scholarly journals Comparison of Two Approaches for the Metataxonomic Analysis of the Human Milk Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ruiz ◽  
Claudio Alba ◽  
Cristina García-Carral ◽  
Esther A. Jiménez ◽  
Kimberly A. Lackey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Recent work has demonstrated the existence of large inter-individual and inter-population variability in the microbiota of human milk from healthy women living across variable geographical and socio-cultural settings. However, no studies have evaluated the impact that variable sequencing approaches targeting different 16S rRNA variable regions may have on the human milk microbiota profiling results. This hampers our ability to make meaningful comparisons across studies. In this context, the main purpose of the present study was to re-process and re-sequence the microbiome in a large set of human milk samples (n = 412) collected from healthy women living at diverse international sites (Spain, Sweden, Peru, United States, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana and Kenya), by targeting a different 16S rRNA variable region and reaching a larger sequencing depth. Despite some differences between the results obtained from both sequencing approaches were notable (especially regarding alpha and beta diversities and Proteobacteria representation), results indicate that both sequencing approaches revealed a relatively consistent microbiota configurations in the studied cohorts. Our data expand upon the milk microbiota results we previously reported from the INSPIRE cohort and provide, for the first time across globally diverse populations, evidence of the impact that different DNA processing and sequencing approaches have on the microbiota profiles obtained for human milk samples. Overall, our results corroborate some similarities regarding the microbial communities previously reported for the INSPIRE cohort, but some differences were also detected. Understanding the impact of different sequencing approaches on human milk microbiota profiles is essential to enable meaningful comparisons across studies.Clinical Trial Registrationwww.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02670278.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Ai Zhao ◽  
Shiyun Lai ◽  
Qingbin Yuan ◽  
Xiaojiang Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Impact

Our knowledge related to human milk proteins is still limited. The present study determined the changes in multiple human milk proteins during the first six months of lactation, investigated the influencing factors of milk proteins, and explored the impact of milk proteins on infant growth. A total of 105 lactating women and their full-term infants from China were prospectively surveyed in this research. Milk samples were collected at 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 1 month, and 6 months postpartum. Concentrations of total protein and α-lactalbumin were measured in all milk samples, and concentrations of lactoferrin, osteopontin, total casein, β-casein, αs−1 casein, and κ-casein were measured in milk from 51 individuals using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The concentration of measured proteins in the milk decreased during the first six months of postpartum (p-trend < 0.001). Maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, and income impacted the longitudinal changes in milk proteins (p-interaction < 0.05). Concentrations of αs−1 casein in milk were inversely associated with the weight-for-age Z-scores of the infants (1 m: r −0.29, p 0.038; 6 m: r −0.33, p 0.020). In conclusion, the concentration of proteins in milk decreased over the first six months postpartum, potentially influenced by maternal demographic and delivery factors. Milk protein composition may influence infant weights.

scholarly journals "Moving things forward": Birthing Suite culture and labour augmentation for healthy first-time mothers.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Suzanne Miller
Keyword(s):  
Continuity Of Care ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Good Doctor ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
First Time Mothers ◽  
Generative Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

