Prevalence and evolution of clinical cases of Yellow Fever in Brazil between the years 2007 to 2016

Yellow Fever (YF) is a non-contagious infectious disease of variable symptoms that occurs mainly in tropical forests regions of the Americas and Africa and is caused by a Flavivirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Its vectors are mosquitoes of the genus Haemagogus, Sabethes and Aedes, and these have non-human primates as the main source of infection. In Brazil, there has been no record of urban AF since 1942, although the increase in cases of the wild form combined with low vaccination coverage contribute to the risk of re-urbanization of the disease Material and methods: For the study, epidemiological data were obtained from confirmed cases of Yellow Fever reported in the Notification System for Health Disorders (SINAN) available at the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS). Results and discussion: A total of 177 cases of were reported in Brazil, the year with the highest notification was in 2016 (52). The region with the highest occurrence of cases were the Southeast (95). Regarding the clinical evolution, of the 177 cases, 68 affected patients were cured, while 89 died from the reported injury, evidencing a high rate of lethality (50.2%). Conclusion: YF remains a public health problem, over the years there was a decrease in cases, this was due to immunization campaigns in the country, however, there was a significant increase in notifications in 2016, this whole panorama reinforces the need intensifying surveillance and expanding vaccine coverage.

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Anti-chikungunya virus seroprevalence in Indigenous groups in the São Francisco Valley, Brazil

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0009468 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. e0009468

Author(s):

Jandir Mendonça Nicacio ◽

Ricardo Khouri ◽

Antônio Marconi Leandro da Silva ◽

Manoel Barral-Netto ◽

João Augusto Costa Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chikungunya Virus ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Indigenous Populations ◽

High Rate ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Epidemiological Profile

Background Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a serious public health problem with a high rate of infection and chronic disabling manifestations that has affected more than 2 million people worldwide since 2005. In spite of this, epidemiological data on vulnerable groups such as Indigenous people are scarce, making it difficult to implement public policies in order to prevent this disease and assist these populations. Objective To describe the serological and epidemiological profile of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in two Indigenous populations in Northeast Brazil, as well as in an urbanized control community, and to explore associations between CHIKV and anthropometric variables in these populations. Methodology/Principal findings This is a cross-sectional ancillary study of the Project of Atherosclerosis among Indigenous Populations (PAI) that included people 30 to 70 years old, recruited from two Indigenous tribes (the less urbanized Fulni-ô and the more urbanized Truká people) and an urbanized non-Indigenous control group from the same area. Subjects underwent clinical evaluation and were tested for anti-CHIKV IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serological profile was described according to ethnicity, sex, and age. The study population included 433 individuals distributed as follows: 109 (25·2%) Truká, 272 (62·8%) Fulni-ô, and 52 (12%) from the non-Indigenous urbanized control group. Overall prevalence of CHIKV IgG in the study sample was 49.9% (216; 95% CI: 45·1–54·7). When the sample was stratified, positive CHIKV IgG was distributed as follows: no individuals in the Truká group, 78·3% (213/272; 95% CI: 72·9–83·1) in the Fulni-ô group, and 5.8% (3/52; 95% CI: 1.21–16) in the control group. Conclusions/Significance Positive tests for CHIKV showed a very high prevalence in a traditional Indigenous population, in contrast to the absence of anti-CHIKV serology in the Truká people, who are more urbanized with respect to physical landscape, socio-cultural, and historical aspects, as well as a low prevalence in the non-Indigenous control group, although all groups are located in the same area.

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MEASLES OUTBREAK IN A RURAL AREA OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v7i4.78 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 197-201

Author(s):

Mir M Hassan Bullo ◽

Mirza Amir Baig ◽

Jawad Faisal Malik ◽

Ejaz Ahmad Khan ◽

Muazam Abbas Ranjha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Maculopapular Rash ◽

