scholarly journals THE REFORM AND EVOLUTION OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES – A VIEW FROM ABROAD

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
NEIL GRAYSTON
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Force Structure ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Abstract The Republic of Slovenia has been a member of NATO for 15 years. In preparing for NATO membership the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) were required to prepare for radical change, from a territorial defence force to one that could contribute to NATO missions. The need for change became even more significant after the government decision in 2002 to end conscription and move to a fully professional SAF. A revised force structure for the SAF was agreed in 2003, prior to Slovenia joining NATO in 2004. Progress in developing the SAF in the first five years of NATO membership, while encountering a number of challenges, showed a positive trend, with a commensurate increase in defence expenditure. In the following five years the economic crisis which affected most NATO countries had a particularly damaging effect on the continued development of the SAF, with very severe reductions in defence expenditure. Today, after 15 years of NATO membership, the SAF has still not recovered from the cuts made in defence spending. Spending remains close to 1.0% of GDP and is inadequate to support the force plans of the SAF. The SAF is unable to make an effective contribution to NATO and a decision needs to be made on the future size and shape of the SAF which matches plans for future defence expenditure. Key words NATO, Slovenia, Professionalization, Defence Planning, Defence Expenditure, Missions, Force Structure, Democratic Control.

scholarly journals TOPOVI ALI MASLO? PRIMERJALNA ANALIZA OBRAMBNIH IZDATKOV REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE

2017 ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
MIHA ŠLEBIR
Keyword(s):  
Financial Structure ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Defence Expenditure ◽  
Personnel Expenditure

Povzetek Javnofinančne posledice gospodarske krize so večino držav članic zveze Nato vodile v bistveno zmanjšanje obrambnih izdatkov. Analiza je razkrila, da so v obdobju 2009–2015 obrambni izdatki Republike Slovenije padli najbolj med vsemi zaveznicami, ob tem pa je Slovenijo zaradi naraščajočega deleža izdatkov za osebje začela bremeniti vse bolj neuravnotežena struktura obrambne porabe. V prispevku sem potrdil domnevo o neustreznem kadrovskem obsegu slovenskih oboroženih sil glede na razpoložljive finančne vire. Analizo sem zasnoval na teoretično podkrepljeni premisi o vzročni povezanosti spremenljivk. S pomočjo bivariatne analize sem potrdil visoko pozitivno korelacijo med višino obrambnih izdatkov za osebje in kadrovskim obsegom oboroženih sil ter prek regresijske analize izsledke apliciral na načrtovano stanje slovenskega obrambnega sistema leta 2020. Ob tem sem ugotovil, da je neskladje med finančnimi viri in kadrovskim obsegom implicirano tudi v trenutno veljavnem srednjeročnem obrambnem programu in da doseganje kadrovskih in strukturno-finančnih ciljev ob predvideni stopnji rasti obrambnih izdatkov ni realno uresničljivo. Ključne besede Obrambni izdatki, izdatki za osebje, kadrovski obseg oboroženih sil, Slovenska vojska, bivariatna analiza. Abstract The effects of the financial crisis on public finances have led to significant reductions in defence spending in the majority of NATO member states. As revealed by the analysis of 2009–2015, the largest drop in defence expenditure occurred in the Republic of Slovenia, where a rising share of expenditure devoted to personnel led to an increased imbalance in the allocation of defence resources. In the article, I confirmed the hypothesis on inappropriate personnel strength of the Slovenian Armed Forces with regard to its financial resources. I designed the analysis on a theoretically supported premise about a causal relationship between variables. A bivariate analysis confirmed a strong positive correlation between the level of personnel expenditure and the overall personnel strength. Furthermore, I used a regression analysis to form an estimate on a 2020 desired end-state based on the acquired results. I concluded that the discrepancy between financial resources and the personnel strength is implied in the Medium-Term Defence Programme as well. I therefore assessed the currently valid medium term staff and financial structure goals as realistically unattainable. Key words Defence expenditure, personnel expenditure, armed forces personnel strength, Slovenian Armed Forces, bivariate analysis.

Pediatric Casualties during the Civil Conflict in the Republic of Georgia 22 November–5 December 1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irakli T. Metreveli ◽  
Arno Vosk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Leader ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The Civil War in GeorgiaOn 9 April 1991, the Republic of Georgia proclaimed its independence from the Soviet Union. Sviat Gamsakhurdia, an anti-communist leader of the Georgian Nationalist movement, was elected President by an overwhelming majority. Soon after the election, however, Gamsakhurdia's popularity began to plummet. He was accused of suppressing any opposition, and he and his supporters accused the opposition of being in league with Moscow and seeking to sabotage Georgian independence. Demonstrators in Tbilisi, the capital city, demanded the resignation of the new government, and the government relied increasingly upon armed forces to maintain power.

The Role and Tasks of the Territorial Defence Force in the National Security System

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (27) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Świderski
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Security System ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Republic

The detachments of Territorial Defence Force (TDF, Polish: Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej) are an important element in the new structure of the Polish Army. The article presents the challenges the Territorial Defence Force, a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, are currently facing. The author discusses the origin of TDF as well as the basic normative and legal documents that specify the role and tasks of TDF in the national security system. The principles of recruitment to TDF, the basic criteria laid down for candidates for service and a timeline of TDF development in 2016–2019 are described. Particular attention is paid to the cooperation between TDF and operational forces in case of an armed conflict, which poses a serious challenge to the new type of armed forces. Additionally, research suggests that the range of tasks assigned to TDF indicates their significant role within the crisis management system. This requires the TDF command to work closely with public administration and to gain trust and esteem in local communities in the regions of their operation.

