scholarly journals Exploring Sexual Dimorphism in the Intestinal Microbiota of the Yellow Drum (Nibea albiflora, Sciaenidae)

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidong Li ◽  
Lei Lu ◽  
Ruiyi Chen ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Dongdong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nibea Albiflora ◽  
Main Components

Most of fish species exhibit striking sexual dimorphism, particularly during growth. There are also sexual dimorphisms of internal organs and biological functions, including those of intestinal microbiota, which likely plays a key role in growth. In this study, the growth and intestinal microbiota of the female, male, and all-female Nibea albiflora (yellow drums) were comprehensively analyzed. The caged culture female and all-female yellow drums showed higher growth rates than males. A further analysis of the intestinal microbiota showed a significant difference in diversity between females and males in the summer, whereas there were no significant differences in the diversity and richness between females and males in the winter. In contrast, a significant difference in richness was observed between all-female and male fish, regardless of the season. Although the main composition of the intestinal microbiota showed no significant sex differences, the community structure of the intestinal microbiota of yellow drums did. Furthermore, the correlations between intestinal microbial communities are likely to be influenced by sex. The ecological processes of the intestinal microbial communities of the yellow drums showed clear sexual dimorphism. Further network analysis revealed that, although the main components of the network in the intestinal microbiota of female, male, and all-female fish were similar, the network structures showed significant sex differences. The negative interactions among microbial species were the dominant relationships in the intestinal ecosystem, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were identified as the functional keystone microbes. In addition, the functional pathways in the intestinal microbiota of yellow drums showed no significant sexual or seasonal differences. Based on the findings of this study, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between sex, growth, and intestinal microbiota in yellow drums.

scholarly journals Different on the inside: extreme swimbladder sexual dimorphism in the South Asian torrent minnows

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 20140348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin W. Conway ◽  
Ralf Britz ◽  
Dustin S. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
The South ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
First Time

The swimbladder plays an important role in buoyancy regulation but is typically reduced or even absent in benthic freshwater fishes that inhabit fast flowing water. Here, we document, for the first time, a remarkable example of swimbladder sexual dimorphism in the highly rheophilic South Asian torrent minnows ( Psilorhynchus ). The male swimbladder is not only much larger than that of the female (up to five times the diameter and up to 98 times the volume in some cases), but is also structurally more complex, with multiple internal septa dividing it into smaller chambers. Males also exhibit a strange organ of unknown function or homology in association with the swimbladder that is absent in females. Extreme sexual dimorphism of non-gonadal internal organs is rare among vertebrates and the swimbladder sexual dimorphisms that we describe for Psilorhynchus are unique among fishes.

scholarly journals 358 Understanding the role of the fecal bacterial microbiota in equine colic

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 94-94
Author(s):  
Dipti Pitta ◽  
Nagaraju Indugu ◽  
Meagan Hennessy ◽  
Bonnie Vecchiarelli ◽  
Holly Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The horse is uniquely adapted for hindgut fermentation, and the microbiota within the hindgut contribute to immune system stimulation, protection against harmful pathogens and toxins, and regulation of gene expression within the host. Many factors, such as dietary changes, antimicrobials, pathogens, and changes in management, can perturb the microbial communities leading to gastrointestinal complications such as colitis and colic in horses. With advances in genomic tools to characterize microbiota, efforts to expand the body of knowledge on the community structure and function of equine gut microbiota in health and disease are increasing within the equine research community. Colic is an important equine disease. While epidemiological studies have identified risk factors for colic, and intestinal inflammation may play a role in some horses with recurrent colic, there are very few studies investigating the role of the intestinal microbiota in colic. We compared the microbial communities of horses admitted to the hospital for colic to those of horses admitted for an elective procedure. We found a significant difference at the community level (alpha and beta diversity) and also between individual bacterial populations. Furthermore, we also found that location of lesions in the GI tract, duration of colic (acute vs. chronic), and other factors altered the microbial ecology of the equine gut microbiota. Notably, we also investigated whether the changes in microbiota induced by colic were confounded by withholding feed. We found that withholding feed from horses for 24 h induced a significant shift in the microbiota, which reverted to normal within 12 h after the horses gained access to feed. From our experiments, it is becoming increasingly clear that colic in horses induces changes in specific bacterial populations along with generalized changes that are confounded with many other factors. Further research is needed particularly in horses with recurrent colic to determine the association between the intestinal microbiota, diet and management factors, and inflammation.

