scholarly journals Blood Sampling From Rat Ileal Mesenteric Vein Revealed a Major Role of Dietary Protein in Meal-Induced GLP-1 Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tohru Hira ◽  
Madoka Sekishita ◽  
Hiroshi Hara
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Mesenteric Vein ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Meal Ingestion

The present study was conducted to examine region-dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses to “meal ingestion” under physiological (conscious and unrestrained) conditions using rats with a catheter inserted into either the portal vein (PV) or the ileal mesenteric vein (ILMV). After recovery from the cannulation surgery, blood samples were collected from either PV or ILMV catheter before and after the voluntary ingestion of test diets. After an AIN-93G standard diet ingestion, GLP-1 concentration was higher in ILMV than in PV, and postprandial responses of peptide-YY (PYY) had similar trend, while that of glucose dependent-insulinotropic polypeptide showed an opposite trend to GLP-1/PYY responses. In a separated experiment, a protein-enriched diet containing casein at 25% wt/wt transiently increased GLP-1 concentration only in ILMV; however, a protein-free diet did not increase GLP-1 concentrations in PV or ILMV. These results indicate that postprandial GLP-1 is immediately released from the distal intestine under physiological conditions, and that dietary protein has a critical role in the enhancement of postprandial GLP-1 response.

GLP-1 secretion is enhanced directly in the ileum but indirectly in the duodenum by a newly identified potent stimulator, zein hydrolysate, in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. G663-G671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tohru Hira ◽  
Taisuke Mochida ◽  
Kyoko Miyashita ◽  
Hiroshi Hara
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rat Intestine ◽  
Mesenteric Vein ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Dose Dependent

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released from enteroendocrine cells (L cells) in response to food ingestion. The mechanism by which dietary peptides stimulate GLP-1 secretion in the gut is unknown. In the present study, we found that a hydrolysate prepared from zein, a major corn protein [zein hydrolysate (ZeinH)], strongly stimulates GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine GLUTag cells. Stimulatory mechanisms of GLP-1 secretion induced by ZeinH were investigated in the rat small intestine under anesthesia. Blood was collected through a portal catheter before and after ZeinH administration into different sites of the small intestine. The duodenal, jejunal, and ileal administration of ZeinH induced dose-dependent increases in portal GLP-1 concentration. GLP-1 secretion in response to the ileal administration of ZeinH was higher than that in the duodenal or jejunal administration. Capsaicin treatment on esophageal vagal trunks abolished the GLP-1 secretion induced by duodenal ZeinH but did not affect the secretion induced by jejunal or ileal ZeinH. These results suggest that ZeinH in the jejunum or ileum directly stimulates GLP-1 secretion but duodenal ZeinH indirectly stimulates GLP-1 secretion via the vagal afferent nerve. A direct blood sampling method from the duodenal vein and ileal mesenteric vein revealed that ZeinH administered into the ligated duodenal loop enhanced GLP-1 concentration in the ileal mesenteric vein but not in the duodenal vein. This confirmed that ZeinH in the duodenum induces GLP-1 secretion from L cells located in the ileum by an indirect mechanism. These results indicate that a potent GLP-1-releasing peptide, ZeinH, induces GLP-1 secretion by direct and indirect mechanisms in the rat intestine.

Candidate canine enterogastrones: acid inhibition before and after vagotomy

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (5) ◽  
pp. G1236-G1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Lloyd ◽  
S. Amirmoazzami ◽  
F. Friedik ◽  
A. Heynio ◽  
T. E. Solomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Gastric Fundus ◽  
Acid Inhibition ◽  
Selective Vagotomy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Calculated Dose ◽  
Vagal Innervation ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

