ВЗГЛЯД РОССИЙСКИХ ПРАВОСЛАВНЫХ ЧИНОВНИКОВ НА РЕЛИГИОЗНУЮ СИТУАЦИЮ У ГРУЗИН-ГОРЦЕВ: ПО АРХИВНЫМ МАТЕРИАЛАМ XIX ВЕКА

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Любовь Тимофеевна Соловьева
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
The Russian Empire

В статье на основе материалов первой половины ХIХ в. из Центрального исторического архива Грузии (ЦИАГ) рассматривается отношение российских православных чиновников к тем религиозным традициям, которые были характерны для грузин-горцев Восточной Грузии (хевсуры, пшавы, тушины). Грузия была одной из первых стран, где христианство стало государственной религией. Но к началу ХIХ в. роль православной церкви в некоторых труднодоступных горных регионах Грузии была значительно ослаблена. Грузины-горцы осознавали себя христианами, но бытование христианства здесь нередко принимало своеобразные формы. Здесь сохранялся синкретизм религиозных воззрений, а в определенной мере происходил возврат к архаичным дохристианским верованиям. После вхождения Грузии в состав Российской империи власти стали уделять значительное внимание укреплению православного христианства у грузин-горцев, строительству здесь церквей и назначению священнослужителей в эти отдаленные районы. Миссионерская проповедь должна была укрепить православие на Кавказе и способствовать более полной интеграции местного населения в пространство Российской империи. Based on the materials of the Central Historical Archive of Georgia of the first half of the nineteenth century, the article examines the attitude of Russian Orthodox officials to the religious traditions that were characteristic of the Georgian mountaineers of Eastern Georgia (Khevsurians, Pshavs, Tushins). Georgia was one of the first countries where Christianity became the state religion. But by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the role of the Orthodox Church in some remote mountainous regions of Georgia was significantly weakened. The Georgians-Highlanders recognized themselves as Christians, but the forms of Christianity’s existence often took a very peculiar form here. Here the syncretism of religious views was preserved, and to a certain extent there was a return to archaic pre-Christian beliefs. After Georgia became part of the Russian Empire, the authorities began to pay considerable attention to strengthening Orthodox Christianity among mountain Georgians, building churches here and appointing priests to these remote areas. The missionary sermon was supposed to strengthen Orthodoxy in the Caucasus and promote a more complete integration of the local population into the space of the Russian Empire.

Gaspirali v. Il'Minskii: Two Identity Projects for the Muslims of the Russian Empire

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Özgür Tuna
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Russian Empire

In 1913, an article in a Russian missionary journal compared two “very typical representatives” of Islamic studies in Russia: İsmail Bey Gaspıralı (1851–1914) and Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii (1822–1891). Nothing could better symbolize the two opposing points of view about the past, present and future of the Muslims of Russia in 1913. Il'minskii was a Russian Orthodox missionary whose ideas and efforts had formed the imperial perceptions and policies about the Muslims of the Russian empire in the late Tsarist period, while Gaspıralı was a Muslim educator and publisher whose ideas and efforts had shaped the Muslim society per se in the same period. Il'minskii, beginning in the 1860s, and Gaspıralı, beginning in the 1880s, developed two formally similar but inherently contradictory programs for the Muslims of the Russian empire. Schooling and the creation of a literary language or literary languages constituted the hearts of both of their programs. Besides their own efforts, both Gaspıralı and Il'minskii had a large number of followers that diligently worked to put their programs into practice among the Muslims of Russia. As a result of the inherent contradiction of these programs, a bitter controversy developed between what we may call the Il'minskii and Gaspıralı groups, which particularly intensified after the revolution of 1905. In this article, I will discuss the underlying causes and development of this controversy by focusing on the role of language in the programs of Gaspıralı and Il'minskii. Then, I will conclude my article with an evaluation of the legacies of these two individuals in their own time and beyond.

Mikhail Vorontsov’s Statue and Russian Imperial Representation in the South Caucasus in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-180
Author(s):  
Hubertus F. Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Mental Maps ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article explores representations of the Russian empire in the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. It focuses on the monument of Viceroy Mikhail Vorontsov, which was unveiled in Tiflis in 1867. Questions of imperial aesthetics, symbolic meaning, urban space, and mental maps among the Russian elites are discussed, as are contemporary interpretations of Russo-Georgian relations. It will be shown that the Russian empire did not have a master plan for the representation and the popularization of imperial power in its borderlands and that much was left to local and private initiative.

scholarly journals ON REFERRING TO CHRISTIANITY SANCTUARIES IN TABLE MOUNTAIN (MAT-LOM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
Israpil M. Sampiev
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Ancestor Veneration ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Table Mountain ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Christian Saints

The article aims to verify some of the assertions made about attributing sanctuaries of Mount Stolovaya (Myat-Loam) in Ingushetia to Christianity. The principal tasks of the study are to conduct critical analysis of some of the statements of pre-revolutionary and soviet authors, related to those shrines; to check the conformity of the said shrines to the Christian places of worship; to compare rituals of the sanctuaries with the Christian ones.Pre-revolutionary imperial and soviet authors associate sanctuaries of Mount Stolovaya in the mountainous regions of Ingushetia (Myatzetli, Myattar-Dyala, Susol-Dyala) to Christianity, describing them as churches or chapels. For this purpose, names of the shrines were often distorted and then attributed to Christian saints. Those statements, without any scientific reasoning, were most likely aimed to legitimize the Russian Empire on the Caucasus’ territory, as a former Christian space. However, the study analysis of the sanctuaries, carried out by the leading experts in places of worship (architect A. Goldstein, archeologist M.B Muzhukhoev, ethnologists V. N. Basilov, V.P. Kobychev et al.) reveals that they do not comply with the established criteria of Christian monuments; rituals of praying at the sanctuaries also show no conformity to Christianity (it was forbidden for anyone to be inside the Ingush shrines except the priest; the absence of altar; animal sacrifice; feasts and dances, etc.).The analysis of architectural, ritual and ethnographic aspects of the sanctuaries on Mount Stolovaya provides the conclusion that Myatsil, Myattar-Dyala, Susol-Dyala are pagan shrines, associated with crypts as attributes of the cult of ancestor veneration. Basing on the analysis, it has been established that Myatseli and other distinctive Ingush sanctuaries, located in Kistin community of Ingushetia, were never Christian churches or chapels; attempts at associating Christian names of St. Mary or St. Matthew to the name of Myatseli and the sacred Ingush mountain Myat-Loam are unfounded. The results of the study refute the attempts of false attribution of Ingush national places of worship to Christianity and carry not only gnoseological, but also practical relevance.

