scholarly journals Pengaruh kedalaman dan lama menyelam terhadap ambang-dengar penyelam tradisional dengan barotrauma telinga

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arief Tjatur Prasetyo ◽  
Joseph Bambang Soemantri ◽  
Lukmantya Lukmantya

Background: Ear barotrauma is ear tissue damage resulted by the inability to equalize pressure in the middle ear space with the ambient pressure. The greatest relative change in pressure during diving,is near the surface. Ear barotrauma can occur when diving done without equalizing middle ear pressurewith proper procedures. Recurrent ear barotrauma in a long time period can use damage of elastic fibersrecoiling capacity of the tympanic membrane to be irreversible, so it can cause hearing loss. Suddenpressure changes in middle ear space, can be forwarded to the inner ear so it can cause inner eardamage, even deafness. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of depth and diving durationto hearing threshold in the traditional divers (divers with diving air compressor tools), who experienced ear barotrauma, and to know the incidence of ear barotrauma. Method: This was an observational analytic study with cross sectional data collection. Data analysis used the cross table, ChiSquare(X2), Spearman correlation and logistic regression test. Result: On October 8 - December 18, 2011 has been conducted a study in traditional divers. 24 samples from 74 population were found. 50 persons with noear barotrauma founds no significant statistic differences with characteristic samples. The results ofChi - Square and Spearman correlationthe showed p=0.350, p=0.382 and p=0.372, p=0.281, which are>a(0.05). The result of logistic regression test showed significancy values were 0.771 and 0.610, whichwere >a(0.05). Ear barotrauma incidence is 32.4%. Conclusion: There is no significant effect of depthand duration of diving to hearing threshold in the traditional divers who experienced ear barotrauma.Ear barotrauma incidence is 32.4%. Keywords:  ear barotrauma, diving depth, diving duration, hearing threshold. Abstrak :  Latar belakang: Barotrauma telinga adalah kerusakan jaringan telinga akibat ketidak-mampuanmenyamakan tekanan ruang telinga tengah dengan lingkungan. Perubahan tekanan relatif terbesar selamamenyelam terdapat di dekat permukaan. Barotrauma telinga dapat terjadi apabila penyelaman tanpamelaksanakan ekualisasi tekanan telinga tengah dengan cara yang benar. Barotrauma telinga berulangdalam periode lama dapat menyebabkan gangguan kapasitas recoiling serabut elastis membran timpanimenjadi irreversible, sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran. Perubahan tekanan mendadakdi ruang telinga tengah dapat diteruskan ke telinga dalam sehingga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan telingadalam, bahkan ketulian. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh kedalaman dan lama menyelam terhadap perubahanpendengaran pada penyelam tradisional (penyelam dengan alat bantu selam kompresor udara) yangmengalami barotrauma telinga, serta angka kejadian barotrauma telinga. Metode: Merupakan penelitianobservasional analitik, dengan pengambilan data secara cross sectional. Analisis data menggunakan tabelsilang, uji Chi-Square (X), korelasi Spearman dan regresi logistik. Hasil: Pada Oktober - Desember 2011telah dilakukan penelitian pada penyelam tradisional. Didapatkan 24 sampel dari 74 populasi. Terdapat50 orang tidak mengalami barotrauma telinga, yang tidak terdapat perbedaan statistik signifikan dengankarakteristik sampel. Hasil uji Chi-Square dan korelasi Spearman menunjukkan nilai p=0,350, p=0,382, danp=0,372, p=0,281, yang >a(0,05). Uji regresi logistik menunjukan nilai signifikansi 0,771 dan 0,610, yang>a(0,05). Angka kejadian barotrauma telinga sebesar 32,4%. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh yangsignifikan kedalaman dan lama menyelam terhadap perubahan pendengaran pada penyelam tradisionalyang mengalami barotrauma telinga. Angka kejadian barotrauma telinga sebesar 32,4%.2 Kata kunci: barotrauma telinga, kedalaman menyelam, lama menyelam, ambang dengar

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Rustika Rustika ◽  
Esny Burase

