scholarly journals ABBREVIATION AS A NEW LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND PROBLEMS OF ITS TRANSLATION (BASED ON MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (80) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Danilenko ◽  
◽  
Daria Karachova ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayot Tanchev

Medical terminology is an important tool for communication among medical practitioners, researchers, and scientists. The precise use of terms ensures a successful orientation in the field of medical practice contributing to the adequate treatment of patients. The subject of this commentary is the misuse of the terms “osteoarthritis” and “osteoarthrosis” in the specialty of orthopedic surgery. Contemporary literature, journals, media, etc., especially those in English language, are dominated by the use of the term “osteoarthritis” for the most common pathological condition, namely the degenerative joint disease.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Venera Khisamova ◽  
Liliia Abdullina ◽  
Leila Nurgalieva ◽  
Elmira Khabibullina

This study is undertaken to identify the similarities and differences of classification of homonyms in medical terminology of English, Russian and Tatar languages. In this paper a comparative method was used to identify the common and special in the compared languages. The basis of comparison in the medical terminology of genetically unrelated languages was established. In this study, the method of feature comparison was used, i.e. the phenomenon of homonymy was studied in a comparative aspect. The results of this study contribute to ordering the terms, the selection of the correct, appropriate term when translating medical texts from one language into another. The languages under the consideration have intra-terminological, inter-terminological, inter-system homonymy. Besides, there are homonymic relations between eponyms in all languages. In the medical terminology of the English language, the following groups of homonyms are found: absolute, incomplete, partial (homophones, homographs) homonyms. Incomplete homonyms are divided into lexical and lexical and grammatical, and partial homonyms are divided into lexical, lexical and grammatical, grammatical (homonyms-converse terms). Homophones, in turn, are classified into homophones and near homophones. Homonyms are classified into homonyms of a high degree of homonymity, homonyms of a medium degree of homonymity, homonyms of a low degree of homonymity in Russian medical terminology. In medical terminology of the Tatar language absolute and incomplete homonyms are distinguished. Incomplete homonyms include homoforms that belong to different parts of speech and homographs. Homographs are rare phenomenon in the medical terminology of the Tatar language. Separately, as a special group, homonyms-converse terms are considered. There are three types of functional shift relations in the Tatar language: syntactic, lexical and semantic, the most common of which is syntactic relation. The phenomenon of homonymy affects the Greek-Latin terminological elements, which are international. Comparative analysis of three languages in the matter of homonyms in medical terminology has shown that English and Tatar languages have more similarities than English and Russian ones and Russian and Tatar ones. The English medical terminology is more replete with homonymous acronyms than Russian and Tatar ones.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-159
Author(s):  
Eliya Shrestha ◽  
Hari Bikram Adhikari ◽  
Indra Man Maharjan ◽  
Babita Gurung

Introduction: Himalaya Eye Hospital (HEH), established in 1993, is providing eye care services in Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Karnali zones. It has been providing surgical and nonsurgical eye camps in rural areas of Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Karnali zones. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ocular and systemic co morbidities among the persons treated in rural Asian setting.Method: This is the prospective non-interventional study. Patients who came to take services in surgical eye camp in rural area of Nepal were included. Data were collected by interviewing the patients. They were interviewed by local volunteers with he questionnaires prepared in English language. The volunteers were explained about the medical terminology and they interviewed the patients in native language.Result: Out of 675 patients 401(59%) had systemic co morbidities. Back pain and arthritis being the most common with 321(48%) and 260(38%) respectively.Conclusion: This study shows the systemic co morbidities among the patients who came to seek ocular treatment in eye camp in rural area of Nepal. We should do this kind of studies in different area of Nepal. These kinds of study give us total burden of systemic morbidity and help to treat accordingly.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Janina Wiertlewska

Currently practised methods of medical English instruction at tertiary education level often focus on medical terminology embedded in the English language classes. These strategies which comprise medical terminology and simple dialogues do not meet the needs of highly qualified medical health care workers (doctors, nurses, paramedics and many others). The new paradigm claims that medical English should be taught from the perspective of medicine and health care first and reinforced by the vocabulary acquisition; first – teach the students standards of medical practice (anatomy, pharmacology, physiology, medical sciences. and behavioural/ethical procedures), later on – concentrate on medical communication (see: M. Hull, 2004). The following paper concentrates on both formerly mentioned parameters; and also includes student and teacher motivation. Further, language acquisition as well as language learning are discussed. The new paradigm is defined as a combination of academic preparation which comprises cognitive and behavioural approaches that appear to be secondary to the context of the given class. Students are encouraged to search for synonyms, abbreviations and alternative ways of expressing meaning to communicate with each other. They also prepare their own multimedia presentations in the group and deliver speeches on subjects contained in curriculum. Concluding, the author of this paper expresses the opinion that foundational underpinnings of the curriculum of the Medical English course should be linked to the parameters for the health care professions. Context of the classes needs to be relevant to the work of the health professionals (according to Pratt and others, 2002). Over the last 10 years the paradigm for medical English teaching in North America and West European countries has changed enormously and has started to pave its new way at tertiary education level in Poland as well, which is presented briefly in this paper and – hopefully will continue to develop according to the newly occurring phenomena.


