KARAKTERITIK PASIEN TERKAIT KECEMASAN  DALAM MENJALANI PROSEDUR KOLONOSKOPI

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Pasien yang menjalani prosedur kolonoskopi seringkali mengalami kecemasan. Perawat perlu mengetahui penyebab dan memberikan intervensi secara khusus untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan tindakan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan karakteristik pasien yang menjalani kolonoskopi terkait kecemasan yang dirasakan. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Lokasi penelitian di Unit Endoskopi RSUD dr Abdoer Rahem Situbondo dan RSD dr. Koesnadi Bondowoso, Jawa Timur. Rekruitmen partisipan dilakukan dengan purposive sampling sampai mencapai saturasi. Responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 9 partisipan. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman wawancara semi-struktur dan dilakukan perekaman. Analisis data secara deskriptif. Hasil: karakteritik 9 pasien yang menjalani kolonoskopi dapat dilihat dari usia, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, indikasi, diagnosa awal, frekuensi dan kesiapannya. Hanya 3 orang pasien yang menyatakan siap dan mampu mengontrol kecemasan yang dirasakan. Karakteristik pasien tidak terkait secara langsung dengan kecemasan yang dirasakan. Diskusi: Kecemasan yang dirasakan oleh pasien tidak hanya terkait karakteritik pasien melainkan lebih dipengaruhi faktor psikologis, persepsi, dan harapan pasien terhadap tindakan kolonskopi, oleh karena itu perlu diberikan intervensi khusus untuk mengontrol kecemasan yang dialami sehingga tujuan pemeriksaan dapat tercapai dengan optimal. Kata kunci: Kecemasan, Kolonoskopi, Penelitian Kualitatif ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients undergoing colonoscopy procedures often experience anxiety. Nurses need to know the cause and give intervention specifically to improve the success of the action. The purpose of this research is to describe the characteristics of patients undergoing the perceived anxiety-related colonoscopy. Methods: The design of this research is a qualitative descriptive with a case study approach. Location of research in endoscopy Unit of RSUD Dr Abdoer Rahem Situbondo and RSD Dr. Koesnadi Bondowoso, East Java. Participants' recruitments are carried out purposive sampling until they reach saturation. Respondents in this study amounted to 9 participants. In-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structural interviews and performed recordings. Descriptive data analysis. Result: Characterizing 9 patients undergoing colonoscopy can be seen from age, gender, occupation, indications, preliminary diagnosis, frequency and readiness. Only 3 patients are said to be ready and able to control the perceived anxiety. Characteristics of patients not directly related to the perceived anxiety. Discussion: The anxiety felt by the patient not only related to the charactertic of the patient but rather more influenced by the psychological factors, perception, and patient's expectation of colonscopic action, therefore it is necessary to give special intervention to control The purpose of the examination can be achieved optimally. Keywords: Anxiety, colonoscopy, qualitative research

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BUDAYA KONSUMERISME PETANI PERKOTAAN: STUDI GAYA HIDUP PETANI DI KELURAHAN JERUK, LAKARSANTRI, SURABAYA

Jurnal Analisa Sosiologi ◽

10.20961/jas.v9i2.44359 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Oktafia Mustika Rani ◽

Medhy Aginta Hidayat

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Poverty Line ◽

Self Concept ◽

Consumer Society ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Study Approach ◽

