EVALUATION OF ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF PUNICA GRANATUM STEM BARK

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (09) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
N Khan ◽  
◽  
S Hugar ◽  
V Patil ◽  
H.M Nanjappaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Dose Dependent

Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal effect of Punica granatum stem bark ethanolic extract was carried out on various experimental animal models of diarrhea. Different paragons used were castor oil induced diarrhoea, magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea, castor oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test. The various parameters recorded were onset of diarrhoea, mean number of fecal drops, mean weight of fecal matter, mean weight of small intestine, volume of fluid accumulation in the intestine and mean distance travelled by charcoal meal in the intestine. The test extract demonstrated dose dependent significant anti-diarrhoeal effect. The results of this investigation revealed that, 70% hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum stem bark contains pharmacologically active substance(s) with anti-diarrhoeal efficacy.

scholarly journals Antidiarrheal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Melochia corchorifolia L. and Glochidion thomsonii in Experimental Animal Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-199
Author(s):  
Nusrat Jahan ◽  
Jannatul Ferdousi ◽  
Md Jahir Alam ◽  
Tasmina Rahman ◽  
Mizanur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Gi Motility

Diarrhoea is a public health problem in developing countries. It is therefore important to identify plants with antidiarrhoeal activity. Melochia corchorifolia and Glochidion thomsonii have been used in folk medicine to alleviate several diseases. The present study was performed to investigate the anti-diarrheal properties of ethanolic extract of M. corchorifolia whole plant and G. thomsonii bark. Anti-diarrheal potential was evaluated using castor oil and MgSO4 induced diarrhea, GI motility test as well as castor oil induced enteropooling assay in mice. Extracts were used at 250 and 500 mg/kg per orally. Loperamide (10 mg/kg p.o) was used as standard drug. The ethanolic crude extracts exhibited statistically significant and dose-dependent (250 and 500 mg/kg) anti-diarrheal effect against the total number of episodes of defecation as well as diarrheal feces. In animals pretreated with MC and GT extract showed 42.53% (p<0.05) and 53.13% (p<0.001) protection at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 89.40% (p<0.001)and 57.47% (p<0.001) protection at 500 mg/kg against castor oil induced diarrhea. The MC extract at 500 mg/kg exhibited significant (p<0.05) inhibition of diarrhea (51.04%) in MgSO4 induced diarrhea. In BaSO4 induced GI motility test both the extracts inhibited GI motility and GT at 500 mg/kg dose 38.77% which was highly significant (p<0.01). In the Castor oil induced enteropooling assay MC 250 and 500 mg/kg and GT 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced the intestinal fluid accumulation by 27.42% and 48.39% (p<0.01) and 38.71% (p<0.05) and 51.61% (p<0.01), respectively. The results suggested that both the extracts possessed significant antidiarrhoeal properties which was comparable with standard drug, loperamide and further studies are required to evaluate these effects and the potential of the plant. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 192-199, 2019

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic assessment and pre-clinical toxicity of ethanolic extract from Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. stem bark (Guatambu)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e17510917547
Author(s):  
Nilda Maria Alves ◽  
Marina Alves Coelho Silva ◽  
Leila Maria Leal Parente ◽  
José Realino de Paula ◽  
Alessandro de Carvalho Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
World Population ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Treatment Objective ◽  
Open Markets ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Vegetal Species

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects approximately 10% of the world population. As it is a chronic disease, several patients search for alternatives to the traditional allopathic treatment, such as medicinal plants. In Brazil, the Aspidosperma subincanum (Guatambu) is one of the vegetal species commercialized in open markets used for diabetes popular treatment. Objective: To perform the phytochemical prospection and pre-clinical assessment of the ethanolic extract from stem bark of A. subincanum bark (EEAS). Material and methods: A. subincanum stem barks were collected in state of Goiás, Brazil and the EEAS was obtained by cold maceration. The phytochemical prospection was performed and acute and subacute toxicity assessments were performed according to OECD guidelines. Results: Phytochemical prospection identified the presence of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, and resins. The acute toxicity showed no death in EEAS doses administered intraperitoneally (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) and orally (5000 mg/kg). The subacute toxicity showed signs of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and lung damages in the two highest doses tested (250, 250 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent way. However, the satellite group showed reversion of the lesions after 30 days of EEAS interruption. Conclusion: The acute toxicity of EEAS suggests an LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. The oral use of EEAS during a short period (30 days) or more can be hazardous at doses similar to that tested in this study and may represent a risk for those who consume this kind of extract as a medicinal plant.