<p>In Aotearoa New Zealand, healthy women giving birth for the first time may plan to give birth in range of settings - from home to a tertiary hospital where surgical and anaesthetic services are available. Each birth location has its own culture, and the extent to which this culture influences the birth experience lies at the heart of this research. Just twenty-three percent of first-time mothers experience a normal birth with no obstetric interventions, and the chosen place of birth is implicated in this statistical outcome. Tertiary maternity settings report the highest rates of birth interventions, even for healthy women who can anticipate straightforward labour experiences. Among the most frequently used birth interventions are labour augmentation procedures - artificial rupture of membranes and administration of synthetic oxytocin infusions.   My critical realist ethnography aims to explore the cultural landscape within one tertiary birthing suite and in doing so to identify the generative mechanisms that influence the likelihood of labour augmentation for well first-time mothers. I begin with a retrospective chart review to uncover the magnitude of the use of augmentation procedures for a sample of healthy women presenting in labour to the birthing suite over one calendar year. Interviews with women who experienced long labours yield insights about their decision-making with respect to augmentation. Focus groups and interviews with midwives and obstetric doctors contribute an understanding of factors associated with their use of augmentation, and a period of non-participant observation in the birthing suite illuminates the nuanced ways the unit culture contributes to the permissive use of augmentation procedures in this birthing environment.  Findings reveal that sixty percent of women experienced labour augmentation procedures and for one third of them, the augmentation was not indicated according to the clinical guideline in use at the time. Pressure to be “moving things forward” characterises the birthing suite culture. The identified generative mechanisms that combine to influence the likelihood of augmentation include a lack of belief in birth, not valuing midwives, the education and socialisation of midwives and doctors, and the industrialisation of birth - all underpinned by available social discourses about being a good mother, a good midwife or a good doctor.  Ironically, the very attributes that make the tertiary hospital the ideal place to be when birth is complex or the unexpected happens (‘poised-ness’ for action, being a ‘well-oiled machine’ for emergency care, surveillance and control) are the same attributes that create a dis-abling environment for physiological first birth to unfold at its own pace. The ‘perfect system’ is in place; a well-embedded midwifery-led continuity of care model incorporating seamless and integrated secondary referral processes. But despite this potentially enabling model of maternity care, once ‘nested’ within the tertiary hospital setting the impact of social, professional and industrial discourses overwhelms the salutogenic factors that should protect normal birth.  A re-focussed commitment to providing continuity of care across the labour continuum, home visiting in early labour, enhancing physiological birth support in both the relational and environmental realms, averting the obstetric gaze and prioritising women’s needs over institutional needs represent the best way forward as strategies to resist the inexorable rise of obstetric intervention. Midwives are well-positioned to respond to this call. Reclaiming their expertise in support of physiological first birth by driving the practice and research agenda presents the optimal way to “move things forward” for women.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of the Major Probiotics in Healthy Women’s Breast Milk by Realtime PCR. Factors Affecting the Presence of Those Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9400
Author(s):  
Georgia Nikolopoulou ◽  
Theofania Tsironi ◽  
Panagiotis Halvatsiotis ◽  
Ekaterini Petropoulou ◽  
Nikolaos Genaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Realtime Pcr ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Lactation Stage

Breast milk has been reported as a bacteria source that affects infant gut microbiota development. The present study utilizes a realtime PCR method to identify Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in the breast milk of healthy women and attempts to identify factors affecting those human milk bacteria. Breast milk samples—both colostrum and mature milk—of 100 healthy women, were collected in Greece along with data about the demographic factors and nutritional habits of the volunteers. The colostrum samples were found to have higher percentages of either Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus (76.9% and 48.6%, respectively) compared to the mature milk samples. For younger women, aged from 18 to 29 years, and women from rural areas, bacteria were detected in higher incidence than for older groups and women in urban areas, respectively. Moreover, for high-BMI women, bacteria were detected in lower incidence than for those with normal BMI. Probiotic supplements did not affect the composition of the breast milk-identified bacteria. Various factors such as lactation stage, maternal age, maternal weight, and residential location may contribute to the presence of those species in human milk. RT PCR has significant potential for the microbiological analysis of human milk.

scholarly journals Anti-Sars-Cov-2 IgA And IgG In Human Milk After Vaccination Is Dependent On Vaccine Type And Previous Sars-Cov-2 Exposure: A Longitudinal Study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Selma-Royo ◽  
Christine Bauerl ◽  
Desiree Mena-Tudela ◽  
Laia Aguilar-Camprubi ◽  
Francisco Jose Perez-Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Vectored Vaccine ◽  
The Impact