Depth Interviews

Even though urban farmers in Jeruk Village, Lakarsantri, Surabaya live on the threshold of the poverty line, they show a consumptive lifestyle. This study examines the practices of consumerism culture carried out by urban farmers in Jeruk Village, Lakarsantri, Surabaya. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Informants were selected based on a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using documentation, observation, and in-depth interviews. The data analysis was guided by Jean Baudrillard’s theory of consumer society. The results of this study indicate that the practices of consumerism culture is driven by the level of income, level of education, lifestyle and taste, and the self-concept of meeting the needs of life. This study also found three main indicators that the practices of consumerism culture: a high taste in clothing, a large need for basic necessities shopping, and a high taste of valuable symbol of social status. This study also found that low income did not cause urban farmers to stop fulfilling the secondary and tertiary needs. In fact, urban farmers continue to carry out consumptive behaviors that tend to be disproportionate to their low income levels.Keywords: Consumerism Culture, Lifestyle, Quasi-Consumerism, Urban Farmers<h2> </h2>AbstrakMeskipun hidup di ambang garis kemiskinan, sejumlah petani perkotaan di Kelurahan Jeruk, Kecamatan Lakarsantri, Kota Surabaya, menunjukkan gaya hidup yang cenderung konsumtif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan praktik budaya konsumerisme yang dilakukan oleh para petani perkotaan di Kelurahan Jeruk, Kecamatan Lakarsantri, Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Informan dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling. Sumber data dikumpulkan melalui dokumentasi, observasi, dan wawancara-mendalam. Analisis data dipandu oleh teori yang dipilih, yakni teori masyarakat konsumer Jean Baudrillard. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa praktik budaya konsumerisme petani perkotaan didorong oleh sejumlah faktor, diantaranya adalah tingkat pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, gaya hidup dan selera, serta konsep diri terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup. Penelitian ini juga menemukan tiga indikator utama telah berlangsungnya praktik budaya konsumerisme di kalangan petani perkotaan, yakni selera yang cukup tinggi dalam membeli pakaian, selera yang cukup besar dalam berbelanja barang-barang kebutuhan pokok, serta selera dan kepemilikan yang cukup tinggi atas barang berharga sebagai simbol status sosial. Penelitian ini menggarisbawahi bahwa pendapatan yang rendah tidak menyebabkan petani perkotaan berhenti memenuhi kebutuhan sekunder dan tersier. Bahkan, petani perkotaan dalam penelitian ini tetap melakukan aktivitas konsumsi dalam jumlah yang cukup besar dan cenderung tidak sebanding dengan tingkat penghasilan mereka yang rendah.Kata Kunci : Budaya Konsumerisme, Gaya Hidup, Kuasi-Konsumerisme, Petani Perkotaan

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BENTUK DIGITALISASI DESA WISATA DI MASA NORMAL BARU

JURNAL KEPARIWISATAAN ◽

10.52352/jpar.v20i1.448 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

I Gede Gian Saputra

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Digital Tools ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Study Approach ◽

Qualitative Descriptive ◽

Media Applications ◽

Depth Interviews

The digitization of tourism village amidst limited human resource capabilities is a challenge for Sayan Village, Ubud, Bali. This study aims to analyze the form of digitization of Sayan tourism villages in the new normal era. It was designed with a qualitative descriptive analysis method using a case study approach. In addition to in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, 102 respondents were successfully obtained after distributing questionnaires to support the results that have been carried out. The results of the study revealed that the form of digitization was limited in marketing the product. Social media applications such as Facebook, Instagram, Youtube and Google were the digital tools that dominated the form of digitization done by the managers of Sayan Tourism Village. However, Sayan Tourism Village have very positive efforts in starting digitization through the collaboration with the Godevi as the marketplace of tourism village.

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ANALISIS KESIAPAN BELAJAR SISWA MENJELANG UJIAN AKHIR PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS IX MTS AINUS SYAMSI (STUDI KASUS MENURUT TEORI THORNDIKE)

Al asma : Journal of Islamic Education ◽

10.24252/asma.v1i1.11129 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Nuraeni Nuraeni ◽

Hading Hading ◽

Eka Damayanti

Keyword(s):

Final Examination ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Family Ties ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Study Approach ◽

