Transport and the environment in Italy (1950-2006)

2012 ◽  
pp. 219-244
Author(s):  
Federico Paolini
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
The Many ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

Historians - and not only in Italy - have begun only in recent years to address in detail the environmental problems caused by transport. In recent years we have seen an attempt at creating a new interdisciplinary study sector (environmental mobility studies) with the aim of studying, from the environmental point of view, the many topics concerning mobility. This article aims at putting forward a brief survey of the development of transport in Italy (taking into consideration the time span between the end of the Second World War and the early part of the 21st century) with a perspective which stands between environmental history and environmental mobility studies. The chief objective of this paper is to analyze, and possibly assess the environmental impact of transport, utilizing indicators referring to the driving forces (extension of infrastructures, traffic volume) to environmental pressures (emissions of carbon dioxide, PM10, NOx, waste production per worker) and to environmental impacts (energy resources consumption). In particular, in the article the author uses the notion of virtual water, an easily applicable indicator for industrial production (it does not require the necessary complex calculations, used for example to assess the ecological footprint) useful for quantifying the environmental impact caused by the production and utilization of means of transport.

Public Investment Criteria: Benefit-Cost Analysis for Planned Economic Growth by Stephen A. Marglin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.103. 22s. 6d.********** Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-420
Author(s):  
Arthur MacEwan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Capacity Expansion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
Benefit Cost

These books are numbers 4 and 5, respectively, in the series "Studies in the Economic Development of India". The two books are interesting complements to one another, both being concerned with the analysis of projects within national plan formulation. However, they treat different sorts of problems and do so on very different levels. Marglin's Public Investment Criteria is a short treatise on the problems of cost-benefit analysis in an Indian type economy, i.e., a mixed economy in which the government accepts a large planning responsibility. The book, which is wholely theoretical, explains the many criteria needed for evaluation of projects. The work is aimed at beginning students and government officials with some training in economics. It is a clear and interesting "introduction to the special branch of economics that concerns itself with systematic analysis of investment alternatives from the point of view of a government".

scholarly journals Grounding semantic transparency in context

Morphology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Varvara ◽  
Gabriella Lapesa ◽  
Sebastian Padó
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Inclusion Measure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe present the results of a large-scale corpus-based comparison of two German event nominalization patterns: deverbal nouns in -ung (e.g., die Evaluierung, ‘the evaluation’) and nominal infinitives (e.g., das Evaluieren, ‘the evaluating’). Among the many available event nominalization patterns for German, we selected these two because they are both highly productive and challenging from the semantic point of view. Both patterns are known to keep a tight relation with the event denoted by the base verb, but with different nuances. Our study targets a better understanding of the differences in their semantic import.The key notion of our comparison is that of semantic transparency, and we propose a usage-based characterization of the relationship between derived nominals and their bases. Using methods from distributional semantics, we bring to bear two concrete measures of transparency which highlight different nuances: the first one, cosine, detects nominalizations which are semantically similar to their bases; the second one, distributional inclusion, detects nominalizations which are used in a subset of the contexts of the base verb. We find that only the inclusion measure helps in characterizing the difference between the two types of nominalizations, in relation with the traditionally considered variable of relative frequency (Hay, 2001). Finally, the distributional analysis allows us to frame our comparison in the broader coordinates of the inflection vs. derivation cline.

scholarly journals Methodology for the quantification of concrete sustainability

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 01006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Teplý ◽  
Tomáš Vymazal ◽  
Pavla Rovnaníková
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Sustainability Management

Efficient sustainability management requires the use of tools which allow material, technological and construction variants to be quantified, measured or compared. These tools can be used as a powerful marketing aid and as support for the transition to “circular economy”. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) procedures are also used, aside from other approaches. LCA is a method that evaluates the life cycle of a structure from the point of view of its impact on the environment. Consideration is given also to energy and raw material costs, as well as to environmental impact throughout the life cycle - e.g. due to emissions. The paper focuses on the quantification of sustainability connected with the use of various types of concrete with regard to their resistance to degradation. Sustainability coefficients are determined using information regarding service life and "eco-costs". The aim is to propose a suitable methodology which can simplify decision-making in the design and choice of concrete mixes from a wider perspective, i.e. not only with regard to load-bearing capacity or durability.