scholarly journals Antidiarrhoeal Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Aristolochia ringens Stem Bark in Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhoeal Albino Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasheed Bolaji Ibrahim ◽  
Abdulhakeem Olanrewaju Sulyman ◽  
Fisayo Abraham Bamisaye ◽  
Lateefah Badrudeen Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Group Iii

The antidiarrhoeal potentials of ethanolic extract of Aristolochia ringens stem back was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal rats. The A. ringens stem back ethanolic extract was, in addition, screened for its phytoconstituents. Thirty albino rats of 150-180 g were randomized into six groups of five animals each for each of the three experiments and all administration were oral. Rats in groups I and II were administered 1.0 ml distilled water and 1% DMSO (Vehicle) respectively, while those in group III were administered 2.5 mg/kg b.wt loperamide hydrochloride as reference drug. Rats in groups IV, V and VI were administered 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt. ethanolic extract of A. ringens stem bark. The castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model was used, the weight and volume of the intestinal content was determined by enteropooling method and the intestinal motility was determined using activated charcoal method. The small intestine of the rats was also assessed for histopathological changes. The extract significantly and dose-dependently reduced the number of diarrhoeal faeces, the volume of intestinal accumulation and the distance moved by the fed charcoal in treated rats compared to the untreated diarrhoeal group (group II). The percentage inhibitions exhibited by the extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight were significantly higher than that of the reference drug. Furthermore, the photomicrograph of the intestine of the extract treated rats showed intact intestinal architecture. Hence, ethanolic extract of Aristolochia ringens stem bark may contain phytochemicals with better antidiarrhoeal potentials which can be explored in the development of more viable antidiarrhoeal agents.

scholarly journals Antidiarrheal Effect of Zornia brasiliensis Vogel (Leguminosae) on Mice Involves Adrenergic Pathway Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Filipe R. M. B. Oliveira ◽  
Sarah R. D. Ferreira ◽  
Giulyane T. Aires-Moreno ◽  
Anne D. S. Silva ◽  
Yuri M. Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Intestinal Transit ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Defecation Frequency ◽  
Adrenergic Systems ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Several secondary metabolites have been isolated from Zornia brasiliensis (Leguminosae), mainly flavonoids. These compounds are known for many pharmacological actions, such as antispasmodic and antidiarrheal. Therefore, we evaluated the antidiarrheal effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from Zornia brasiliensis aerial parts (ZB-EtOHAP), as well as its underlying mechanisms. Castor-oil-induced diarrhea, fluid accumulation, and intestinal transit (normal and castor oil induced) were performed to assess the antidiarrheal, antisecretory, and antipropulsive activities of the extract. The involvement of opioid and adrenergic pathways was also investigated. ZB-EtOHAP inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, both total defecation frequency and the number of watery stools. The extract showed no effect on fluid accumulation or normal intestinal transit. On the other hand, when the animals were pretreated with castor oil, the extract decreased the distance traveled by the marker in the small intestine. Investigation of the involvement of opioid and adrenergic systems showed that the pharmacological potency of the extract did not change in the presence of naloxone, but it was reduced in the presence of yohimbine. The data indicate that Zornia brasiliensis has an antidiarrheal effect due to inhibition of the intestinal motility through adrenergic pathway activation.

scholarly journals Antidiarrheal activity of fractions from aqueous extract of Detarium senegalense

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah Saka Sanni ◽  
Hajja Gana Hamza ◽  
Patrick Azubuike Onyeyili
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Antidiarrheal Activity