Author(s):  
Eleonora V. Egorova ◽  
Ekaterina I. Krasheninnikova ◽  
Natalia A. Krasheninnikova

This article is an attempt to analyze English neologisms that appeared in the language during the COVID-19 era. The authors examined a series of English-language publications, presented on open-access public domains such as BBC News, The Conversation, Business Mirror, The Economic Times, as well as Glossary on the COVID-19 pandemic, published on the website of the Government of Canada. The chronological scope of the study lies within April 2020 – February 2021. The analyzed glossary included 143 lexical units. The authors conducted content analysis, which helped to reveal five main groups of neologisms: neologisms that came into our speech from the limited use vocabulary; neologisms describing our new reality; neologisms formed by joining two lexical units with or without contamination; neologisms, which are phrases that either existed earlier, but experienced a semantic shift, or phrases that have appeared in the COVID era and are used to denote previously non-existent realities; neologisms formed by phonetic distortion of already existing words. The study showed that the most extensive groups of neologisms were those that have come from the limited use vocabulary, in particular from medical terminology, and neologisms describing a new reality, which include the very name of the virus (COVID or corona). It should be noted that neologisms that have come into general use from medicine require a special interpretation, since they are not always clearly understood by the recipients. Moreover, many neologisms, having arisen in English, have not got an adequate translation or analogue in the Russian language yet, therefore, these words require a further more careful study.


Author(s):  
Marina Nikolić ◽  
Svetlana Slijepčević-Bjelivuk ◽  
Slobodan Novokmet

The aim of this work is to present the lexical changes in the Serbian language caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper analyses new words that appeared in the Serbian language which very quickly expanded the domain of their use from specific medical terminology and became part of everyday spoken Serbian language, including new words motivated by them. Types of neologisms emergence are presented (borrowing from the English language, changing or developing new meanings of the existing words, exploiting the derivative potential of the Serbian language, etc.), as well as their stylistic, orthographic, and pragmatic features. After a detailed analysis, we included a dictionary of neologisms followed by the indispensable comments.


Author(s):  
Ismail Mohammed Hamid Rushwan

Reading comprehension is developed through successful interaction between the reader and the text. This interaction is the major factor that plays the crucial role in comprehension. ESP has a strong and palpable presence in the curricula of Saud universities due to a range of considerations. It  is  used  in  different  domains  such  as  medicine,  engineering, and  allied health. It  is well  known, that  any  use  of  L1  in  English  language  instruction  has  always  been a  matter of hot debate. This study  aims  to  shed  some fresh light on the importance of  translation as a pedagogical tool  in  developing  reading  comprehension  skills  of  ESP  medical learners  at  Najran  University- KSA. Undeniably, the  students  experience bewilderment and  great  difficulties  in  grasping  the  enormous  quantity of  medical  terms  and  texts  as  a  result  of  their  extreme  weakness  in English. The level of most Saudi students in English is very low and their knowledge of vocabulary is extremely limited. Studying medical terminology is the foundation for studying any health-related field. Medicine has a language of its own, and mastering it is a complex task. So, regarding ESP medical courses, the students resort to machine translation, because they cannot absorb the medical texts and terms properly. There are so many shortcomings with respect to machine translation  This  study  investigates the effect of using translation  in  ESP  medical  classes  with  the  objective  of  helping  students  in  comprehending  terminologies  and  texts. It also aims at motivating them and meeting their learning needs. Moreover, the study aims to help  students  concentrate on the  standardized  terminology  and  avoid  the  imperfections  of  machine  translation. 


Author(s):  
Stegnitska L.V.