Heart failure in an elderly population

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-321
Author(s):  
DN Carmichael ◽  
Michael Lye
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
The Common ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Many ◽  
Neuroendocrine Activation ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Heart failure has been defined in many ways and definitions change over time. The multiplicity of definitions reflect the paucity of our understanding of the primary underlying physiology of heart failure and the many diseases for which heart failure is the common end-point. Fundamentally, heart failure represents a failure of the heart to meet the body’s requirement for blood supply for whatever reason. It is thus a clinical syndrome with characteristic features – not a single disease in its own right. The syndrome includes symptoms and signs of organ underperfusion, fluid retention and neuroendocrine activation. The syndrome arises from a range of possible causes of which ischaemic heart disease is the commonest. From the point of view of a clinician, the underlying pathology will determine treatment options and prognosis. The extensive range of possible aetiologies present a diagnostic challenge both to correctly identify the syndrome amongst all other causes of dyspnoea and to identify the aetiology, allowing optimization of treatment.

THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD: SICKLE CELL DISEASE CRISES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635
Author(s):  
Howard A. Pearson ◽  
Louis K. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Heterozygous Form ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

This brief review, being limited in scope to the recognition and management of the life-threatening and painful crises in infants and children with sickle-cell disease, has not even touched on the intriguing mystery of the molecular basis for the sickling phenomenon–how one amino-acid substitution (gene controlled) in the beta chain sequence of 146 amino acids can cause such serious disruption in form and function; or how this mutation occurred in the first place and why it has persisted in contrast to the rapid disappearance of many other deleterious mutants. Nor has there been even mention of the many milder symptoms, signs, and complications due to the presence of Hb. S., either in the homozygous (disease-producing) state or heterozygous form when found in combination with other hereditary hemoglobin defects. The accumulated knowledge about this mutant gene, its biochemical effects, and geographic distribution is enormous. From a fundamental scientific standpoint, sickle cell disease is one of the best understood of human afflictions. However, from a practical point of view treatment of the patient himself is often only symptomatic and palliative. Nevertheless, prompt and effective therapy of the myriad manifestations of sickle cell disease can effectively reduce morbidity and mortality. The pediatrician who cares for black children in his practice should be familiar with the cardinal diagnostic and clinical aspects of sickle cell disease and its crises.

Die intrinsische Systemreaktion des tribologisch beanspruchten Schmierfettes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Research Paradigm ◽  
Lubricating Grease ◽  
New Research

This article deals with the observed reactions of a lubricating grease to tribological stress. An attempt is made to find the driving forces describe that are responsible for the intrinsic response. From these considerations, a new research paradigm is derived that leaves the traditional observation point of view. The investigations are illustrated with experimental results.

THE ROAD AHEAD TO BETTER MEDICAL CARE FOR CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-556
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Road ◽  
Provide Child Care ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
The Many

THE road to better child health has been discussed in relation to the doctor and his training, health services and their distribution. We have dealt with the unavoidable question of costs. Particular attention has been given to some of the advantages and dangers of decentralization of pediatric education and services. Each of the various subjects has been discussed from the point of view of its bearing on the ultimate objective of better health for all children and the steps necessary to attain this goal. Now, we may stand back from the many details of the picture, view the whole objectively and note its most outstanding features. First is the fact that the improvement of child health depends primarily upon better training for all doctors who provide child care, general practitioners as well as specialists. This is the foundation without which the rest of the structure cannot stand. The second dominant fact is the need for extending to outlying and isolated areas the high quality medical care of the medical centers, without at the same time diluting the service or training at the center. The road to better medical care, therefore, begins at the medical center and extends outward through a network of integrated community hospitals and health centers, finally reaching the remote and heretofore isolated areas. Inherent in all medical schools is a unique potential for rendering medical services as well as actually training physicians. The very nature of medical education—whereby doctors in training work under the tutelage of able specialists in the clinic, hospital ward, and out-patient department—provides medical services of high quality to people in the neighboring communities.