Maximum Variation ◽

Depth Interview ◽

The Subject ◽

Depth Interviews

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk : 1) mengetahui bagaimana kesiapan belajar dalam menghadapi ujian akhir pada peserta didik kelas IX MTs Ainus Syamsi, 2) mengetahui penghambat peserta didik dalam menghadapi ujian akhir pada peserta didik kelas IX MTs Ainus Syamsi. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Pada penelitian ini teknik pemilihan sumber data dilakukan dengan purposive sampling yaitu maximum variation sampling. Penarikan sampel yang dilakukan dengan memilih subjek berdasarkan kriteria spesifik yang ditetapkan peneliti. Peneliti melakukan wawancara mendalam untuk menemukan informasi lebih jelas mengenai peserta didik yang menjadi sampel penelitian. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan dengan orang terdekat, teman kelas ataupun dari guru. Subjek yang diteliti adalah Si N dan Si A. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa peserta didik Si N siap menghadapi ujian. Si N menyiapkan diri dalam menghadapi ujian sebagaimana dalam tiga hukum belajar throndike, sedangkan peserta didik Si A kurang siap menghadapi ujian, hal tersebut dikarenakan karena Si A kurang mempersiapkan diri baik fisik maupun mental dalam menghadapi ujian, Si A sangat jarang masuk sekolah, ia sering bolos dan jarang melakukan latihan dalam menghadapi ujian. Selain itu, keretakan hubungan rumah tangga orang tuanya yang mengakibatkan Si A merasa tidak diperdulikan sehingga tidak menyiapkan diri dalam belajar dan menghadapi ujian. AbstractThe objective of this study is to : 1) find out how the readiness of learning in facing the final examination in class IX MTs Ainus Syamsi students, 2) know the inhibitors of students in facing the final examination in class IX MTs Ainus Syamsi students. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. In this study, the technique of selecting data sources is done by purposive sampling, namely maximum variation sampling. Sampling is done by selecting subjects based on specific criteria set by researcher. Researcher conducted in-depth interviews to find clearer information about students who became the sample of research. In-depth interview are conducted with close friends, classmates or teachers. The subject studied were student N and student A. The results of the study were obtained that student N student is ready for the examination. N prepared himself for the examination as in three Thorndike study laws, while student A are less ready to face the examination, it is because student A is less prepared both physically and mentally in facing in facing examination, student A is rarely in school often misses and rarely examination. In addition, his parents’ broken family ties caused student A to feel left out and unable to prepare for his studies and to face examination.

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Removing Self-stigma: The Successes of People with Schizophrenia in Removing Self-stigma Through Self-control

ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal ◽

10.24123/aipj.v33i3.1691 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Franciscus Adi Prasetyo ◽

Jajang Gunawijaya

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Study Data ◽

Self Control ◽

Study Quality ◽

Data Display ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

Depth Interviews

Self-stigma experienced by people who experience schizophrenia has influence on reduced self-esteem, on powerlessness, the weakening of hope, and a motivation towards recovery. The aim of this study is to explain the efforts of people suffering schizophrenia to manage their self-stigma through self-control, using a case study approach. Based on the purposive sampling technique, five people with schizophrenia were selected as the cases to be studied. Data collection techniques utilized in-depth interviews, observation, and documentary studies. The analysis of the study data employed the stages of data reduction, data display, and data verification. Improvement in study quality employed the triangulation of data sources by checking the data to determine its consistency. The results of this study indicate that people with schizophrenia who have the ability to self-control can overcome self-stigma through changes in the manner of viewing themselves, self-training through activities, having endurance, having an honest approach, being able to explain schizophrenia from a positive viewpoint, having initiative, and having a positive attitude and the courage to face challenges.

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Error analysis of prospective mathematics teachers in solving of applying radian measurement problem in trigonometry courses

Al-Jabar Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika ◽

10.24042/ajpm.v12i2.9874 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 343-357

Author(s):

Yayan Eryk Setiawan ◽

Surahmat Surahmat

Keyword(s):

Prospective Teachers ◽

Measurement Problem ◽

Transcript Analysis ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

Intuitive Thinking ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Qualitative Descriptive

This research aims to describe the mistakes of the prospective teachers in solving the application of radian measurement problems and their causes. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research with a case study approach. The types of data collection in this research consisted of the results of the subject's work and transcripts of interviews with research subjects. By following the type of data, this research instrument consists of one question about the problem of applying radian measurement and interview guidelines developed by the researchers. Data analysis of the subject's work is carried out by classifying the types of errors to know the types of errors that arise in solving the problem of applying the radian measurements. While the transcript analysis of the interview results was carried out by coding the words to determine the factors causing the errors that appeared. The results of the research indicate that the error in solving the problem of applying the radian measurement are misconceptions and factual errors. This misconception is generally caused by intuitive thinking, while this factual error is generally caused by not paying careful attention to the information in the question. The solution to these errors is to analyze the elements of the circle that are interconnected in solving the problem of applying the radian measurements and to be careful in writing the information that is known in the question.