Healthcare Facility ◽

Control Measures ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

District Health ◽

Active Case

Background: Measles is highly contagious vaccine preventable disease (VPD), and a major public health problem considered as leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Pakistan. An outbreak of measles was reported in Sharifabad Islamabad on 15th of April 2017, and an investigation was launched to assess the magnitude of outbreak, evaluate risk factors and recommend control measures. Methods: A comprehensive house to house active case search along with vaccine coverage survey was conducted from April 19-22, 2017. A case was defined as "onset of maculopapular rash with fever in a resident of Sharifabad with at least one of the following signs/ symptoms, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Cough, Otitis media or Pneumonia present in between 19 March to 22nd April 2017". Four age & sex matched controls were selected from the neighborhood. Data was collected through interview method using structured questionnaire and vaccination coverage was determined by using Epi survey form. Blood samples were sent for laboratory confirmation. Results: A total of eight cases were identified through active case finding while three were reported by local practitioner. Mean age of cases were 20 months (range 8-36 months). Severely affected age-group was 1-2 years with attack rate of 46%. Around two-third (64%) of cases and a few (16%) of controls were unvaccinated against measles. Contact with measles patient [OR 25.2, CI 3.9-160.1, P=0.00], unvaccinated children [OR 9.2 CI 2.12-40.4, P=0.000], social misconception regarding vaccination [OR 7.8 CI 1.42-42.6, P=0.00], and distance from healthcare facility [OR 5.7 CI 1.15-28.35, P=0.02] were significant risk factors. Vaccine efficacy was 90%. Conclusion: Main reasons of the outbreak were contact with the cases, and low vaccination status. We recommended comprehensive measles vaccination and community awareness sessions. On our recommendations district health authority Islamabad carried out mop up of whole area.

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Crucial role of physiotherapy in treating COVID-19 patients

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 967-971

Author(s):

Poonam Thakre ◽

Waqar M. Naqvi ◽

Trupti Deshmukh ◽

Nikhil Ingole ◽

Sourabh Deshmukh

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

High Rate ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Front Line ◽

The Many ◽

Sixth International

The emergence in China of 2019 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) previously provisionally names 2019-nCoV disease (COVID19) caused major global outbreak and is a major public health problem. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared COVID19 to be the sixth international public health emergency. This present pandemic has engrossed the globe with a high rate of mortality. As a front line practitioner, physiotherapists are expected to be getting in direct contact with patients infected with the virus. That’s why it is necessary for understanding the many aspects of their role in the identification, contains, reduces and treats the symptoms of this disease. The main presentation is the involvement of respiratory system with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, sneezing and characteristics of pneumonia leads to ARDS(Acute respiratory distress syndrome) also land up in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. This text describes and suggests physiotherapy management of acute COVID-19 patients. It also includes recommendations and guidelines for physiotherapy planning and management. It also covers the guidelines regarding personal care and equipment used for treatment which can be used in the treatment of acute adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.

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The Predictive Role of Biochemical Plasma Factors in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.19.5.7209 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 1754-1757

Author(s):

Marius Toma Papacocea ◽

Ioana Anca Badarau ◽

Mugurel Radoi ◽

Ioana Raluca Papacocea

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Brain Injuries ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Group Versus ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽

High Rate ◽

Control Group

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) represent a high impact public health problem due to a high rate of death , long term disability and occurrence especially in young adults. Despite several promising animal studies, several parameters were proposed as biological markers and were assessed for this aim. Our study proposes the study of the early biochemical changes in association to hematological parameters for severe TBI patients prognosis. 43 patients with acute TBI were included in study based on clinical, laboratory and imagistic findings. The severity of the TBI was established by Glasgow Coma Scale GCS 3-8. In all patients were evaluated hematologic parameters (Red blood cell count - RBC, Hematocrit, blood Hemoglobin, White blood cell - WBC, Platelet count and biochemical parameters (glucose, urea, creatinine, electrolytes). Outcome was expressed as Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), between 1-5. Values were compared to control group -15 cases. Significant early differences in body temperature, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were observed in TBI group versus control (p[0.05). After correlation, laboratory findings significantly associated to severe outcome - GOS = 1, 2 - (p[0.05) were plasma Na decrease and significant glucose increase. An early increase of temperature and decrease of Na may predict a severe outcome in patients with acute TBI; association with shifts in heart rate and blood pressure, imposes aggressive treatment measures.