Importance: Limited data are available on COVID-19 vaccine impact in lactating women. Objective: To evaluate the impact of different COVID-19 vaccines on specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG levels in human milk. Design, Settings and Participants: In this prospective observational study in Spain, 75 lactating women from priority groups receiving vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 were included (January to April 2021). Human milk samples were collected at seven-time points. A group with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=19) and a group of women from prepandemic time (n=13) were included. Exposure: mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) and adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Presence of IgA and IgG against RBD SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk. Results: Seventy-five vaccinated lactating women [mean age, 34.9±3.7 years] of whom 96% were Caucasic and 92% were health care workers. A total of 417 milk samples were included and vaccine distribution was BioNTech/Pfizer (BNT162b2, n=30), Moderna (mRNA-1273, n=21), and AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, n=24). For each vaccine, 7 time points were collected from baseline up to 25 days after the 1st dose and same points were collected for mRNA vaccines 30 days after 2nd dose. A strong reactivity was observed for IgG and IgA after vaccination mainly after the 2nd dose. Presence and the persistence of specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk were dependent on the vaccine-type and, on previous virus exposure. High inter-variability was observed, being relevant for IgA antibodies. IgG levels were significantly higher than those observed in milk from COVID-19 women while IgA levels were lower. Women with previous COVID-19 increased the IgG levels after the 1st dose to a similar level observed in vaccinated women after the 2nd dose. Conclusions and Relevance: Breast milk from vaccinated women contains anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG, with highest after the 2nd dose. Levels were dependent on vaccine type and previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Previous COVID-19 influenced the vaccine effect after a single dose, which could be especially relevant in the design of vaccination protocols . Further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential protective role of these antibodies against COVID-19 in infants from vaccinated and infected mothers through breastfeeding.

scholarly journals Targeted LC-ESI-MS2 characterization of human milk oligosaccharide diversity at 6 to 16 weeks post-partum reveals clear staging effects and distinctive milk groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 412 (25) ◽  
pp. 6887-6907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Mank ◽  
Hans Hauner ◽  
Albert J. R. Heck ◽  
Bernd Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Automatic Grouping

Abstract Many molecular components in human milk (HM), such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), assist in the healthy development of infants. It has been hypothesized that the functional benefits of HM may be highly dependent on the abundance and individual fine structures of contained HMOs and that distinctive HM groups can be defined by their HMO profiles. However, the structural diversity and abundances of individual HMOs may also vary between milk donors and at different stages of lactations. Improvements in efficiency and selectivity of quantitative HMO analysis are essential to further expand our understanding about the impact of HMO variations on healthy early life development. Hence, we applied here a targeted, highly selective, and semi-quantitative LC-ESI-MS2 approach by analyzing 2 × 30 mature human milk samples collected at 6 and 16 weeks post-partum. The analytical approach covered the most abundant HMOs up to hexasaccharides and, for the first time, also assigned blood group A and B tetrasaccharides. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed and allowed for automatic grouping and assignment of human milk samples to four human milk groups which are related to the maternal Secretor (Se) and Lewis (Le) genotypes. We found that HMO diversity varied significantly between these four HM groups. Variations were driven by HMOs being either dependent or independent of maternal genetic Se and Le status. We found preliminary evidence for an additional HM subgroup within the Se- and Le-positive HM group I. Furthermore, the abundances of 6 distinct HMO structures (including 6′-SL and 3-FL) changed significantly with progression of lactation.

Maternal antibiotic prophylaxis affects Bifidobacterium spp. counts in the human milk, during the first week after delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Padilha ◽  
J.M. Iaucci ◽  
V.P. Cabral ◽  
E.M.A. Diniz ◽  
C.R. Taddei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Bacteria

Human milk is an important source of microorganisms for infant gut colonisation. Although the maternal antibiotic prophylaxis is an important strategy to prevent maternal/neonatal sepsis, it has to be investigated how it may affect the human milk microbiota, especially the genus Bifidobacterium, which has been associated to health benefits. Here, we investigated the impact of the maternal antibiotic prophylaxis on the human milk Bifidobacterium spp. and total bacteria counts, in the first week (short-term) and first month (medium-term) after delivery. Human milk samples were collected from 55 healthy lactating women recruited from the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo at days 7±3 and 30±4 after vaginal delivery. Twenty one volunteers had received maternal antibiotic prophylaxis (MAP group) and 34 had not received MAP (no-MAP group) during or after labour. Total DNA was isolated from milk samples, and the bacterial counts were estimated by quantitative PCR (qPCR). We found lower levels of Bifidobacterium in the MAP group in the first week after delivery (median = 2.1 vs 2.4 log of equivalent cells/ml of human milk, for MAP and no-MAP groups, respectively; P=0.01), although there were no statistical differences in total bacteria count. However, no differences were found in Bifidobacterium counts between the groups at day 30±4 (median = 2.5 vs 2.2 log of equivalent cells/ml of human milk, for MAP and no-MAP groups, respectively; P=0.50). Our results suggest that MAP has a significant impact on Bifidobacterium counts in human milk, reducing this population in the first week after delivery. However, throughout the first month after delivery, the Bifidobacterium counts tend to recover, reaching similar counts to those found in no-MAP group at day 30±4 after delivery.