Since 2014, the program to provide masks for Hajj pilgrims from Indonesia in Saudi Arabia as one of the efforts to prevent ISPA, continues to be increased in 2015 Ministry of Health Perform Movement Use Mask (GERMAS). Based on this case, this research focuses on the relationship of Knowledge and Attitude with Mask Usage Behavior among Prayer Hajj Indonesia in Saudi Arabia Year 2016 in preventing the incidence of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection. The design used is cross sectional with quantitative approach. The population in this study is all pilgrims who perform the pilgrimage, amounting to 168,800 people with a sample of 163 respondents. Data analysis techniques include univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression test. The result of bivariate selection shows that the knowledge variable has no significant correlation with relationship p-value is 0.284 > 0.05. Where as attitude variable have relationship because p-value value 0.000 < 0.05. In multivariate analysis multiple logistic regression test showed that attitude variable which has the most dominant significance with the mask use on haj pilgrims with p-value 0.000 <0.05 and Odds Ratio 3.558. This means that attitude that does not support the use of masks has a 3 times chance of experiencing ISPA events. Abstrak Sejak tahun 2014 program pemberian masker bagi jemaah haji asal Indonesia di Arab Saudi sebagai salah satu upaya pencegahan ISPA, terus ditingkatkan pada tahun 2015 Kementerian Kesehatan melakukan Gerakan Memakai Masker (GERMAS). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan pengetahuan, sikap dengan tindakan penggunaan masker pada jemaah haji Indonesia. Desain yang digunakan cross sectional, dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah seluruh jemaah haji yang melakukan ibadah haji sebanyak 168.800 jiwa, sampel adalah jemaah haji Indonesia yang berada di Mekkah dan Madinah sebanyak 163 responden. Teknik analisis data meliputi analisis univariat, analisis bivariat dengan uji Chi-Square, dan analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan uji regresi logistik berganda. Hasil seleksi bivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel pengetahuan tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dimana nilai p-value 0,284 > 0,05, sedangkan variabel sikap memiliki hubungan karena nilai p-value 0,000 < 0,05. Pada analisis multivariat uji regresi logistik berganda diperoleh bahwa variabel sikap yang memiliki signifikansi paling dominan dengan penggunaan masker pada jemaah haji atau nilai p-value 0,000 < 0,05 dan Odds Ratio 3,558, artinya sikap yang tidak mendukung penggunaan masker berpeluang sebesar 3 kali mengalami kejadian ISPA.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Lisa Agustina ◽  
Linda T. Maas ◽  
Zulfendri Zulfendri

<p><em><em>Obesity in children has become a global health problem throughout the world, either in the developed and developing countries. As for the prevalence of obesity in children is continuously increasing each year so that it becomes serious, complicated, and multicultural health problem. Children who are overweight and obese tend to remain obese when adults  and are likely to develop non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease at a younger (WHO, 2012). The objective of the research was to analyze the risk factor for the incidence of obesity in 9-12 year-old children at Harapan 1 Elementary School, Medan, in 2018. The research used analytic method with cross-sectional study with 59 samples. The sampling method was proportional random sampling. The data were gathered by conducting interviews, questionnaires, and direct observation and analyzed by using Chi-Square test and logistic regression test with an SPSS 24. The result of the research showed that 54.2% of the respondents were obese, and 45.8% of the respondents were not with the significant correlation of p=0.05. The risk factors of the incidence of obesity in school-aged children were   eating behavior (p=0.003 &lt; 0.05), physical activity (p=0.008 &lt; 0.05), exposure to television advertisements (p=0.015 &lt; 0.05), and pocket money (p=0.0001 &lt; 0.05). The result of logistic regression test showed that the variable which had the most dominant influence on the incidence of obesity was pocket money at Exp (β)=25.200. The variables of eating behavior, physical activity, exposure to television advertisements, and pocket money had the influence of 80.5% on the incidence of obesity. It is recommended that the school to monitor nutritional status of children through UKS (School Health Unit) in early detection of obesity</em></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Obesitas pada anak telah menjadi masalah kesehatan global di seluruh dunia, baik di negara maju maupun negara berkembang. Adapun prevalensi obesitas pada anak terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, sehingga obesitas pada anak menjadi salah satu tantangan paling serius di bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Masalah obesitas pada anak merupakan masalah yang kompleks dengan penyebab multifaktorial. Anak yang mengalami overweight dan obesitas cenderung tetap mengalami obesitas ketika dewasa dan kemungkinan akan berkembang menjadi penyakit tidak menular, seperti diabetes dan penyakit kardiovaskular pada usia yang lebih muda (WHO, 2012). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor perilaku berisiko terhadap kejadian obesitas pada anak usia 9 – 12 tahun di SD Harapan 1 Medan tahun 2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 59 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah Proportional random sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi langsung. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji Chi-Square dan uji Regresi Logistik Berganda menggunakan Software SPSS 24. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan responden yang mengalami obesitas sebanyak 54,2% dan sebanyak 45,8% responden yang tidak mengalami obesitas. Faktor yang secara bermakna berhubungan (p&lt;0,05) dan menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya obesitas pada anak usia sekolah adalah kebiasaan makan p (0,003 &lt;0,05), aktivitas fisik p (0,008 &lt;0,05), paparan iklan televisi p (0,015 &lt;0,05),  dan uang jajan p (0,0001 &lt;0,05). Hasil uji regresi logistik berganda diperoleh variabel yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kejadian obesitas adalah uang jajan dengan nilai Exp(B)= 25,200. Kebiasaan makan, aktivitas fisik, paparan iklan televisi dan uang jajan mempunyai pengaruh sebesar 80,5% terhadap kejadian obesitas. Selanjutnya, diharapkan pihak sekolah untuk memonitoring pertumbuhan dan perkembangan status gizi anak sekolah melalui Usaha Kesehatan Sekolah (UKS) yang telah ada sehingga dapat mendeteksi adanya obesitas sejak dini</em></p>