Polyculture de tilapia et Clarias en etang dans la commune de Pobè, sud-est du Benin.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kochikpa Ondodje
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
The Many ◽  
Modern Breeding

Abstract The SARL "Pobè Fish Farm" located in the South-East of Benin specializes in the production and sale of tilapia and Clarias. The farm has twenty two ponds of 200 m2 (10 m × 20 m) supplied with water by a pipe system from a natural and permanent stream. The water supply is via a concrete channel which did not allow the water to be renewed once the pond is full. Work has been carried out to allow a larger inflow of water and communication between the ponds. The operation of the farm is modeled on the types of agro-fish farms existing in Asia and encountered in Vietnam in particular; it aims to put theoretical knowledge into practice and on the other hand to contribute to the development of a sector still little known in Benin, despite the many hydroagricultural potentials with which this country is endowed. The species bred at national level are rustic and adapted to the environment and whose genetic performance has not been improved. In fact, only modern breeding following very precise technical standards can allow obtaining interesting results from the point of view of agronomic yield and financial profitability. Indeed, these fish from our ponds are very popular with the populations (the average wholesale price is 1000 FCFA/kg) and are already an integral part of eating habits both in rural areas and in cities.

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Experiences, E-safety and Sharing with Others: Surfing the Internet and Social Networks and the Correlations Between Experiences, Self-image and Computer Skills Among Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Gila Cohen Zilka
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Computer Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Many

In light of the many major changes in the lives of children and adolescents due to digital developments, this study sought to examine positive and negative experiences, e-safety and sharing with others while surfing the internet and especially social networks from the point of view of children and adolescents. The study also examined the correlation between these experiences, self-image and computer skills. Participating in this mixed-method study were 373 children and teenagers, who were divided into three age groups. The findings showed a positive correlation between self-image, the level of computer skills and the degree of internet use. The measure of self-esteem was found to correlate positively with the parameters of social networks surfing except for the parameter of negative experiences. Social networks and internet use among 16-18-year-olds was found to be higher than among younger children, with a rise in the number of teenagers’ negative experiences that corresponded to the rise in use. The adolescents also mentioned they had been exposed to violent content at a higher rate than the younger groups.

scholarly journals SIMILAR CONCEPT OF DJINN FOUND IN NOVEL BARTIMAEUS: THE AMULET OF SAMARKAND AND IN OLD MALAY LITERATURE: THE TALE OF TAMIM AD-DARI

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-012
Author(s):  
Hendro Kuncoro
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Fantasy Fiction ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
First Time

Bartimaeus:The Amulet of Samarkand is a fantasy fiction novel written by Jonathan Stroud, a British author. In this novel Stroud portrayed the Djinn as an enslaved demon from the perspective of a Djinn character named Bartimaeus. This study was conduct to compare the concept of Djinn found in the novel with the concept of Djinn in Indonesian culture because while reading it for the very first time, the writer felt similarity between those conceptions. Meanwhile, the concept of Djinn in Indonesian culture was formed one of them by the arrival of Islam which had an influence on the development of literature in Indonesia. Among them is the Hikayat/Tale of Tamim Ad-Dari. The conception of the Djinn that can be revealed from the comparison of these two literatures are in the form of aspects of the life of the Djinn, its physical description, its abilities, its diversity, its interaction with humans, and creatures related to the Djinn. A comparative literature is what this study concerns. By comparing two things we will comprehend the contents of these two things. This research is qualitative and descriptive. Literature is not only covers the story, but also express the culture and thought of the author that conveyed through the work he has made. Meanwhile culture is a beliefs, system of language, communication, and practices that share in a certain group of peoples which they use to define their identity. Therefore, it can be said that comparative literature facilitate the cross-cultural and interdisciplinary study of literature. And so, this study emphasis on the analysis of social and cultural production within the cultural differences. Hopefully, this study will have pedagogical benefits from the point of view of two cultures presented, which underlines social and cultural aspect of two cultures for student of literature and also for the further research in the field

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