scholarly journals Influence of Previous COVID-19 and Mastitis Infections on the Secretion of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Human Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3846
Author(s):  
Veronique Demers-Mathieu ◽  
Dustin J. Hines ◽  
Rochelle M. Hines ◽  
Sirima Lavangnananda ◽  
Shawn Fels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Nerve Growth ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Impact

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) play a critical role in neurodevelopment, where breast milk is a significant dietary source. The impact of previous COVID-19 infection and mastitis on the concentration of BDNF and NGF in human milk was investigated. Methods: Concentrations of BDNF and NGF were measured via ELISA in human milk samples collected from 12 mothers with a confirmed COVID-19 PCR, 13 mothers with viral symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, and 22 unexposed mothers (pre-pandemic Ctl-2018). These neurotrophins were also determined in 12 mothers with previous mastitis and 18 mothers without mastitis. Results: The NGF concentration in human milk was lower in the COVID-19 PCR and viral symptoms groups than in the unexposed group, but BDNF did not differ significantly. Within the COVID-19 group, BDNF was higher in mothers who reported headaches or loss of smell/taste when compared with mothers without the respective symptom. BDNF was lower in mothers with mastitis than in mothers without mastitis. Conclusions: Previous COVID-19 and mastitis infections changed differently the secretion of NGF and BDNF in human milk. Whether the changes in NGF and BDNF levels in milk from mothers with infection influence their infant’s development remains to be investigated.

scholarly journals Acrylamide Content in Breast Milk: The Evaluation of the Impact of Breastfeeding Women’s Diet and the Estimation of the Exposure of Breastfed Infants to Acrylamide in Breast Milk

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Hanna Mojska ◽  
Iwona Gielecińska ◽  
Joanna Winiarek ◽  
Włodzimierz Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Dietary Acrylamide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carcinogenic Compound

Acrylamide in food is formed by the Maillard reaction. Numerous studies have shown that acrylamide is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic compound. The aim of this study was to determine the level of acrylamide in breast milk at different lactation stages and to evaluate the impact of breastfeeding women’s diet on the content of this compound in breast milk. The acrylamide level in breast milk samples was determined by LC–MS/MS. Breastfeeding women’s diet was evaluated based on the 24 h dietary recall. The median acrylamide level in colostrum (n = 47) was significantly (p < 0.0005) lower than in the mature milk (n = 26)—0.05 µg/L and 0.14 µg/L, respectively. The estimated breastfeeding women’s acrylamide intake from the hospital diet was significantly (p < 0.0001) lower than that from the home diet. We found positive—although modest and borderline significant—correlation between acrylamide intake by breastfeeding women from the hospital diet µg/day) and acrylamide level in the colostrum (µg/L). Acrylamide has been detected in human milk samples, and a positive correlation between dietary acrylamide intake by breastfeeding women and its content in breast milk was observed, which suggests that the concentration can be reduced. Breastfeeding women should avoid foods that may be a source of acrylamide in their diet.

scholarly journals Updating urinary microbiome analyses to enhance biologic interpretation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazema Y Siddiqui ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Linda Brubaker ◽  
Jialiang Mao ◽  
Carter Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Variant ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Urinary Microbiome ◽  
The Impact

