scholarly journals Transcriptomic Effects of Healthspan-Promoting Dietary Interventions: Current Evidence and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Wahl ◽  
Thomas J. LaRocca
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
Insight Into

Aging is the greatest risk factor most diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cancers, diabetes, and neurodegeneration, but select nutritional interventions may profoundly reduce the risk for these conditions. These interventions include calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, protein restriction, and reducing intake of certain amino acids. Certain ad libitum diets, including the Mediterranean, Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability, and Okinawan diets also promote healthy aging. Evidence indicates that these dietary strategies influence aging and healthspan by acting on the biological “hallmarks of aging” and especially upstream nutrient sensing pathways. Recent advances in “omics” technologies, including RNA-sequencing (transcriptomics), have increased our understanding of how such nutritional interventions may influence gene expression related to these biological mediators of aging, primarily in pre-clinical studies. However, whether these effects are also reflected in the human transcriptome, which may provide insight on other downstream/related cellular processes with aging, is an emerging topic. Broadly, the investigation of how these nutritional interventions influence the transcriptome may provide novel insight into pathways associated with aging, and potential targets to treat age-associated disease and increase healthspan. Therefore, the purpose of this mini review is to summarize what is known about the transcriptomic effects of key dietary/nutritional interventions in both pre-clinical models and humans, address gaps in the literature, and provide insight into future research directions.

scholarly journals Methodological challenges to evaluating the health economic impact of nutritional interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Jordana Kate Schmier ◽  
Ellen T Chang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Uncertainty Measurement ◽  
Insight Into

Enhancing the diet by increasing or decreasing consumption of selected foods or nutrients is a well-accepted method of improving population health in certain settings.  However, the economic impact of most dietary interventions is largely unknown.  Studies in the past decade have started to estimate the effects on healthcare costs, often through economic models, but the evaluation of nutritional interventions is challenging and faces uncertainties unique to the domain, compared with more straightforward analyses of medical or surgical interventions.  This paper discusses three main areas of uncertainty: measurement of consumption, assessing effectiveness, and considerations about the economic inputs to a model.  Insight into these sources of uncertainty can help readers assess the quality of existing studies, and provide guidance for their future research.

Diet and Neurocognition in Mood Disorders - An Overview of the Overlooked

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 2353-2362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicent Balanzá-Martínez ◽  
Flavio M. Shansis ◽  
Amparo Tatay-Manteiga ◽  
Pilar López-García
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

Bipolar disorder and major depression are associated with significant disability, morbidity, and reduced life expectancy. People with mood disorders have shown higher ratios of unhealthy lifestyle choices, including poor diet quality and suboptimal nutrition. Diet and nutrition impact on brain /mental health, but cognitive outcomes have been less researched in psychiatric disorders. Neurocognitive dysfunction is a major driver of social dysfunction and a therapeutic target in mood disorders, although effective cognitive-enhancers are currently lacking. This narrative review aimed to assess the potential cognitive benefits of dietary and nutritional interventions in subjects diagnosed with mood disorders. Eight clinical trials with nutrients were identified, whereas none involved dietary interventions. Efficacy to improve select cognitive deficits has been reported, but results are either preliminary or inconsistent. Methodological recommendations for future cognition trials in the field are advanced. Current evidence and future views are discussed from the perspectives of precision medicine, clinical staging, nutritional psychiatry, and the brain-gut-microbiota axis.

Intermittent Fasting: Physiological Implications on Outcomes in Mice and Men

Physiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Hee Lee ◽  
Navkiran Verma ◽  
Nikita Thakkar ◽  
Christy Yeung ◽  
Hoon-Ki Sung
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Insight Into

Intermittent fasting (IF) is a widely practiced dietary method that encompasses periodic restriction of food consumption. Due to its protective benefits against metabolic diseases, aging, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, IF continues to gain attention as a preventative and therapeutic intervention to counteract these chronic diseases. Although numerous animal studies have reported positive health benefits of IF, its feasibility and efficacy in clinical settings remain controversial. Importantly, since dietary interventions such as IF have systemic effects, thoroughly investigating the tissue-specific changes in animal models is crucial to identify IF’s mechanism and evaluate its potential adverse effects in humans. As such, we will review and compare the outcomes and underlying mechanisms of IF in both animal and human studies. Moreover, the limitations of IF and inconsistencies between preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed to provide insight into the gaps between translating research from bench to bedside.

scholarly journals Energy and caloric restriction, and fasting and cancer: a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezzeldin M. Ibrahim ◽  
Meteb H. Al-Foheidi ◽  
Mubarak M. Al-Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Robust Evidence

AbstractDietary interventions have a significant impact on body metabolism. The sensitivity of cancer cells to nutrient and energy deficiency is an evolving characteristic of cancer biology. Preclinical studies provided robust evidence that energy and caloric restrictions could hinder both cancer growth and progression, besides enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Moreover, several, albeit low-powered, clinical trials have demonstrated clinical benefits in cancer patients. Future research will inform and firmly establish the potential efficacy and safety of these dietary interventions. Here, we review the current evidence and ongoing research investigating the relationship between various dietary restriction approaches and cancer outcomes.

scholarly journals Biological activities of basil essential oil: a review of the current evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e363101220409
Author(s):  
Mayara Zagoto ◽  
Gabriel Fernando Esteves Cardia ◽  
Edvalkia Magna Teobaldo da Rocha ◽  
Kathia Socorro Mathias Mourão ◽  
Vanderly Janeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Pharmacological Potential ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Insight Into

Currently, natural products are being used as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment and prevention of several diseases due to their low toxicity and relevant pharmacological potential. Thus, we can highlight basil (Ocimum basilicum L), one of the most used aromatic plants worldwide. Therefore, we provide some current evidence and insight into the potential therapeutic effect of basil essential oil to expand the available knowledge. A narrative review was carried out by searching electronic databases, providing a comprehensive analysis of the literature, where it was possible to identify existing problems and gaps to facilitate future research on basil essential oil. The available literature on basil essential oil presents us with several important pharmacological activities, such as: antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic and diuretic properties, among others. However, further research must be carried out to increase knowledge about this plant with enormous potential and determine its effectiveness and use in clinical conditions.

scholarly journals Nutritional Mediators of Cellular Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 764-764
Author(s):  
Roger Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Nutritional Interventions

Abstract Aging is the primary risk factor for progressive loss of function, onset of disease, and increased vulnerability to negative health-related outcomes. These clinical manifestations arise from a decline in mitochondrial and metabolic processes considered the hallmarks of aging. Collectively, these changes can be defined as age associated cellular decline (AACD) and are often associated with signs and symptoms such as fatigue, reduced strength and low physical activity. This symposium will explore mechanisms, clinical signs, and emerging nutritional interventions for AACD. Dr. Feige’s presentation will serve as an introduction by highlighting mechanisms underlying functional declines in skeletal muscle with aging. He will discuss the Multi-Ethnic Molecular determinants of Sarcopenia (MEMOSA) study, which found impaired mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity in skeletal muscle of older adults with sarcopenia compared to age-matched controls, and identified mitochondrial function as a key target for intervention. