scholarly journals ARGUMENTATIVE STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE SPANISH POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE 2019 PRE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN

Author(s):  
Popova N.M. ◽  
Rybalka O.Yu.

Purpose. The article deals with identifying effective language means and techniques which form the basis of polarization, solidarity and positive prospect describing tactics that the argumentative strategy is realized through in speeches, debates and interviews of such Spain’s political leaders as Pedro Sánchez, Pablo Casado and Santiago Abascal. Methodology. The study is based on an integrated approach to the analysis of political discourse, combining communicative and pragmatic, semantic and cognitive as well as contextual analyses which allow determining speaker’s communicative and pragmatic intentions, detect the axiological component of language units meaning and their possible interpretations by national conceptual sphere hosts in the relevant linguistic and situational context.Results. The study analyzes the means of the argumentative strategy creation in the campaign speeches of Spanish leading political parties’ leaders, in their interviews and debates. The predominance of tactics of positive prospects description, polarization and solidarity were identified. The research characterizes the peculiarities of lexical, grammatical and stylistic units’ combining, taking into account the nationally determined specificity of lexical units’ meaning, which verbalize the demanded concepts of the national conceptual sphere of Spain. The analysis of the 2019 pre-election campaign discourse has allowed identifying of such specific features of the argumentative strategy as focusing on the future, emphasizing their own achievements and opponents’ shortcomings, desire to reduce the distance between the speaker and the addressee. The focus on the future context is embodied in the tactic of positive prospects description where grammatical and lexical units should indicate the clarity and certainty of politician’s position. The tactic of polarization, characterized by the use of antonymous lexical units, allows politicians to present favorably their own candidacy and negatively affect opponents’ image. The need to convince voters is transferred into in the tactic of solidarity consisting in the use of lexical units that indicate the convergence of views and belonging of the speaker and the addressee to the same community.Conclusions. The analysis of peculiarities of argumentative strategy realization in the Spanish political discourse demonstrates the effectiveness of such frequently used communicative tactics as positive prospects description, polarization and solidarity. They are based on the selection of lexical, grammatical and stylistic units, taking into account the situational and pragmatic context as well as national and axiological dominants of Spaniard’s world view.Key words: political discourse, pragmatics, communicative strategy, tactic, axiologemes, semantic and cognitive interpretation, linguistic context, conceptual sphere. Мета. Метою статті є виявлення ефективних засобів та прийомів у тактиках окреслення позитивної перспективи, протиставлення та солідаризації, за допомогою яких реалізується аргументативна стратегія у промовах, дебатах та інтерв’ю політичних лідерів Іспанії, зокрема Педро Санчеса, Пабло Касадо та Сантьяго Абаскаля. Методи. Дослідження базується на комплексному підході до аналізу політичного дискурсу, у якому поєднано комунікативно-прагматичний, семантико-когнітивний і контекстуальний аналізи, що забезпечують визначення комунікативно-прагматичних намірів мовця, встановлення аксіологічного компоненту значення використаних мовних одиниць і їх можливі інтер-претації носіями національної концептосфери у відповідному мовному та ситуативному контексті.Результати. У межах дослідження було проаналізовано засоби реалізації аргументативної стратегії у передвиборчих про-мовах лідерів трьох провідних політичних партій Іспанії, інтерв’ю та дебатах за їх участю, виокремлено переважання тактики окреслення позитивної перспективи, протиставлення, солідаризації та описано особливості поєднання обраних політиками лексичних, граматичних і стилістичних одиниць із урахуванням національно детермінованої специфіки значення лексичних одиниць, що вербалізують затребувані концепти національної концептосфери Іспанії. Аналіз дискурсу передвиборчої кампа-нії 2019 року дозволив визначити специфічні риси аргументативної стратегії: спрямованість на майбутнє, акцент на власних досягненнях та недоліках опонентів, прагнення скоротити дистанцію між мовцем та адресатом. Орієнтованість на майбутній контекст втілюється у тактиці окреслення позитивної перспективи за допомогою використання граматичних та лексичних засобів, що позначають чіткість та визначеність позиції політика. Тактика протиставлення, що характеризується вживанням антонімічних лексичних засобів, дозволяє політичним діячам вигідно представити власну кандидатуру та негативно вплинути на імідж опонентів. Необхідність переконати виборців втілюється в тактиці солідаризації, що полягає у використанні лексич-них одиниць, які вказують на близькість поглядів і приналежність мовця й адресата до єдиного цілого.Висновки. Проведений аналіз особливостей реалізації аргументативної стратегії в іспанському політичному дискурсі свідчить про ефективність трьох основних комунікативних тактик: окреслення позитивної перспективи, протиставлення та солідаризації, добір лексичних, граматичних та стилістичних засобів побудови яких базується на врахуванні ситуативно-прагматичного контексту та національно аксіологічних домінант іспанського світогляду.Ключові слова: політичний дискурс,прагматика, комунікативна стратегія, тактика, аксіологема, семантико-когнітивна інтерпретація, мовний контекст, концептосфера.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-327
Author(s):  
Sławomir Tkacz

The Constitutional Tribunal`s task is to examine the constitutionality of legal acts. The dispute over the Tribunal in Poland in 2016–2017 raises the question whether it still performs this function. The author addresses this issue in the light of the analysis of judgments issued by the Constitutional Tribunal in 2017. In conclusion, the Author indicates that due to the nature of the activities, the constitutional court will always be included in the political discourse in some extent. The answer to the question whether the Polish Constitutional Tribunal constitutes a barrier for the legislator’s actions depends in a large extent on the legislator himself. The latest defines the normative conditions of his activity as well as decides on the selection of the Tribunal`s judges. The study closes the remarks regarding the constitutional judiciary model in Poland in the future.


Author(s):  
Jason Phillips

Focusing on the Harpers Ferry raid, this chapter explains how rumors of abolitionist conspiracies and slave revolts intensified sectional divisions during the 1860 election campaign. John Brown haunted the South after his execution. Stories spread about Brown appearing in southern towns years earlier and preparing future slave revolts across the South. Dark rumors and commentaries spread among political leaders, but also among southern yeomen, women, and African Americans, an unsettling social development for southern harmony and order. Talk of bloodshed and secret societies pervaded the election campaign as Wide Awakes in the North and Minute Men in the South used military garb and rhetoric to project the future war.


Diacronia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ene

This paper investigates political discourse from the perspective of relevance theory in relation to the function of reasonable persuasion oriented towards voters. The research’ objectives are to identify and to describe: 1) the mechanisms of persuasion used in election campaign speeches; 2) the meta-strategy of miming dialogue; 3) the manner in which political discourse infringes upon the principles of relevance. The accomplishment of the objectives requires a two-fold methodology: rhetorical and linguistic by means of instruments of lexical-semantic, pragma-stylistic and logical-argumentative analysis. The research is focused on political election campaigns speeches: slogans and speeches of the Romanian recent election campaigns. The most frequently encountered discourse strategies are: i) the use of various types of fallacious reasoning and ii) vague language.


Author(s):  
M. Kusiy

Introduction.  During the training of emergency specialists, the development of a clear, structured thinking is important.  And the mathematical disciplines themselves are aimed at activating the intellectual activity of cadets and students, the ability to think logically, consistently, and reasonably.  However, cadets and students consider mathematics to be a complex, inaccessible and not very necessary science.  Therefore, there is a need for continuous, continuous development of methods, technologies of forms of training that would increase interest, accessibility to mathematical disciplines and at the same time, were aimed at improving the quality of training of future rescuers. Purpose.  Identify the main stages of teaching higher mathematics for future civil defense specialists and substantiate their peculiarities. Methods.  The article used methods of scientific knowledge (general), methods used in the empirical and theoretical levels of research (transition from abstract to specific).  Results.  The basic stages of teaching higher mathematics for future specialists of civil defense are determined: motivation, research, assimilation, application.  The proposed stages are analyzed in detail.  The regularities that contribute to the increase of motivation (selection of educational material, system approach, creative approach, a variety of forms and methods of teaching, taking into account the specifics of the future profession, the use of innovative teaching technologies) are highlighted.  There are three phases of knowledge (curiosity, curiosity, theoretical knowledge).  It is determined that for the acquisition of knowledge it is possible to use the information - search type of classes with its microstructure.  Planning the microstructure of occupations in the first place should put the level of cognitive activity, awareness and independence in the performance of educational tasks.  It is noted that the process of assimilation is the process of internalization of knowledge, putting it into the inner plan of man, and the application is to extraorise knowledge, make it to the outline of human activity.  It was investigated that the stage of application of knowledge is divided into two parts (the first is the application of knowledge, skills in standard terms, the second - the transfer of knowledge, skills, skills in new, changed conditions).  Examples of applied tasks that can be solved in higher mathematics classes are given.  It is substantiated that only in combination of all stages is formed the need for knowledge acquisition and their application. Conclusion.  Stages of teaching higher mathematics - a cyclical process that requires constant improvement, hard work of the teacher.  Stages of motivation and application combine the same laws (selection of educational material, creative approach, taking into account the specifics of the future profession, the use of innovative teaching technologies).  And only in a logical, thought-out combination of these stages can one form the future need for civil protection specialists to expand the knowledge and apply it to practical application.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B. Musaev ◽  
N.S. Priyatkin ◽  
M.V. Arkhipov ◽  
P.A. Shchukina ◽  
A.F. Bukharov ◽  
...  

Приведено описание разработанной авторами методики цифровой компьютерной морфометрии семян овощных культур на основе системы анализа изображений, состоящей из планшетного сканера и программного обеспечения для автоматических измерений. В основу метода положено представление о разнокачественности семян, обусловленной генетической неоднородностью самих семенных растений, используемых в промышленном семеноводстве. Физические свойства семян (их форма и линейные размеры) – основные параметры при определении их качества. Цифровые изображения семян получены при помощи планшетного сканера HP Sсanjet 200 на базе Агрофизического НИИ с использованием серийного программного обеспечения «Argus-BIO», производства ООО «АргусСофт» (г. Санкт-Петербург). Метод состоит из подбора контрастной подложки (фона) для сканирования семян с минимальными теневыми эффектами, калибровку программного обеспечения для привязки к истинным размерным величинам, подбор параметров измерений и автоматическое распознавание цифровых сканированных изображений семян. Представлены экспериментальные данные по морфометрии экологически разнокачественных семян фасоли овощной, матрикально разнокачественных семян укропа, пастернака и лука Кристофа. Семена укропа и пастернака, собранные из разных порядков ветвления семенного растения, значительно различались по величине линейных параметров. Наиболее показательный линейный параметр семян – площадь проекции. Предложенная авторами методика цифровой морфометрии, уже использована на практике и в перспективе может быть задействована в исследованиях экологической и матрикальной разнокачественности семян овощных культур. Так, она прошла апробацию на разнокачественных семенах пяти сортов фасоли овощной (Настена, Магура, Миробела, Морена, Бажена) полученных в пяти контрастных эколого-географических условиях среды (Москва, Белгород, Ставрополь, Омск, Горки) в 2011–2012 годах. В дальнейшем методика может быть использована для улучшения качества цифровых изображений семян, изучения разнокачественности семян в том числе и для совершенствования контроля за селекционным процессом. Кроме того, она применима для изучения взаимосвязи совокупности морфометрических характеристик семян и их посевных качеств.The description of the method of digital computer morphometry of vegetable seeds developed by the authors on the basis of the image analysis system consisting of a flatbed scanner and software for automatic measurements is given. The method is based on the idea of seed quality, due to the genetic heterogeneity of the seed plants used in industrial seed production. Physical properties of seeds (their shape and linear dimensions) are the main parameters in determining their quality. Digital image of the seed obtained using the flatbed scanner, HP Sсanjet 200 on the basis of the Agrophysical research Institute with serial software “Argus-BIO”, produced by LLC “Argussoft” (Saint-Petersburg). The method consists of selection of a contrast substrate (background) for scanning seeds with minimal shadow effects, calibration of software for binding to true size values, selection of measurement parameters and automatic recognition of digital scanned images of seeds. Experimental data on the morphometry of ecologically different-quality seeds of vegetable beans, matrix seeds of dill, Pasternak and Christoph onion are presented. Seeds of dill and parsnip, collected from different orders of branching of the seed plant, significantly differed in size of linear parameters. The most revealing linear parameter seed – area projection. The method of digital morphometry proposed by the authors has already been used in practice and in the future can be used in studies of ecological and matrix heterogeneity of vegetable seeds. So, it was tested on different quality seeds of five varieties of vegetable beans (Nastena, Magura, Mirobelа, Morena, Bazhenf) obtained in five contrasting environmental and geographical conditions (Moscow, Belgorod, Stavropol, Omsk, Gorki) in 2011-2012. In the future, the technique can be used to improve the quality of digital images of seeds, study of seed diversity, including to improve the control of the breeding process. In addition, it is applicable to study the relationship of the set of morphometric characteristics of seeds and their sowing qualities.


2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
S. L. Voitenko ◽  
L. V. Vishnevsky

The article shows the state of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cattle, which includes distribution of cattle, the number of animals belonging to respective bloodlines, evaluation of young animals with live weight in the process of growing and milk production of cows during the first lactation. It reflects the historic development of the breed when it was colonism whiteheaded cattle, which turned into the original breed, undergone a significant expansion in livestock and increase of productivity, decreased in the number, was as basis for creation of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and now bred only in one breeding farm. Visual estimation of animal exterior showed good development of cows and calves and their belonging to the dairy type. In the vast majority the cows of the herd have a black suit, a white head with " glasses" around the eyes, white belly, udder, lower legs and brush of the tail. The youngsters aren’t consolidated by the exterior, and among them there are animals which are not typical for Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. The young animals have some lag in live weight behind the breed standard [12] to 7 months’ age with exceeding of this trait in certain periods quite significantly in the future. It was established that selection of heifers on live weight will be effective at the early age (1-5 months), given the coefficient of variation of live weight – 22,63-30,21% and will not have a significant influence in the future. Milk yields of first-calf heifers vary considerably depending on the origin. The milk yield of first-calf heifers in the herd was 4238,5 kg on average, the heifers belonging to Mart 171 and Ozon 417 bloodlines had the best milk performance – 4483,1 and 4254,9 kg accordingly. The most aligned milk yield during the first lactation was in the cows belonging to Ozon 417 bloodline, the limits of the trait are 4128,5-4327,4 kg with the average value by the line 4254,9 kg. In contrast, the first-calf heifers of Ryezvyi 33 bloodline with average milk yield 4048,9 kg had limits of the trait 2199,3-4736,1 kg. Even greater range in cows’ milk yield during the first lactation R= 4939 kg (limits 1687 – 6626 kg) is characterized for the herd in general, it shows, on the one hand, the possibility of qualitative improvement of cows’ productivity due to selection on the investigated trait and lack of selection in the herd on the other hand. It was established that daughters of bull Chardash belonging to Ryezvyi 33 bloodline produced 4736,1 kg of milk for 305 days of the first lactation with fat content 3,6%, whereas Zlak’s descendants of the same line were characterized by the lowest milk yield for the first completed lactation – 2199,3 kg with fat content 3,7% and the average value by the line – 4048,9 kg of milk, fat content 3,6%. Similar variability of first-calf heifers’ milk yields, depending on the origin, is typical for other bloodlines of Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. To increase milk productivity of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cows is recommended to repeat successful combinations of parental forms, and to preserve the breed – to carry out an objective assessment of animals by a range of traits, given the efficiency of selection of heifers on live weight at early age.


Author(s):  
Janice L. Waldron ◽  
Stephanie Horsley ◽  
Kari K. Veblen

We all feel the implications of the force of social media—for good and for ill—in our lives and in our professional world. At the time of this writing, Facebook continues with its struggle to “clean up its act” as more revelations surrounding breaches of trust and hacked user data surface in the news and various countries attempt to hold Facebook to account. Despite this, social media use continues to grow exponentially, and the potential for responsible, ethical, and transparent social media to transform the ways in which we interact with and learn from each other increase with it. As we wait to see what the future holds for social media in society, we are reminded once again that it is the careful selection of pedagogical tools such as social media, as well the guided awareness of the challenges and benefits of those tools, that remains constant, even as tools may change, disappear, or fall out of fashion.


1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 160-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Voisey

This article describes the setting up of a group home in Guildford to accommodate, in two flats, 13 medium-stay patients from Brookwood Hospital. The acquisition of the property, the selection of suitable patients, the initiation of a support group and the activities involved are discussed, as well as the moving arrangements, follow-up and support. Finally, some preliminary suggestions regarding possible improvements for a similar venture in the future are given.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Vanessa Rodríguez-Breijo ◽  
Núria Simelio ◽  
Pedro Molina-Rodríguez-Navas

This study uses a qualitative approach to examine what political and technical leaders of municipalities understand transparency and public information to mean, and what role they believe the different subjects involved (government, opposition, and the public) should have. The websites of 605 Spanish councils with more than 100,000 inhabitants were analysed and three focus groups were held with political and technical leaders from a selection of sample councils. The results show that the technical and political leaders of the councils do not have a clear awareness of their function of management accountability or of the need to apply journalistic criteria to the information they publish, defending with nuances the use of propaganda criteria to focus on the actions of the local government, its information, the lack of space dedicated to public debate and the opposition’s actions. In relation to accountability and citizen participation, they have a negative view of citizens, who they describe as being disengaged. However, they emphasize that internally it is essential to continue improving in terms of the culture of transparency and the public information they provide citizens.


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