The relative contributions of several gut-derived peptides as enterogastrones known to be released in response to a fatty meal and to inhibit acid secretion have not previously been compared directly. We determined the acid-inhibitory activities of increasing intravenous doses of several peptides before and after highly selective vagotomy (HSV) during intragastric titration of a peptone meal in dogs. Before HSV, threshold inhibitory doses of peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin were 5, 7, and 10 pmol.kg-1.h-1, respectively, whereas neurotensin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and oxyntomodulin failed to inhibit acid secretion at doses up to 1,000 pmol.kg-1.h-1. The calculated dose producing 50% acid inhibition (ID50) of secretin (62 pmol.kg-1.h-1) was one-half that of PYY (128 pmol.kg-1.h-1). Maximal (90%) acid inhibition was produced by 100 pmol.kg-1.h-1 secretin and 500 pmol.kg-1.h-1 PYY. The highest dose of CCK that did not cause vomiting (100 pmol.kg-1.h-1) inhibited peptone-stimulated acid output by only 60%. After HSV, 500 pmol.kg-1.h-1. PYY and 200 pmol.kg-1.h-1 CCK failed to inhibit acid output by more than 50%. Threshold doses for inhibition by PYY and CCK were 200 and 100 pmol.kg-1.h-1, respectively. Secretin remained a potent inhibitor after HSV, with an ID50 of 80 pmol.kg-1.h-1 and a threshold dose of 10 pmol.kg-1.h-1. HSV also failed to affect inhibition caused by somatostatin. This study has shown that PYY and secretin are somewhat more potent and efficacious inhibitors of acid secretion than CCK but that all three peptides are far more active than GLP-1, neurotensin, and oxyntomodulin. PYY and CCK inhibit acid secretion in large part through vagal innervation of the gastric fundus, but the inhibitory effects of secretin are independent of fundic vagal innervation.

Peptide YY and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in Morbidly Obese Patients Before and After Surgically Induced Weight Loss

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1571-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Reinehr ◽  
Christian L. Roth ◽  
Gerit-Holger Schernthaner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kopp ◽  
Stefan Kriwanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Surgically Induced

scholarly journals The Gut Hormones in Appetite Regulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Suzuki ◽  
Channa N. Jayasena ◽  
Stephen R. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Obesity has received much attention worldwide in association with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. At present, bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for obesity in which long-term weight loss is achieved in patients. By contrast, pharmacological interventions for obesity are usually followed by weight regain. Although the exact mechanisms of long-term weight loss following bariatric surgery are yet to be fully elucidated, several gut hormones have been implicated. Gut hormones play a critical role in relaying signals of nutritional and energy status from the gut to the central nervous system, in order to regulate food intake. Cholecystokinin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and oxyntomodulin act through distinct yet synergistic mechanisms to suppress appetite, whereas ghrelin stimulates food intake. Here, we discuss the role of gut hormones in the regulation of food intake and body weight.

scholarly journals Stability of the mRNA encoding some pancreatic hydrolases is modulated by dietary protein intake in the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Carreira ◽  
Christian Fueri ◽  
Jean-Claude Chaix ◽  
Antoine Puigserver
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Pancreatic Cells ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Protein Free Diet

Wistar rats fed on either a high-protein or a protein-free diet were examined to determine their pancreatic hydrolase mRNA stabilities in comparison with those of control animals receiving a standard diet. Actinomycin D was used to inhibit transcription and, after isolating the pancreatic RNA, the specific messengers were quantified by performing dot-blot hybridization with cDNA probes. In the rats fed on a high-protein diet, only the half-lives of anionic trypsinogen I and elastase I (EC 3.4.21.36) were affected. Interestingly, when rats were fed on the protein-free diet, most of the hydrolase mRNA half-lives showed changes, except that corresponding to lipase. In these rats, the half-life values of the mRNA coding for anionic trypsinogen I, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase B increased, in sharp contrast with those of the amylase and elastase I mRNA, which decreased. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism whereby the biosynthesis of pancreatic hydrolases is regulated, depending on the presence or absence of proteins in the diet, is not unique and provide evidence that the stability of mRNA encoding most, if not all, the hydrolases in pancreatic cells is modulated by the dietary protein content.

scholarly journals Hunger and Satiety Peptides: Is There a Pattern to Classify Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 5170
Author(s):  
Marta Bueno ◽  
Ester Boixadera-Planas ◽  
Laura Blanco-Hinojo ◽  
Susanna Esteba-Castillo ◽  
Olga Giménez-Palop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cluster 2