2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Muhamad Rofi’i ◽  
Rr Tutik Sri Hariyati ◽  
Hening Pujasari

AbstrakPerencanaan pulang dapat memberikan motivasi untuk mencapai kesembuhan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasifaktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan perencanaan pulang. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif korelasi denganpendekatan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah perawat dan dokumentasi asuhan keperawatan dengan jumlahmasing-masing 147dengan purposive sampling dan proporsionate sampling. Analisis riset menggunakan uji Chi Square(signifikansi 5%) dan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara faktor personil perencanaanpulang (p= 0,01; α= 0,05), keterlibatan dan partisipasi (p= 0,021; α= 0,05), komunikasi (p= 0,008; α= 0,05), perjanjian dankonsensus (p= 0,007; α= 0,05) dengan pelaksanaan perencanaan pulang. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah perjanjian dankonsensus (OR= 2,361). Perawat harus mampu untuk menjalin hubungan, komunikasi, membuat kesepakatan dengan pasien,keluarga, dan tim kesehatan lain.Kata kunci: dokumentasi asuhan keperawatan, pelaksanaan perencanaan pulang, perawat, perencanaan pulangAbstractDischarge planning can provide motivation to achieve patient’s recovery. The research aimed to identify determinant factorsof discharge planning implementation. The study design was descriptive correlation with cross-sectional approach. Researchsample was nurses and nursing care documentation 147 each with purposive sampling and proportional sampling. Researchanalysis used Chi square (5% significant) and binary logistic regression test. The result indicated that there was relationshipbetween personnel discharge planning (p= 0.01; α= 0.05), involvement and participation (p= 0.021; α= 0.05), communication(p= 0.008; α= 0.05), agreement and consensus (p= 0.007; α= 0.05) with the discharge planning implementation. The mostdeterminant factor was the agreement and consensus. Nurses should be able to establish network; communicate; makingconsensus with the patient, family, and other health teams.Keywords: discharge planning, discharge planning implementation, nurse, nursing care documentation


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Prihatina Anjela ◽  
Rachmat Hidayat ◽  
Debby Handayanti Harahap

Background :. Stunting among children is one of the major health problems in developing countries. Globally, 45% of deaths among children are caused by malnutrition, meanwhile stunting, as one of the factors, plays an important role. Children who experience stunting can not achieve optimal growth and cognitive potential. Hence, that will have an impact on future productivity. Muara Enim district is included in one district with stunting prevalence, which is above 20%, i.e. 26.9%. This study was to identify the risk factors of stunting children in Pulau Panggung district, Muara Enim, South Sumatera. Methods: This study applied observational analytic research using cross sectional design. It was conducted on August to October 2017 at public health center in Pulau Panggung district, Muara Enim. There were 83 children who fullfilled the inclusion criteria. The relationship between risk factors and stunting was analyzed using  Chi square test and Logistic Regression test was applied to identify the risk factor that play the most role to stunting. Results: 49,4% out of 83 children suffer from stunting, with a mean age of 29,37±13,69 months where the number of children stunting with male gender is 53.7% while female gender is 46.3%. Chi square analysis showed that there was a significant relationship among birth weight, birth length, mother's occupation, history of infection, exclussive breastfeeding and stunting  (p< 0.05) but no significant relationship was found among sex, mother's education, maternal height and income with stunting (p> 0.05). Multivariate Logistic Regression test showed that mother's occupation and history of infection are the risk factors that contibute the most to stunting among children aged 6-59 months in Pulau Panggung district. The risk of stunting among working mothers is higher 5 times than unworking  mothers and children with infection history have risk of stunting 3 times compared to children without infection history. Conclusion: Mother's occupation and infection history are risk factors that contribute the most to stunting among children at Pulau Panggung district, Muara Enim, South Sumatera.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Ayu Aztuty Tanjung ◽  
Sudiro Sudiro ◽  
Sutopo Patria Jati