scholarly journals Understanding the Evolution of Ecological Sex Differences: Integrating Character Displacement and the Darwin-Bateman Paradigm

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen De Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Causal Models ◽  
Evolution Of Sex ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Phenotypic Divergence ◽  
Ecological Character Displacement ◽  
Trait Space

Sex differences in selection arise for two possible reasons: 1) differences originating from anisogamy – the Darwin-Bateman paradigm – and 2) competition-driven ecological character displacement (ECD), agnostic of anisogamy. Despite mounting evidence of ECD and increasing focus on the ecological causes and consequences of sexual dimorphism, progress in understanding the evolution of ecological sex differences has likely been hindered because ecological dimorphisms are not exclusive to ECD. I argue that embracing non-exclusivity of causal models of sexual dimorphism itself provides insights into evolution of sex differences. This integrated view of the evolution of sexual dimorphism leads to four predictions for how sex-specific selection and phenotypic divergence between the sexes change over the course of the evolution of sexual dimorphism. First, dimorphism resulting directly from anisogamy likely precedes evolution of ecological dimorphism driven by ECD. Second, ecological sexual dimorphism driven by ECD may (initially) evolve in directions in trait space favored by other sources of sex-specific selection. Third, we may expect correlated evolution of ecological dimorphism and other forms of sexual dimorphism. Finally, ecological optima may be sex specific even when competition plays a role in reaching them. Rather than simply a less-parsimonious alternative explanation for ecological sex differences, ECD should be seen as one likely contributor to sex-specific selection that could act at predictable times during the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphisms.

scholarly journals Poultry feeds carry diverse microbial communities that influence chicken intestinal microbiota colonisation and maturation

AMB Express ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Haberecht ◽  
Yadav S. Bajagai ◽  
Robert J. Moore ◽  
T. T. Hao Van ◽  
Dragana Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Poultry Feeds

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4620
Author(s):  
Holly J. Woodward ◽  
Dongxing Zhu ◽  
Patrick W. F. Hadoke ◽  
Victoria E. MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Primary Male

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.

scholarly journals Discovery of novel community-relevant small proteins in a simplified human intestinal microbiome

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Petruschke ◽  
Christian Schori ◽  
Sebastian Canzler ◽  
Sarah Riesbeck ◽  
Anja Poehlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Human Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in protecting the host from pathogenic microbes, modulating immunity and regulating metabolic processes. We studied the simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMIx) consisting of eight bacterial species with a particular focus on the discovery of novel small proteins with less than 100 amino acids (= sProteins), some of which may contribute to shape the simplified human intestinal microbiota. Although sProteins carry out a wide range of important functions, they are still often missed in genome annotations, and little is known about their structure and function in individual microbes and especially in microbial communities. Results We created a multi-species integrated proteogenomics search database (iPtgxDB) to enable a comprehensive identification of novel sProteins. Six of the eight SIHUMIx species, for which no complete genomes were available, were sequenced and de novo assembled. Several proteomics approaches including two earlier optimized sProtein enrichment strategies were applied to specifically increase the chances for novel sProtein discovery. The search of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data against the multi-species iPtgxDB enabled the identification of 31 novel sProteins, of which the expression of 30 was supported by metatranscriptomics data. Using synthetic peptides, we were able to validate the expression of 25 novel sProteins. The comparison of sProtein expression in each single strain versus a multi-species community cultivation showed that six of these sProteins were only identified in the SIHUMIx community indicating a potentially important role of sProteins in the organization of microbial communities. Two of these novel sProteins have a potential antimicrobial function. Metabolic modelling revealed that a third sProtein is located in a genomic region encoding several enzymes relevant for the community metabolism within SIHUMIx. Conclusions We outline an integrated experimental and bioinformatics workflow for the discovery of novel sProteins in a simplified intestinal model system that can be generically applied to other microbial communities. The further analysis of novel sProteins uniquely expressed in the SIHUMIx multi-species community is expected to enable new insights into the role of sProteins on the functionality of bacterial communities such as those of the human intestinal tract.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Triad of Acquired Sensorineural Hearing Loss

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8111
Author(s):  
Kuang-Hsu Lien ◽  
Chao-Hui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss

The triad of noise-generated, drug-induced, and age-related hearing loss is the major cause of acquired sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) in modern society. Although these three forms of hearing loss display similar underlying mechanisms, detailed studies have revealed the presence of sex differences in the auditory system both in human and animal models of ASNHL. However, the sexual dimorphism of hearing varies among noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), ototoxicity, and age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Importantly, estrogen may play an essential role in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms in the cochlea and several reports have shown that the effects of hormone replacement therapy on hearing loss are complex. This review will summarize the clinical features of sex differences in ASNHL, compare the animal investigations of cochlear sexual dimorphism in response to the three insults, and address how estrogen affects the auditory organ at molecular levels.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict drives micro- and macroevolution of sexual dimorphism in immunity