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The Myometrium in Pregnant Women with Obesity

Current Vascular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570161118666200525133530 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 193-200

Author(s):

Jorge A. Carvajal ◽

Joaquín I. Oporto

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Oxytocin Receptor ◽

High Rate ◽

K Channel ◽

Obese Women ◽

Cesarean Sections ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Myometrial Contractility ◽

Lower Expression

: Obesity is a worldwide public health problem, affecting at least one-third of pregnant women. One of the main problems of obesity during pregnancy is the resulting high rate of cesarean section. The leading cause of this higher frequency of cesarean sections in obese women, compared with that in nonobese women, is an altered myometrial function that leads to lower frequency and potency of contractions. In this article, the disruptions of myometrial myocytes were reviewed in obese women during pregnancy that may explain the dysfunctional labor. The myometrium of obese women exhibited lower expression of connexin43, a lower function of the oxytocin receptor, and higher activity of the potassium channels. Adipokines, such as leptin, visfatin, and apelin, whose concentrations are higher in obese women, decreased myometrial contractility, perhaps by inhibiting the myometrial RhoA/ROCK pathway. The characteristically higher cholesterol levels of obese women alter myometrial myocyte cell membranes, especially the caveolae, inhibiting oxytocin receptor function, and increasing the K+ channel activity. All these changes in the myometrial cells or their environment decrease myometrial contractility, at least partially explaining the higher rate of cesarean of sections in obese women.

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The malaria burden of Amerindian groups of three Venezuelan states: a descriptive study based on programmatic data

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-021-03819-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juan C. Gabaldón-Figueira ◽

Carlos Chaccour ◽

Jorge Moreno ◽

Maria Villegas ◽

Leopoldo Villegas

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Malaria Burden ◽

Indigenous Groups ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country’s Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran’s I and Getis-Ord’s hot spot analysis. Results 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups.

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Mobile Health (mHealth) and Advances in Noninvasive Diagnosis of Anemia: An Overview

International Journal of Nutrology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1716497 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 042-047

Author(s):

Thiago Mazzu-Nascimento ◽

Danilo Nogueira Evangelista ◽

Obeedu Abubakar ◽

Emanuel Carrilho ◽

Diego Furtado Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mobile Health ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Noninvasive Diagnostics ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Palpebral Conjunctiva ◽

Unified Health System ◽

Bone Marrow Disease ◽

Video Frames ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

AbstractAnemia is a public health problem that can have different causes, such as iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, inflammation, hemolytic anemias, and anemias associated with bone marrow disease. Anemia shows a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin, a pigmented molecule in the erythrocytes. The objectives of this review were to highlight the impact of nutritional factors on morbidity and mortality caused by anemia and to present different non-invasive approaches that use a smartphone to analyze hemoglobin levels to detect anemia. According to the records of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym), ∼ 440,000 people checked in hospitals due to anemia between January 2015 and April 2020, with 215,000 deaths. The government spent ∼ 294 million Brazilian Reais (more than 50 million US dollars) on anemia hospitalization cases during this period. There is a worldwide search to provide noninvasive diagnostics and mobile health (mHealth) tools to help diagnosing anemia. The smartphone appears to be a viable device to detect anemia by a camera with colorimetric analysis of images providing a quantitative, instantaneous, and noninvasive result. These images can be obtained as a photograph or extracted from video frames. The review presents three different methods of detecting anemia using a smartphone: i) photoplethysmograph from video obtained from the tip of the index finger, ii) photo of the palpebral conjunctiva, and iii) fingernail photo app. Therefore, it seems urgent that these approaches may be applied in routine clinical diagnosis to allow remote, needy, low-tech locations to have access to anemia screening.

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Adherence to Vaccine Requirements among Hajj Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 2017-2019

Tropical Health and Medical Research ◽

10.35916/thmr.v3i2.54 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 86-97

Author(s):

Adel Alotaibi ◽

Sami S Almudarra ◽

Homoud S Algarni ◽

Yasser Bakhsh ◽

Zahir Mohamed Elamin Dafaalla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Yellow Fever ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Compliance Rate ◽

Adherence Rate ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Surveillance Network ◽