Objective: An approach for assessing the urinary microbiome is 16S rRNA gene sequencing, where a segment of the bacterial genome is amplified and sequenced. Methods used to analyze these data are rapidly evolving, although the research implications are not known. This re-analysis of an existing dataset aimed to determine the impact of updated bioinformatic and statistical techniques. Methods: A prior Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (PFDN) study compared the urinary microbiome in 123 women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) and 84 controls. We used the PFDN unprocessed sequencing data of V1-V3 and V4-V6 16S variable regions, processed operational taxonomic unit (OTU) tables, and de-identified clinical data. We processed sequencing data with an updated bioinformatic pipeline, which used DADA2 to generate amplicon sequence variant (ASV) tables. Taxa from ASV tables were compared to OTU tables generated from the original processing; taxa from different variable regions (e.g., V1-V3 versus V4-V6) after updated processing were also compared. After updated processing, data were analyzed with multiple filtering thresholds. Several techniques were tested to cluster samples into microbial communities. Multivariable regression was used to test for associations between microbial communities and MUI, while controlling for potentially confounding variables. Results: Of taxa identified through updated bioinformatic processing, only 40% were identified originally, though taxa identified through both methods represented >99% of sequencing data in terms of relative abundance. When different 16S rRNA gene regions were sequenced from the same samples, there were differences noted in recovered taxa. When the original clustering methods were applied to reprocessed sequencing data, we confirmed differences in microbial communities associated with MUI. However, when samples were clustered with a different methodology, microbial communities were no longer associated with MUI. Conclusions: Updated bioinformatic processing techniques recover many different taxa compared to prior techniques, though most of these differences exist in low abundance taxa that occupy a small proportion of the overall microbiome. Detection of high abundance taxa are not significantly impacted by bioinformatic strategy. However, there are different biases for less abundant taxa; these differences as well as downstream clustering methodology and filtering thresholds may affect interpretation of overall results.

scholarly journals BNT162b2 vaccination induces SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody secretion into human milk with minimal transfer of vaccine mRNA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Ming Low ◽  
Yue Gu ◽  
Melissa Shu Feng Ng ◽  
Zubair Amin ◽  
Le Ye Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Impact

AbstractImportanceTo examine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of lactating mothers on human milkObjective(1) To quantify SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human milk of lactating mothers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine, with reference to a cohort convalescent from antenatal COVID-19, and healthy lactating mothers. (2) To detect and quantify vaccine mRNA in human milk after BNT162b2 vaccination.DesignGestational Immunity For Transfer 2 (GIFT-2) is a prospective cohort study of lactating mothers who were due to receive two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, recruited between 5th February 2021 and 9th February 2021.SettingLactating healthcare workers living in SingaporeParticipantsConvenience sample of ten lactating healthcare workers. Human milk samples were collected at four time points: pre-vaccination, 1-3 days after dose one, 7-10 days after dose one, and 3-7 days after dose two of the BNT162b2 vaccine.ExposureTwo doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine 21 days apart.Main Outcome and Measure(i) SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG in human milk of lactating mothers who received BNT162b2 vaccine, (ii) Detection and quantification of vaccine mRNA in human milk after BNT162b2 vaccination.ResultsTen lactating healthcare workers aged 32.5 years (range 29 – 42) were recruited, with 40 human milk samples collected and analysed. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA was predominant in human milk of lactating mothers who received BNT162b2 vaccine. The sharpest rise in antibody production was 3 −7 days after dose two of the BNT162b2 vaccine, with medians of 1110 picomolar of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike and 374 picomolar of anti-Receptor Binding Domain IgA. Vaccine mRNA was detected only on rare occasions, at a maximum concentration of 2 ng/mL.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort of ten lactating mothers following BNT162b2 vaccination, nine (90%) produced SARS-CoV-2 IgA, and ten (100%) produced IgG in human milk with minimal amounts of vaccine mRNA. Lactating individuals should continue breastfeeding in an uninterrupted manner after receiving mRNA vaccination for SARS-CoV-2.Trial RegistrationRegistered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04802278).Key PointsQuestionDoes BNT162b2 (i) induce the production and secretion of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies into human milk, and/or (ii) get secreted into human milk?FindingsIn this cohort that included ten lactating healthcare workers following BNT162b2 vaccination, 90% produced SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin A, and 100% produced immunoglobulin G in human milk, with minimal amounts of vaccine mRNA transfer.MeaningLactating individuals should continue breastfeeding in an uninterrupted manner after receiving SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.

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