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Kontribusi Muhasabah dalam Mengembangkan Resiliensi Pada Orang Tua Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

Journal An-Nafs Kajian Penelitian Psikologi ◽

10.33367/psi.v6i2.1715 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 244-262

Author(s):

Fatma Laili Khoirun Nida

Keyword(s):

Special Needs ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Children With Special Needs ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

Study Results ◽

Resilience Factors ◽

Depth Interviews

The phenomenon of the poor quality of parental care for children with disabilities makes resilience one of the psychological capital that contributes to improving the quality of care. This study describes how through a muhasabah intervention in Blimbingrejo Village, Nalumsari District, Jepara Regency. The purpose of this study was to provide information for parents of children with special needs about muhasabah interventions in developing the resilience abilities of parents when carrying out their care. The urgency of this research is to reduce parenting stress experienced by parents because of the developmental barriers of their children. This research is qualitative with a case study approach through in-depth interviews and observation techniques. The study results explain that the condition of children with special needs is often a stressor for their parents. However, parents can live with complete steadfastness as a form of their resilience. The pattern of resilience formed is supported mainly by thinking about what they are trying to do. There are indications of the meaning of resilience factors in the practice of muhasabah in the form of the ability to regulate emotions, develop optimism and empathy, control impulses and causal analysis, good self-efficacy and take wisdom as an indication of aspects of the reaching out process. The results of this study are helpful information in developing the concept and practice of caring for children with special needs.

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Seven Motivations of Students Selecting Department of Islamic Teaching Education in Public University

Asian Social Science and Humanities Research Journal (ASHREJ) ◽

10.37698/ashrej.v2i1.25 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 45-55

Author(s):

Yunus Rahawarin ◽

Engkizar ◽

Rosniati Hakim ◽

Widia Wahana Sari ◽

Nadia Sri Ramdani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Public University ◽

State University ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Case Study Design ◽

Study Approach ◽

Job Opportunities ◽

Strong Motivation ◽

Depth Interviews

Choosing a career as an Islamic teacher has many challenges as well as fun, not everyone is interested in this profession except those who have strong motivation. This study aims to find out the real motivation of students to select department of Islamic teaching education in public university, even though this department is widely offered by state and private Islamic universities. This study uses qualitative methods with a case study approach (case study design). Sources of data were taken from thirty informants through in-depth interviews selected using a purposive sampling technique, all informants were active students who chose the department of Islamic teaching education at Padang State University in 2017, 2018 and 2019. All interviews were analyzed thematically using the NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software. The results of the analysis showed that there were seven motivations of students to select department of Islamic teaching education. Those seven motivations are: i) self-will, ii) parents' encouragement, iii) choice to become a religious teacher, iv) job opportunities after graduation, v) desire to study at public universities vi) opportunity to spread dakwah, vii) to deepen Islamic knowledge. The results of this study can be used as preliminary data for subsequent researchers to examine this problem in different contexts and issues.

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MAJA LABO DAHU SLOGAN IN CHARACTER EDUCATION

Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter ◽

10.21831/jpk.v9i2.22311 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mulyadin Mulyadin ◽

Amat Jaedun

Keyword(s):

Character Education ◽

Subject Matter ◽

Religious Values ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Teachers And Students ◽

Qualitative Descriptive

Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengungkapkan: (1) nilai-nilai semboyan maja labo dahu dalam pendidikan karakter; (2) implementasi semboyan maja labo dahu dalam pendidikan karakter; (3) efektivitas implementasi semboyan maja labo dahu dalam pendidikan karakter di MTs Negeri 1 Kota Bima. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Penentuan subjek penelitian yang dilakukan dengan teknik purposive. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif model interaktif dengan langkah-langkah: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Nilai-nilai semboyan maja labo dahu sesuai dengan nilai-nilai dalam pendidikan karakter, yaitu: nilai religius, jujur, disiplin, mandiri, menghargai prestasi, dan cinta tanah air. (2) Implementasi semboyan maja labo dahu belum dirumuskan secara eksplisit atau dibakukan sebagai materi pelajaran. (3). Semboyan maja labo dahu telah efektif memberikan pengetahuan moral tentang nilai-nilai semboyan maja labo dahu kepada siswa. Kata Kunci: semboyan, maja labo dahu, pendidikan karakter MAJA LABO DAHU SLOGAN IN CHARACTER EDUCATION Abstract: The purpose of this research was to reveal: (1) ) the values of the maja labo dahu slogan in character education; (2) the implementation of maja labo dahu slogan in character education; (3) the effectiveness of the implementation of maja labo dahu slogan in character education in Public MTs 1 Bima City. This research is a qualitative descriptive research using case study approach in Public MTs 1 Bima City. Informants in this study were principals, teachers, and students of Public MTs 1 Bima City. Determination of research was subjects conducted with purposive techniques. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that: (1) The values of maja labo dahu slogan were in accordance with the values in character education, namely: religious values, honest, disciplined, independent, appreciating achievement and loving the homeland. (2) the implementation of maja labo dahu slogan in Public MTs 1 Bima City was not formulated explicitly or standardized as subject matter. (3) The slogan maja labo dahu has effectively provided moral knowledge about the values of maja labo dahu to learners. Keywords: Maja labo dahu slogan,, character education