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basabi Bagchi ◽  
Quentin Corbel ◽  
Imroze Khan ◽  
Ellen Payne ◽  
Devshuvam Banerji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Seed Beetles

Abstract Background Sexual dimorphism in immunity is believed to reflect sex differences in reproductive strategies and trade-offs between competing life history demands. Sexual selection can have major effects on mating rates and sex-specific costs of mating and may thereby influence sex differences in immunity as well as associated host–pathogen dynamics. Yet, experimental evidence linking the mating system to evolved sexual dimorphism in immunity are scarce and the direct effects of mating rate on immunity are not well established. Here, we use transcriptomic analyses, experimental evolution and phylogenetic comparative methods to study the association between the mating system and sexual dimorphism in immunity in seed beetles, where mating causes internal injuries in females. Results We demonstrate that female phenoloxidase (PO) activity, involved in wound healing and defence against parasitic infections, is elevated relative to males. This difference is accompanied by concomitant sex differences in the expression of genes in the prophenoloxidase activating cascade. We document substantial phenotypic plasticity in female PO activity in response to mating and show that experimental evolution under enforced monogamy (resulting in low remating rates and reduced sexual conflict relative to natural polygamy) rapidly decreases female (but not male) PO activity. Moreover, monogamous females had evolved increased tolerance to bacterial infection unrelated to mating, implying that female responses to costly mating may trade off with other aspects of immune defence, an hypothesis which broadly accords with the documented sex differences in gene expression. Finally, female (but not male) PO activity shows correlated evolution with the perceived harmfulness of male genitalia across 12 species of seed beetles, suggesting that sexual conflict has a significant influence on sexual dimorphisms in immunity in this group of insects. Conclusions Our study provides insights into the links between sexual conflict and sexual dimorphism in immunity and suggests that selection pressures moulded by mating interactions can lead to a sex-specific mosaic of immune responses with important implications for host–pathogen dynamics in sexually reproducing organisms.

scholarly journals Gender Determination by Linear Dimension of Permanent Canine: An Odontometric Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
B Sharma ◽  
N Balaji ◽  
MK Sumathi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Linear Dimension ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Racial Background ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Natural Change ◽  
The Individual

Background and objectives: Identification, an aspect of forensic anthropology, is the recognition of an individual based on the physical characteristics unique to the individual. Among the four main attributes i.e. gender, age, stature and ethnic or racial background of an individual’s biological identity, sex determination is usually the first step in the human identification process. Teeth can be used as a means of sex determination as teeth are resistant to post-mortem degradation and survive deliberate, accidental or natural change. This study was carried out with an objective to determine the sexual dimorphism of maxillary and mandibular canine by linear tooth diameter for permanent dentition in Moradabad population. Material and Methods: A total number of 40 subjects (20 Males and 20 Females) were included in this study. After obtaining an informed written consent, alginate impression was taken with help of perforated impression trays and study models were prepared with type IV dental stone. Linear (MD, BL, Crown Height) were taken with digital vernier caliper. Results: It was observed that males’ shows more mean linear crown diameter as compared to females. Also, the mesiodistal and buccolingual measurement shows statistically significant difference for all canines, being higher for males than females. Conclusion: The present study has expressed sexual dimorphism of permanent canine using Student’s test and indicate that linear dimension of maxillary canine can be used for sexual diamorphism with accuracy along with other accepted procedure for sex determination. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v2i1.11392   Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2014) Vol. 2 (1): 23-27

Sex Differences in Response to Absurd, Aggressive, Pro-Feminist, Sexual, Sexist, and Racial Jokes

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Ingrando
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
Catholic College ◽  
Significant Difference

50 male and 50 female students attending a small Catholic college in a suburban area were given a questionnaire of 30 jokes and 20 biographical questions. The subjects rated the jokes on scale of 1 (not at all funny) through 5 (very funny). The jokes had been previously categorized by 5 male and 5 female judges independently into absurd, aggressive, profeminist, sexual, sexist, and racial. No significant difference was found between the sexes on feminist attitude and use of humor. Correlations between categories of jokes and total joke responses were significant. Results were not consistent with previous studies. Reasons for the differences were examined.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document