Polio Vaccination

Hajj pilgrims must have certain vaccines for pilgrimage; these requirements aim to reduce the spread of infectious diseases. This study analyzed the trends in vaccine adherence for meningitis, yellow fever, and polio from January 2017- December 2019. These trends can help in guiding future policymaking to prevent outbreaks during Hajj and similar mass gatherings. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics for Hajj pilgrims and Hajj seasonal workers arriving in Saudi Arabia over three years (2017–2019). Health Control Centers (HCCs) collected data at points-of-entry (PoE) and entered it into Saudi Arabia’s Health Electronic Surveillance Network (HESN). We reviewed HESN data to collect information on total passengers arriving per country and the number of passengers vaccinated for: meningococcal meningitis, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever. We compared data to identify the difference in vaccination by region. We used chi-square tests to assess differences in compliance rate among these travelers by year and country of origin. The number of participating countries increased from 113 to 132. Meningitis vaccine coverage increased by 5% from 2017–2019. The increase was not statistically significant. Asia had the lowest overall adherence rate (83%). Yellow fever adherence decreased significantly using a difference of mean adherence between 2017 and 2019 (p-value 0.01). Polio vaccination adherence decreased by 5% from 2017 to 2019; this was not significant (p-value = 0.08). The vaccine coverage increased for meningitis and decreased for yellow fever and polio. Less than 100% vaccine adherence among Hajj travelers creates the potential for the spread of infectious diseases. Proof of vaccination should be required in submitted visa applications. Countries of origin and Saudi Arabia must work together to ensure that all Hajjis are adequately vaccinated before departure.

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Factors associated with oral cavity cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa: Summary of the literature

African Journal of Oncology ◽

10.54266/ajo.1.2.34.meun5028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 34-41

Author(s):

A Dieng ◽

AD Faye ◽

MM Ndiaye ◽

G Diop ◽

A Bouazé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Manual Search ◽

African Populations ◽

Localization Strategy ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Oral Cavity Cancers

INTRODUCTION: Oral cavity cancers are now a public health problem according to WHO epidemiological data. There are several risk factors or factors associated with cancers of the oral cavity but they vary according to geographic regions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with cancers of the oral cavity in Sub-Saharan African populations through a systematic literature review. METHODOLOGY: Using the data available for the period from January 1980 to December 2019, a synthesis of the literature was carried out. The literature localization strategy included an electronic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases from 1980 to 2019 and a manual search of the list of references of articles identified by snowballing. The data were extracted independently by two researchers on an Excel© spreadsheet. Parameters collected from each study were author, country, type of study, period of study, size, age, gender, and factors studied. RESULTS: Out of 1,318 articles found, 24 were selected. The data contained 17,290 patients including 8,229 men, i.e. a male / female sex-ratio of 0.91. Factors studied were tobacco, alcohol, diet, infection, genetics and social factors. CONCLUSION: The results reported showed that several factors are associated with the occurrence of oral cavity cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a need to conduct further studies with more structured methodologies for more convincing results.

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Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from surgical site of dogs, surgeon's hands and operating room in a veterinary teaching hospital in Brazil

10.21203/rs.3.rs-216652/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mareliza Possa de Menezes ◽

Mariana Borzi ◽

Mayara Ruaro ◽

Marita Cardozo ◽

Fernando Ávila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistant ◽

High Rate ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

The One ◽

Clean Contaminated ◽

In The Beginning ◽

Coagulase Positive Staphylococci

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the surgical environment. All samples were collected during the intraoperative period of clean/clean-contaminated (G1) and contaminated (G2) surgery. A total of 150 samples were collected from the surgical wound in the beginning (n = 30) and end (n = 30) of the procedure, surgeon’s hands before (n = 30) and after (n = 30) antisepsis and the surgical environment (n = 30). Forty-three isolates with morphological and biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus spp. and 13 of Gram-negative bacilli were obtained. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (85.71% [18/21]), coagulase-positive staphylococci (9.52% [2/21]) and Pseudomonas spp. (47.52% [1/21]) in G1, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (40% [14/35]), coagulase-positive staphylococci (20% [7/35]), Proteus spp. (17.14% [6/35]), E. coli (8.57% [3/35]), Pseudomonas spp. (2.86% [1/35]) and Salmonella spp. (2.86 [1/35]) in G2 were more frequently isolated, and a high incidence of multidrug resistance was observed in coagulase-negative staphylococci (87.5% [28/32]), coagulase-positive staphylococci (100% [11/11]) and Gram-negative bacilli (76.92% [10/13]). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. accounted for 83.72% (36/43) of the Staphylococcus strains. Gram-negative bacilli cefotaxime-resistance constituted 81.82% (9/11) and imipenem resistance constituted 53.85% (7/13). The high rate of resistance of commensal bacteria found in our study is worrying. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are community pathogens related to nosocomial infections in human and veterinary hospitals, their presence in healthy patients and in veterinary professionals represent an important source of infection in the one health context. Continuous surveillance and application of antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential in the fight against this threat.

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