Мета пропонованого дослідження – розглянути генетивні конструкції англійського медичного терміна-епоніма з огляду на дворівневу систему відмінків.Методи. У роботі використано такі методи лінгвістичного аналізу:порівняльно-історичний (щобпрослідкувати еволюцію родового відмінка в англійській мові); структурний (для виявлення відношень між елементами англійських медичних термі-нів-епонімів); описовий (уможливив інтерпретацію генетивних конструкцій англійських медичних термінів-епонімів та їхніх присвійних формантів на сучасному етапі розвитку англійської мови).Результати. Морфологічні зміни, які відбулися в середньоанглійський період, призвели до того, що всі відмінки, окрім родо-вого, асимілювали свої закінчення в називний. Таким чином, англійська мова втратила свою систему відмінків, залишивши для іменників тільки загальний, тобто common case, та родовий, який здебільшого співвідноситься із присвійним, так званим posses-sive case. Така дворівнева граматична модель зумовила те, що родовий відмінок досить складно ідентифікувати через численні інтерпретації, а саме родові відношення можуть позначати приналежність, походження, опис, вимірювання, виконувати атри-бутивну роль тощо. Якщо загальний відмінок виражається за допомогою порядку слів, то, у свою чергу, родовий відмінок має синтаксичний і морфологічний способи творення.Висновки. В англійській медичній термінології термін-епонім – це субстантиноване словосполучення, пропріативний ком-понент якого відображає категорію родового відмінка. Генетивні конструкції щодо пропріативного компонента терміна-епоні-ма англійської медичної термінології мають такі форми вираження: 1) за допомогою присвійного форманта, а саме апострофта ’s, як от Wells’ syndrome чи Kahler’s disease; 2) прийменників, як от paracusis of Willis чи osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles;3) за допомогою флексій -ian/-ic, як от Pickwickian syndrome, Hippocratic nails чи класичної латинізованої форми родового від-мінка однини, i.e. torcular Herophili. З огляду на зростаючу тенденцію відмови від апострофа категорія присвійного відмінка зі значенням приналежності поступово зникає, а такі способи його вираження, як апостроф, флексії та прийменники, призводять до того, що пропріативний компонент виконує роль атрибутивного модифікатора, нівелюючи посесивну функцію. The purpose of the research aimed to study the genitive constructions of English medical eponymous terms concerning the two-case grammar system.Methods. The following methods of linguistic analysis are used in the paper: comparative-historical (to trace the evolution of the genitive case; structural (to identify genitive relations between elements of eponymous terms); descriptive (allows interpreting the genetive constructions of English medical eponymous terms and their possessive forms at the present stage of development of the English language).Results.Morphological changes that took place in the Middle English period led to the fact that all cases, except the genitive, lost their endings and assimilated into the nominative. Thus, the English language has lost its case system, leaving for nouns only the common case, and the genitive case, which is correlated with the possession, the possessive case, respectively.Such a two-case grammar system has caused that the genitive case is quite difficult to identify due to numerous interpretations. Genitive relations can indicate affiliation, origin, description, measurement, perform an attributive role and, the like. Since the common case is expressed by word order, then, in turn, the genitive case has syntactic and morphological ways of formation.Conclusions. In English medical terminology, the eponymous term is a substantivized phrase, the proprial component of which reflects the category of the genitive case. Genetive constructions concerning the proprial component of the eponymous term in English medical terminology have the following forms of expression: 1) by means of a possessive formant, namely an apostrophe and ’s, such as Wells’ syndrome or Kahler’s disease; 2) prepositions, namely paracusis of Willis or osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles; 3) with the help of inflections -ian / -ic, namely Pickwickian syndrome, Hippocratic nails or the classical Latinized form of the genitive singular, i.e. torcular Herophili. Due to the evidence of the apostrophe’s, the category of the possessive case with the meaning of belonging disappears gradually, and such ways of its expression as apostrophe, inflection and prepositions lead to the fact that the proprial component acts as an attributive modifier eliminating the possessive function.


Author(s):  
Karina Karatintseva

The study of terminology and lexical fields of specialized lexis is an important issue in linguistics. Special attention should be devoted to the medical terminology, which branches into different areas, is heterogeneous in its composition and has specific properties and patterns. The article is devoted to the classification and structural analysis of orthodontic English terminological units. The objective of the article is to study the main word-forming mechanisms of orthodontic terms in English, their classification, characteristics, and comparison. The research is based on methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison of terminological units of English orthodontic text (scientific articles, monographs and textbooks). Using structural analysis, English orthodontic terms were classified according to the methods of their creation. The field of terminology "Orthodontics" is classified and divided into 4 categories: "Anatomy of the Oral Cavity", "Symptoms and Diseases", "Professional Orthodontic Activity" and "Treatments". It is determined that the most common word-forming means are morphological and terminological phrases, which are characteristic to most categories. A lot of the lexical units of the category "Anatomy of the Oral Cavity" are borrowed from Latin and Greek or contain word-forming affixes. The category "Symptoms and Diseases" contains a lot of phrases. A special feature of "Professional Orthodontic Activity" is the graphic units of the written orthodontic text, which are formed by abbreviations and combined abbreviations. "Treatments" are characterized by abbreviations and combined abbreviations.


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