scholarly journals Greeks in the Russian Empire and their Role in the Development of Trade and Shipping in the Black and Azov Seas (nineteenth – early twentieth centuries)

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Oleksei Shliakhov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Sea Area

<p>The article aims to survey the role of Greek entrepreneurs in the development of trade and shipping in the Black and Azov Sea area. Based on hitherto under-analyzed Ukrainian archival records of Greek communities (in Odessa, Izmail, Nikolaiev, Kherson, Feodosiia, Berdiansk, Mariupol, Taganrog, Rostov-upon-Don and Kerch), the article explores the professional activities of Greek merchants, captains, engineers, pilots and sailors during the nineteenth century and the early twentieth.</p>

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Transitional State ◽  
Moral Crisis ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Modernization

This conclusion summarizes the book's main findings about the role of knowledge production and policy formation on the Kazak steppes of the Russian Empire. It highlights a strikingly common formulation among Kazak intermediaries of the long nineteenth century: the Kazak steppe and its inhabitants were in a “transitional state.” It shows that for Kazaks, the source of their problems lay in a variety of factors, from moral crisis to a failure of economic modernization, Europeanization, and the spread of a purified, modernist Islam. It also considers how mass peasant resettlement became the essential condition of tsarist policy on the steppe and how rapid resettlement affected Kazaks. Finally, it examines how bureaucrats and intermediaries who could envision many transitional states combined local and metropolitan knowledge in idiosyncratic ways to advance their views.

scholarly journals Persian trade at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century and the problem of goods transporting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Gadilya Gizatullaevna Kornoukhova ◽  
Yulia Olegovna Tsareva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The article shows the role of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair as the most important point of the Russo-Persian trade in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. The problem of transportation of goods from Persia to Nizhny Novgorod and in the opposite direction is also considered. This research is based on the body of documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. On the base of them the authors show the inefficiency of activity of the Caucasus and Mercury Company, which actually monopolized the goods transportation across the Caspian Sea during the revised period. The extremely low speed of delivery of Russian goods purchased by Persian merchants at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair damaged not only private merchants commerce, involved in Russian-Persian trade, but also inevitably entailed a decrease in the overall trade between the two states.

scholarly journals Normalising a Ukrainian Intellectual Identity in the Nineteenth Century: The Role of Marko Vovchok (1833-1907)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Pavlyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Neutral Medium ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Intellectual Identity ◽  
The Russian Empire

A question that confronted educated Ukrainians, predominantly landowners descended from Cossack notables, in the Russian Empire in the first half of the nineteenth century was whether they should foster an identity distinct from an all-imperial one. A sense of historical distinctiveness, the value placed by the late Enlightenment and the Romantic Movement upon the culture of ordinary people and the wealth of Ukrainian folk culture persuaded many of the need to generate a high culture employing the Ukrainian language. Yet, prior to the Ukrainian-language prose of Marko Vovchok (Maria Markovych), an element essential for the development of a multifunctional modern culture, and of an identity able to be shared by a modern Ukrainian intelligentsia, was lacking: a stylistically transparent prose able to function not only in a poetically charged way, but as a neutral medium for communicating content. The paper identifies the features of Marko Vovchok’s writing that made this innovation possible.

The Russian Empire’s Changing Views of the Caucasus (1801–1864)

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-162
Author(s):  
Mikail Mamedov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Almost All

The Russian empire annexed Georgia and moved further into the Caucasus for reasons that were typical for the period; that is, the European idea of a civilizing mission. Later, toward the mid-1820s, Russia attempted to use the region as its colony. The Russian advance towards the borders of Iran and Turkey alarmed the British and aggravated Russia’s relations with the European powers. Meanwhile, Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War gave rise to the idea of the Caucasus as a bulwark against a hostile Europe. None of the previous ideas disappeared completely: they co-existed during almost all of the nineteenth century. Thus, the image of the Caucasus in the Russian imperial consciousness was dynamic and flexible, reflecting Russia’s changing history, the political situation in the empire, and threats to the country from outside.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE DEVELOPMENT IN TURKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Mamarazok Tagaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Medicine Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the article, after the conquest of the Russian Empire in the province, hospitals were opened for the Russian military and turned them into a hospital. Opened hospitals in Tashkent, Samarkand and Kattakurgan and outpatients for women and men. However,the local population, fearing doctors in uniform, did not want to contact them and turned to healers and paramedics

Prerequisites for the reforms of the Russian Empire in the 1860s: a historical analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-2) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Dmitry Nechevin ◽  
Leonard Kolodkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Political Economic

The article is devoted to the prerequisites of the reforms of the Russian Empire of the sixties of the nineteenth century, their features, contradictions: the imperial status of foreign policy and the lagging behind the countries of Western Europe in special political, economic relations. The authors studied the activities of reformers and the nobility on the peasant question, as well as legitimate conservatism.

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