Hyperphagia is one of the main problems of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) to cope with everyday life. The underlying mechanisms are not yet well understood. Gut-brain hormones are an interrelated network that may be at least partially involved. We aimed to study the hormonal profile of PWS patients in comparison with obese and healthy controls. Thirty adult PWS patients (15 men; age 27.5 ± 8.02 years; BMI 32.4 ± 8.14 kg/m2), 30 obese and 30 healthy controls were studied before and after eating a hypercaloric liquid diet. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), leptin, total and active ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and amylin were determined at times 0′, 30′, 60′ and 120′. Cluster analysis was used. When considering all peptides together, two clusters were established according to fasting hormonal standardized concentrations. Cluster 1 encompassed most of obese (25/30) and healthy controls (28/30). By contrast, the majority of patients with PWS were located in Cluster 2 (23/27) and presented a similar fasting profile with hyperghrelinemia, high levels of leptin, PYY, GIP and GLP-1, compared to Cluster 1; that may reflect a dysfunction of these hunger/satiety hormones. When peptide behavior over the time was considered, PP concentrations were not sustained postprandially from 60 min onwards in Cluster 2. BDNF and amylin did not help to differentiate the two clusters. Thus, cluster analysis could be a good tool to distinguish and characterize the differences in hormone responses between PWS and obese or healthy controls.

scholarly journals Dietary resistant starch upregulates total GLP-1 and PYY in a sustained day-long manner through fermentation in rodents

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (5) ◽  
pp. E1160-E1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
June Zhou ◽  
Roy J. Martin ◽  
Richard T. Tulley ◽  
Anne M. Raggio ◽  
Kathleen L. McCutcheon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Meal Effect ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Meal Ingestion

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are anti-diabetes/obesity hormones secreted from the gut after meal ingestion. We have shown that dietary-resistant starch (RS) increased GLP-1 and PYY secretion, but the mechanism remains unknown. RS is a fermentable fiber that lowers the glycemic index of the diet and liberates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation in the gut. This study investigates the two possible mechanisms by which RS stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion: the effect of a meal or glycemic index, and the effect of fermentation. Because GLP-1 and PYY secretions are stimulated by nutrient availability in the gut, the timing of blood sample collections could influence the outcome when two diets with different glycemic indexes are compared. Thus we examined GLP-1 and PYY plasma levels at various time points over a 24-h period in RS-fed rats. In addition, we tested proglucagon (a precursor to GLP-1) and PYY gene expression patterns in specific areas of the gut of RS-fed rats and in an enteroendocrine cell line following exposure to SCFAs in vitro. Our findings are as follows. 1) RS stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion in a substantial day-long manner, independent of meal effect or changes in dietary glycemia. 2) Fermentation and the liberation of SCFAs in the lower gut are associated with increased proglucagon and PYY gene expression. 3) Glucose tolerance, an indicator of increased active forms of GLP-1 and PYY, was improved in RS-fed diabetic mice. We conclude that fermentation of RS is most likely the primary mechanism for increased endogenous secretions of total GLP-1 and PYY in rodents. Thus any factor that affects fermentation should be considered when dietary fermentable fiber is used to stimulate GLP-1 and PYY secretion.

scholarly journals True Interindividual Variability Exists in Postprandial Appetite Responses in Healthy Men But Is Not Moderated by the FTO Genotype

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda R Goltz ◽  
Alice E Thackray ◽  
Greg Atkinson ◽  
Lorenzo Lolli ◽  
James A King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Acylated Ghrelin ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Meal Ingestion

ABSTRACT Background After meal ingestion, a series of coordinated hormone responses occur concomitantly with changes in perceived appetite. It is not known whether interindividual variability in appetite exists in response to a meal. Objectives The aim of this study was to 1) assess the reproducibility of appetite responses to a meal; 2) quantify individual differences in responses; and 3) explore any moderating influence of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene. Methods Using a replicated crossover design, 18 healthy men (mean ± SD age: 28.5 ± 9.8 y; BMI: 27.0 ± 5.0 kg/m2) recruited according to FTO genotype (9 AA, 9 TT) completed 2 identical control and 2 identical standardized meal conditions (5025 kJ) in randomized sequences. Perceived appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin, total peptide YY (PYY), insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured before and after interventions as primary outcomes. Interindividual differences were explored using Pearson's product-moment correlations between the first and second replicates of the control-adjusted meal response. Within-participant covariate-adjusted linear mixed models were used to quantify participant-by-condition and genotype-by-condition interactions. Results The meal suppressed acylated ghrelin and appetite perceptions [standardized effect size (ES): 0.18–4.26] and elevated total PYY, insulin, and glucose (ES: 1.96–21.60). For all variables, SD of change scores was greater in the meal than in the control conditions. Moderate-to-large positive correlations were observed between the 2 replicates of control-adjusted meal responses for all variables (r = 0.44–0.86, P ≤ 0.070). Participant-by-condition interactions were present for all variables (P ≤ 0.056). FTO genotype-by-condition interactions were nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.19) and treatment effect differences between genotype groups were small (ES ≤ 0.27) for all appetite parameters. Conclusions Reproducibility of postprandial appetite responses is generally good. True interindividual variability is present beyond any random within-subject variation in healthy men but we detected no moderation by the FTO genotype. These findings highlight the importance of exploring individual differences in appetite for the prevention and treatment of obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03771690.