To improve health development in Jambi Province, it needs to be supported by qualified human resource that can improve performance of employees. The decrease in performance might be caused by no work satisfaction among them. One of the problems faced by Health Office of Jambi Province was decreasing a level of work satisfaction among employees from time to time. Promotion, equity in sharing either financial or non-financial incentive, and sharing tasks equally needed to be done in order improve their work satisfaction. The aim of this study was to figure out the influence of promotion, effectiveness in sharing tasks, and equity in sharing incentive towards work satisfaction of employees at the Health Office of Jambi Province. This was an observational study using cross-sectional approach. Number of population was 277 employees of the Health Office of Jambi Province. Meanwhile, number of samples was 74 persons. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analysed quantitatively using methods of univariate, bivariate (a Chi Square test), and multivariate (a Logistic Regression test). The results of this research showed that more than half of the respondents were satisfied (56.8%), had perception of balanced promotion (50%), had good effectiveness in sharing tasks (55.4%), and felt equal in sharing incentive (51.4%). There were any significant relationships between these three variables and work satisfaction of the employees. The results of multivariate analysis demonstrated that variables of promotion (p=0.015) and equity in sharing incentive (p=0.151) jointly influenced work satisfaction of the employees. As suggestions, employees need to pay more attention to the factors of promotion, effectiveness in sharing tasks, and equity in sharing incentive.


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriza Agustiningrum ◽  
Nur Lathifah Mardiyanti

Abstract: Elderly, Hypertension, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Hip. The problem of hypertension is one of the most common diseases in elderly people. Risk factors that can cause hypertension are obesity and central obesity. That is caused by the lack of appropriateness of eating intake with activity in the elderly are declining. So there is a possibility of normal BMI and RLPP will reduce the risk of hypertension. This study aims to determine IMT and RLPP measurements as a predictor of hypertension. This type of research is observational with cross-sectional design and the number of research subjects is 71 elderly who suffer from hypertension and not hypertension. Sampling using total sampling method. Data analysis was done by univariate and bivariate analysis using chi-square test and logistic regression test. The result of statistic test showed that there was a correlation between body mass index with hypertension 0,002 (p <0,002) and BMI was risk factor proved by RR 2,228 (CI 1,3333,723). There is a relationship between RLPP with hypertension 0.000 (p <0.000) and RLPP is hypertension risk factor with RR value 4,340 (CI 1,896-9,933). The result of BMT logistic regression test is not a predictor of hypertension, but RLPP is a predictor to determine hypertension with the formula Y = -3,614 + 2,285X1. It is advisable for the elderly to maintain normal RLPP in order to reduce the risk of hypertension.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Febrianti Qisti Arrum Bayumi ◽  
Lucia Yovita Hendrati

Injuries due to traffic accidents were ranked eighth as health problem that caused deaths in several countries. Many traffic accidents occur in Africa and Southeast Asia with mortality rate of 26.6 and 20.7 deaths per 100,000 populations in 2016. East Java Province was ranked second as the location of traffic accidents on Java. Surabaya was ranked fifth as a contributor to the large number of road traffic accidents in East Java. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between parents’ authoritarian parenting and the experience of teenage traffic accidents while riding a motorcycle. This research is a cross sectional study and uses two stage random sampling method. From the sampling process, as many as 222 students were obtained as respondents. The instrument used in this study consists of personal data and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) to identify parenting style. Data analysis was carried out by logistic regression test with α= 5%. The data collection process was carried out during April-October 2017 in public and private high school in Surabaya. Logistic regression test results showed that there is no significant impact between parenting style and traffic accidents experienced by respondents (authoritarian p = 0.966; OR = 0.967, permissive p = 0.616; OR = 1.556). The conclusion of this study is that traffic accidents are not directly affected by parenting style, but it has role in forming individual characteristics, such as decision making and driving attitudes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadli Fadli ◽  
Safruddin Safruddin ◽  
Andi Sastria Ahmad ◽  
Sumbara Sumbara ◽  
Rohandi Baharuddin