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EFEKTIVITAS METODE AL-MIFTAH LIL ʻULUM DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS MEMBACA KITAB KUNING PADA SANTRI MADRASAH DINIAH

journal PIWULANG ◽

10.32478/piwulang.v2i1.300 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Ibnu Ubaidillah ◽

Ali Rif’an

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Data Collection ◽

Reference Materials ◽

Learning Process ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

Inhibiting Factors ◽

Qualitative Descriptive ◽

Descriptive Method

This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques use the method of interview, observation, and documenta-tion. Data analysis is done by condensing data, then presenting data, and conclusions drawn from the data. In checking the validity of the data, researchers use methods, namely extending the time of partici-pation of researchers in the field, increasing persistence of observation, using appropriate reference materials, and reading book tests. The results of the analysis show that the process of applying the Al-Miftah Lil ‘Ulum Method at Madin Wustho Hidayatul Mubtadi’in –Malang City was carried out through several stages, namely preparation, implementation, and evaluation. Among the supporting factors of the learning process and the inhibiting factors to applied it.

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Implementation of Living Quran Culture in School

EDUKASI Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan ◽

10.32729/edukasi.v17i2.535 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nur Kholis ◽

Nuril Mufidah ◽

Lilik Indriharta

Keyword(s):

Boarding Schools ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

Living Culture ◽

The World ◽

Depth Interviews ◽

Source Of Information ◽

Holy Book

AbstractThis research has two aims, namely to describe the types of implementation of living Quran culture in schools, and to analyze the values that underlie the spirit of the development of a living Quran culture at school. The method of this research was qualitative using a case study approach, and conducted at SDI and SMPI Al Azhaar Tulungagung, East Java. The research subjects were the kiai of Islamic boarding schools, the chairman of the foundation, the principal, and the teachers. Data was collected through; in-depth interviews, documentation, and observation. The results of this study indicate that; First, the types of implementation of the Quran's living culture are a) Living Quran (tahfidz, iqra', tahsin, tarjim, Quran khotmil in student's house, Quran reciting competition, sticking verses Quran in each class, and praying using Quran verses); b). Birrul walidain (praying for parents, piety, politeness); and c) Islamic behavior at school and home. Secondly, the values of the underlying spirit of the living Quran include the Quran as a guide to life, reading Quran leads to reward, Quran as the source of information and knowledge in the world and the hereafter, and Quran as the holy book that carries the truth.Abstrak Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan. Pertama, untuk menggambarkan jenis-jenis implementasi budaya living Quran di sekolah. Kedua, menganalisis nilai-nilai yang mendasari semangat pengembangan budaya living Quran di sekolah. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SDI dan SMPI Al Azhaar Tulungagung, Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Subjek penelitian adalah kiai pesantren, ketua yayasan, kepala sekolah, dan guru. Artikel ini membahas jenis-jenis budaya dan nilai-nilai living Quran yang menjadi semangat implementasi. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi, dan observasi. Validitas data diperiksa menggunakan teknik berikut; kredibilitas, transferabilitas, ketergantungan, dan konfirmabilitas. Analisis data dilakukan dalam siklus bertingkat mulai dari pengumpulan data, tampilan data, reduksi data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan; Pertama, jenis-jenis penerapan budaya living Quran adalah mendalami Quran (tahfidz, iqra', tahsin, tarjamah, khotmil Quran di rumah siswa, kompetisi membaca Quran, menempel ayat-ayat Quran di setiap kelas, dan salat menggunakan ayat-ayat Quran); Birrul walidain (berdoa untuk orang tua, kesalehan, kesopanan); dan Perilaku Islam di sekolah dan di rumah. Kedua, nilai-nilai semangat yang mendasari living Quran meliputi Quran sebagai pedoman hidup, membaca Quran mengarah pada pahala, Quran sebagai sumber informasi dan pengetahuan di dunia dan akhirat, dan Quran sebagai kitab suci yang membawa kebenaran.

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