scholarly journals SYNERGY OF RELIGIOUS FIGURES WITH THE INDONESIAN ARMED FORCES AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA POLICE IN OVERCOMING RADICALISM MOVEMENTS TO SUPPORT STATE DEFENSE IN EAST JAVA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Rini Windiyawati
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Phenomenological Research ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
State Defense

<p>The synergy between religious figures, community leaders, the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), and the Republic of Indonesia Police (POLRI) is urgently needed for the government is facing radicalism movements in Indonesia. Entering the reformation era, radical ideologies have the possibility more to threaten national security. This study aims to describe the synergy between religious figures, the Indonesian Armed Forces, and the Republic of Indonesia Police to ward off radical movements in East Java. Radicalism is closely related to terrorism, both of which are acts of violence or threats to people's lives. Therefore, it is necessary to have synergy from several parties. The research approach in this research uses qualitative phenomenological research. According to the results of the study, it shows that 1) the factors that cause the rise of radicalism movements in East Java are the greatest lack of education and poverty and 2) the synergy between religious figures, Indonesian Armed Forces, and the Republic of Indonesia Police has been running quite well. It can be seen from good cooperation in carrying out duties and responsibilities in maintaining national integrity, especially in preventing radicalism movements by the religious figure by carrying out various activity agendas as socialization in preventing radicalism movements in East Java.</p>

scholarly journals Dwi Fungsi ABRI : Melacak Sejarah Keterlibatan ABRI dalam Kehidupan Sosial Politik dan Perekonomian Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Anwar Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
New Order ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

This paper examines the historical roots of the emergence of the involvement of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI) in the socio-political field, especially several reasons that form the basis of government policy to involve ABRI in the socio-political and economic fields, as well as ABRI’s own efforts to play a role in these fields. This historical approach research concluded that ABRI’s involvement in the socio-political field in Indonesia had begun since the government of Guided Democracy under President Soekarno. Politically, the reason for Soekarno’s inclusion of the military in his government structure was due to the failure of civilian politicians in formulating state ideology with no agreement between parties in the constituent assembly. This failure is considered to endanger national political stability and threaten the integrity of the country. For this reason, President Soekarno recruited the military to balance civilian politicians in his government. Along with its involvement in the socio-political field, ABRI also plays a role in socio-economics. Although at first, this role was limited to securing national private companies which were legacies of foreign companies, but during the New Order government, the dual function of ABRI was confirmed and its role was wider. Almost all strategic economic sectors are controlled by ABRI.

Germany will gradually build up its defences

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Defence Industry ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
Overseas Operations ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Significance Traditionally, Germany has been cautious about defence spending and build-up. However, the defence ministry now wants to reorganise the Bundeswehr (armed forces) so that it contributes not only to overseas operations as is currently the case but also to national security. Impacts If defence expenditure reaches Merkel’s goal of 1.5% of GDP by 2021, this would allow spending of approximately 49 billion euros. Germany is likely to purchase more from its domestic defence industry as it increases spending. Overseas peacekeeping missions, especially in Iraq, Afghanistan and Mali, are likely to be expanded.

Procedury karne w stosunku do żołnierzy sił zbrojnych Stanów Zjednoczonych oraz członków ich personelu cywilnego przebywających na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Marek Centkowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Jurisdiction ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

The subject of this work is to clarify the issues of criminal jurisdiction set forth in articles 13-15 of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of the United States of America regarding the status of the armed forces of the United States of America on the territory of the Republic of Poland of December 11, 2009 in Warsaw. The author simultaneously conducts analysis of the provisions in article VII NATO SOFA, a supplemental agreement between the Governments of Poland and the United States. In addition, memorandum of Understanding between the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Poland and the Command of the Armed Forces of the United States of America in Europe regarding foreign criminal jurisdiction, signed on October 23, 2014 in Warsaw is discussed. The memorandum specifies the provisions of the above-mentioned two international agreements, describing, among other things, how to proceed with American soldiers and members of their civilian staff as perpetrators of prohibited acts. Furthermore, this document contains templates for letters addressed to US military authorities, and Polish judicial authorities with respect to the priority of jurisdiction, as well as arrangements related to the performance of official duties by the perpetrator at the time of committing a prohibited act. The authorities that supervise or conduct preparatory proceedings against members of the United States forces and their civilian personnel are military prosecutors of the regional or the district prosecutor’s offices. The Police, on the other hand and Military Police are law enforcement agencies carrying out procedural activities at the scene and carryingout activities commissioned by the military prosecutor.

Life And Work of a Journalist

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-126
Author(s):  
Phạm Trần
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
The Press ◽  
First Republic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

This chapter recounts the major events and developments in the press scene in the Republic of Vietnam (RVN). It first considers the press under the First Republic (1960–1963) and afterward the Second Republic (1963–1975). Under the First Republic, the press was controlled in two ways to keep it from opposing the government. First, the government gave newspapers coupons to buy newsprint at subsidized prices. Next, all the newspapers had to work with the exclusive distributor Thống Nhất, a commercial entity under government control. From 1964 until 1965, the press in South Vietnam was very much controlled by the various semicivilian, semimilitary governments and was heavily influenced by the armed forces. To conclude, the chapter briefly discusses the Press Law and other forms of press control in today's communist Vietnam for the purpose of comparison.

Estonian Legal Culture on the Threshold to the 21st Century

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peeter Järvelaid
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The Republic of Estonia is one of those European countries for which the year 1918 meant a deep and radical change in the development of their states. During the last decade, these states – Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic (the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic in 1918), Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – have all become Member States of or applicant countries to the European Union. On 28 July 1922, the Republic of Estonia was de jure recognized by the Government of the United States. This was an important act, since soon afterwards, on 22 September 1922, Estonia became a member of the League of Nations. Estonia had thus become a subject of international law.

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