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fractions of the aqueous crude extract of Detarium senegalense stem bark on castor oil-induced diarrhea. Castor oilinduced diarrhea, gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling methods were used to evaluate the antidiarrheal effects of the fractions. Castor oil was used to induce diarrhea and the effect of all the fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol and residual aqueous) were evaluated at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The results show that all fractions significantly (p<0.05) decreased the frequency of defecation in rats following the induction of diarrhea with castor oil. Ethyl acetate which produced the highest antidiarrheal activity was further subjected to gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling tests. In the gastrointestinal motility, two test doses of the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered orally to two groups of rats (n=5), while the third group of rats (control), were treated with normal saline, and the fourth group were treated with diphenoxylate, a conventional anti-diarrheal drug. In the castor oil-induced enteropooling experiment, normal saline was used for the control animals, while 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract was administered to groups two and three, respectively and atropine, a standard drug, was administered to rats in group four. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly (p<0.05) decreased the gastro-intestinal motility, as shown by the extent of movement of the charcoal meal in the treated rats. It also significantly inhibited the fluid accumulation within the intestine. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction possess antidiarrheal effect, which may be due to the presence of some phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins) in the plant, which may either be working alone or in combination with each other. This study has demonstrated that D. senegalense fractions, especially the ethyl acetate fraction, possess antidiarrheal activity thus supporting the use of the plant in the treatment of diarrheal diseases.

scholarly journals ANTIMOTILITY AND ANTISECRETORY RELATED ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF THE ABELMOSCHUS MOSCHATUS MEDIK IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babitha S. ◽  
Akshay Deepu Hg ◽  
Nageena Taj
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Traditional Practices ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Meal Test ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Dependent

Objective: This study was intended to evaluate the anti-diarrhoeal potential of Abelmoschus moschatus Medik (A. moschatus Medik) seeds and the possible mechanism therein involved by using different experimental models in albino Wistar rats.Methods: The hydroalcoholic seed extract of A. moschatus Medik. (HEAM) was orally administered at the doses of 150, 300 and 500 mg/kg respectively to the different groups in order to assess the effect of extract in castor oil induced diarrhea model in rats. In order to comprehend the mechanism involved in its anti-diarrhoeal potential, the extract was further investigated for its effect on gastrointestinal motility using charcoal meal test and antisecretory action by castor oil induced intestinal enter pooling where, atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg) and loperamide (2 mg/kg) were used as reference standards respectively.Results: The HEAM exhibited significant (p<0.05, p<0.001) and dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal effect by decreasing the mean number of fecal droppings produced upon castor oil administration as compared to the normal control. The effect of the extract at 500 mg/kg was near to that of loperamide (2 mg/kg). The extract (300 mg/kg) showed antimotility action by significantly (p<0.05, p<0.001) attenuating the charcoal meal transit in the intestine as compared to negative control animals. Further, the extract showed significant (p<0.05, p<0.001) inhibition in the accumulation of intestinal fluid due to castor oil.Conclusion: The HEAM exhibited significant anti-diarrhoeal action that could be presumably related to its observed antimotility and antisecretory activities. This study justifies the usage of A. moschatus Medik. as an anti-diarrhoeal agent in traditional practices of medicine.

scholarly journals Effect of Aqueous Ethanol Stem Extract of Entada africana Guill. Et Perrott. on Castor Oil and Magnesium Sulphate-Induced Diarrhoea Models in Mice

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abubakar Bilyamini Mu’azu ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Usman
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Rabbit Jejunum ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

This study investigated the phytochemical, elemental analysis, acute toxicity study of aqueous ethanol stem bark extract of Entada africana, as well as its antidiarrhoeal activity in mice and its effects on isolated rabbit jejunum. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Elemental analysis of the extract showed the presence of magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and sodium (Na) while acute toxicity study revealed intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) values for the extract to be 774.6 mg/kg body weight. The antidiarrheal effect of the extract was studied using castor-oil and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoeal models (dropping test) and gastrointestinal transit test in mice. The result showed that the extract produced a dose-dependent protection against diarrhoea induced by castor oil and magnesium sulfate, with the highest protection (80 and 100%), obtained at 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extract significantly (p≤0.01) reduced the small intestinal transit of charcoal meal in mice at all doses tested. The extract (0.4-3.2 mg/ml) produced a concentration dependent relaxation of the rabbit jejunum, and the effects were blocked by propranolol (0.04 and 0.64 μg/ml). The results of this study showed that the extract contain pharmacologically active substance with antidiarrhoeal properties mediated through inhibition of hyper secretion and reduced gastrointestinal motility. These properties may explain the rationale for use of it’s stem bark as antidiarrhoeal remedy in traditional medicine.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Constituents and Antidiarrhoeal Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Maesobotrya barteri (Bush Cherry) Leaves in Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikekhide Friday
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Orthodox Medicine ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent

Maesobotrya barteri, commonly known as bush cherry is used in orthodox medicine for the treatment of different ailments including diarrhoea. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the phytochemical compositions, acute toxicity (LD50) and the effect of ethanolic extract of Maesobotrya barteri leaves as an antidiarrhoeal agent. Castor oil was used to induce diarrhoea in albino rats. 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg/kg extracts of M. barteri were used to protect the rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The quantitative phytochemical screening of M. barteri revealed the presence of flavonoids, Saponin, Phenol, alkaloid, oxalate and phytate at the concentrations of 101.06ug/g, 21.32ug/g, 7.42ug/g, 1.75ug/g, 1.50ug/g and 0.57ug/g respectively. No experimental animal used to determine the LD50 up to 5000mg/kg extract died. The result of the anti-diarrhoeal property of M. barteri after pretreatment with the extract showed a considerable dose – dependent decrease in the production of diarrhoeal faeces, reduced the rate of defecation and the onset of diarrhoea in albino rats. The inhibition of diarrhoea by the extract as shown in the result may be attributed to the high concentration of flavonoid present in the plant.

Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Tephrosia purpurea extract on Chemically Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Reference to Biochemical Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Aziz ◽  
Birendra Shrivastava ◽  
Chandana Venkateswara Rao ◽  
Sadath Ali
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Marker Enzymes ◽  
Tephrosia Purpurea ◽  
Single Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Ccl4 Treatment ◽  
Dose Dependent

Tephrosia purpurea possesses hepatoprotective activity as evidenced by the significant and dose dependent restoring the activities of entire liver cancer marker enzymes, diminution in tumor incidence, decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes (GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx and GST) through scavenging of free radicals, or by enhancing the activity of antioxidant, which then detoxify free radicals. These factors protect cells from ROS damage in NDEA and CCl4-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Histopathological observations of liver tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. Thus, present investigation suggested that the Tephrosia purpurea would exert a chemoprotective effect by reversing the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by NDEA and CCl4. Besides Tephrosia purpurea is very much effective in preventing NDEA-induced multistage hepatocarcinogenesis possibly through antioxidant and antigenotoxic nature, which was confirmed by various liver injury and biochemical tumour markers enzymes. The hepatoprotective activity of aTephrosia purpurea of 50 % ethanolic extract was studied using rats. The animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine 200mg/kg body wt followed by subcutaneous injection of CCl4 in a dose of 3 ml/kg body wt.Tephrosia purpureaextract dose dependently and significantly the increase in serum hepatic enzyme levels after NDEAand CCl4 treatment compared to the toxin control group. The results of this study confirmed the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of the Tephrosia purpurea extract against carbon tetrachlorideand N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

scholarly journals Ketamine—50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-345
Author(s):  
Samuel Kohtala
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Different Doses

AbstractOver the past 50 years, ketamine has solidified its position in both human and veterinary medicine as an important anesthetic with many uses. More recently, ketamine has been studied and used for several new indications, ranging from chronic pain to drug addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder. The discovery of the rapid-acting antidepressant effects of ketamine has resulted in a surge of interest towards understanding the precise mechanisms driving its effects. Indeed, ketamine may have had the largest impact for advancements in the research and treatment of psychiatric disorders in the past few decades. While intense research efforts have been aimed towards uncovering the molecular targets underlying ketamine’s effects in treating depression, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain elusive. These efforts are made more difficult by ketamine’s complex dose-dependent effects on molecular mechanisms, multiple pharmacologically active metabolites, and a mechanism of action associated with the facilitation of synaptic plasticity. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the different uses of ketamine, with an emphasis on examining ketamine’s rapid antidepressant effects spanning molecular, cellular, and network levels. Another focus of the review is to offer a perspective on studies related to the different doses of ketamine used in antidepressant research. Finally, the review discusses some of the latest hypotheses concerning ketamine’s action.

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