ABSTRAKTenaga kesehatan dalam melaksanakan tugas sebagai garda terdepan penanganan, pencegahan, dan perawatan pasien Covid-19 mengalami kecemasan karena disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya adalah ketersediaan alat pelindung diri. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang paling mempengaruhi kecemasan petugas kesehatan dalam pencegahan Covid-19. Penelitian kuantitatif mengunakan metode obsevasional analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional ini dilakukan di tiga Rumah Sakit dan  sembilan Layanan Kesehatan pada bulan April 2020. Penentuan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan cluster random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 115 reponden. Uji pearson chi-square dilakukan untuk menilai hubungan antara kecemasan dan usia, jenis kelamin, status keluarga, kejujuran pasien, ketersediaan peralatan perlindungan pribadi, dan pengetahuan. Masing-masing variabel independen dievaluasi menggunakan analisis uji regresi logistik untuk menetukan variabel yang paling berpengaruh. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh usia (p=0.024); status keluarga (p=0.022); kejujuran pasien (p=0.034); ketersediaan alat pelindung diri (0.014); pengetahuan (p=0.030) terhadap kecemasan petugas. Dari hasil uji regresi logistik menunjukkan variabel ketersediaan alat pelindung diri yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kecemasan (r=0.517;CI=1.34-8.06), yang artinya ketersediaan alat pelindung memilliki pengaruh 51.7% terhadap kecemasan petugas kesehatan dalam upaya pencegahan Covid-19. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus memberikan perhatian yang sangat besar kepada petugas kesehatan yang berada digarda terdepan dalam pencegahan covid-19 terkait masalah kebutuhan alat pelindung diri sesuai protokol dari WHO. ABSTRACTHealth workers in carrying out their duties as the frontliners in handling, preventing and caring of COVID-19 patients experience anxiety caused by several factors and one of them is the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE). This study is conducted to determine some factors that mostly influence the anxiety of health workers in preventing of Covid-19. Quantitative research is used by analytical obsevational methods with cross-sectional design and is conducted in three Hospitals and nine Health Services in April 2020. Sampling techniques used cluster random sampling (n=115. Person          chi-square tests are conducted to assess the relationship between anxiety and age, family status, availability of personal protective equipment, and knowledge. Independent variable is evaluated using logistic regression test analysis to determine the most influential variable. The results of this study indicate that there are influences of age (p-value=0.024); family status (p-value=0.022); patient honesty (p-value=0.034); the availability of personal protective equipment (p-value=0.014); knowledge (p-value=0.030) on staffs’ anxiety. The logistic regression test result clarifies that the availability of personal protective equipment is the most influential on anxiety (r=0.517; CI=1.34-8.06), which means the availability of protective devices has a 51.7% influence on the anxiety of health workers in preventing of Covid-19. Therefore, the government must pay great attention to health workers who are at the frontliners in preventing covid-19 related to the problem of personal needs for personal protective equipment based on the protocol from WHO.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-594
Author(s):  
Sri Tirtayanti ◽  
Intansari Nurjannah ◽  
Lely Lusmilasari

Background: Bullying is a form of repetitive persecution both on physical and emotional aggressions and potentially causing mental and physical disorders on perpetrators and victims. There are various factors that may affect a child to behave as bullies. These are important factors to be identified as one of prevention effort to stop bullying behavior on children. Objective: This research aims to identify the association between emotional development and bullying behavior in children at the Elementary School No 7, Banyuasin Prajin, Palembang.Methods: This was a correlation descriptive using a cross sectional design. This research has been conducted on November 21, until December 1, 2016 involving 85 children as respondents. The instruments used for this research were Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version, school-bullying questionnaire, parenting style questionnaire and peer influence questionnaire. Chi-square test was used for bivariate data analysis and logistic regression test for multivariate analysis.Results: Results from chi-square test showed a significant association between emotional developments and parenting with bullying behavior (ρ<0,05), but no significant correlation between peer influence and bullying behavior (ρ>0,05). Logistic regression test showed a significant relationship between parenting and bullying behavior (OR) 4,655 (95% CI: 1,292-16,774), which indicated that the uninvolved parenting potentially makes bullying behavior have a chance to increase 4,655 times higher.Conclusion: There is a significant association between emotional development and parenting with children bullying behavior.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Elika Puspitasari ◽  
Mochammad Hakimi ◽  
Evi Nurhidayati

Abstact: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association ofsociodemographic factors with antenatal care visits. Types of analyticsurvey research with cross sectional design. Sampling with quota samplingwas obtained 100 trimester pregnant women 3. Bivariate analysis usingchi-square test. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression test. Theresults showed that the factors unrelated to ANC were Age (p-value =0.46), occupation (p-value = 0,55), knowledge (p-value = 0.88), andincome -value = 0.22). While the factors of education and distance ofpregnancy is related to antenatal care visit (p-value <0,02). ConclusionsAge, occupation, knowledge and income are unrelated to antenatal visitswhereas education and pregnancy distances are related to antenatal carevisits.


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