scholarly journals Effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled crossover trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline Birkeland ◽  
Sedegheh Gharagozlian ◽  
Kåre I. Birkeland ◽  
Oda K. S. Holm ◽  
Per M. Thorsby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hormones, subjective feeling of appetite and energy intake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Data presented are secondary outcomes of a study investigating the effect of prebiotics on glucagon-like peptide-1 and glycaemic regulation. We conducted a randomised and placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate the effects of 16 g/d of inulin-type fructans or a control supplement (maltodextrin) for 6 weeks in randomised order, with a 4-week washout period in-between, on appetite in thirty-five men and women with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected at visits before and after each treatment: plasma concentration of the satiety-related peptides ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed during a standardised mixed meal. The subjective sensation of appetite was evaluated in response to an ad libitum lunch by rating the visual analogue scale. Twenty-nine individuals (twelve women) were included in the analyses. Compared to control treatment, the prebiotics did not affect ghrelin (P =0⋅71) or the ratings of hunger (P = 0⋅62), satiety (P = 0⋅56), fullness (P = 0⋅73) or prospective food consumption (P = 0⋅98). Energy intake also did not differ between the treatments. However, the response of PYY increased significantly after the control treatment with mean (sem) 11⋅1 (4⋅3) pg/ml when compared to the prebiotics −0⋅3 (4⋅3) pg/ml (P = 0⋅013). We observed no effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite hormones, subjective feeling of appetite or energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of Increased Dietary Protein and Energy on Composition and Functional Capacities of Blood Mononuclear Cells from Vaccinated, Neonatal Calves

2005 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foote ◽  
Nonnecke† ◽  
Waters ◽  
Palmer ◽  
Beitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Gamma Delta ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Functional Capacities

Effects of increased protein and energy provided by an intensified milk replacer on the antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune response of the neonatal calf were examined. Calves were fed a standard (0.45 kg/day of a 20% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer; n = 11) or intensified (1.14 kg/day of a 28% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer; n = 11) diet from 0 to 6 weeks of age. All calves were vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) at 1 week of age. The daily weight gain of intensified-diet calves (0.62 kg/day) was greater than the weight gain of standard-diet calves (0.29 kg/day). Liver, kidney, heart, thymus, and subcervical lymph nodes from intensified-diet calves were heavier than the same organs from standard-diet calves. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations indicated that CD4+ cells, gamma delta TCR+ cells, and monocyte percentages, although unaffected by diet during the first 5 weeks of the study, were higher in intensified-diet calves at week 6. The decline in gamma deltad TCR+ cell percentages and increase in B cell percentages with increasing age seen in all calves are characteristic of the maturing immune system of the calf. CD8+ T cell or B cell percentages were not affected by diet. In intensified-diet calves, percentages of CD4+ expressing interleukin-2 receptor increased and percentages of gamma delta TCR+ cells expressing interleukin-2 receptor decreased with time. The same populations in standard-diet calves did not change with time. Percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells expressing MHC class II antigen, were unaffected by diet or age. Although mitogen-induced interferon (IFN)-gamma and nitric oxide (NO) secretion increased with age for all calves, PBMC from intensified-diet calves produced less IFN-gamma and more NO than did cells from standard-diet calves at week 6 of the study. Antigen-induced secretion of IFN-gamma and NO also increased with age but was unaffected by diet. Antigen-elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity was unaffected by diet, suggesting increased dietary protein and energy did not alter adaptive immunity in vivo. Overall, these results suggest that feeding calves a commercially available, intensified milk replacer affects minimally the composition and functional capacities of PBMC populations. Additional research is necessary to determine whether these subtle effects influence the calf’s susceptibility to infectious disease.

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