperature on the ratio of the processes of mineralization and humification of plant residues with the participation of small arthropods is computed. Analysis of the results of measurements of indicators of the process ofhumification clearly reveals that the temperature of the plant material affects the intensity of humus accumulation and on indicators of the degree of maturity of humus acids. Activity of microarthropods reduces the dependence of accumulation of humus substances on the temperature.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document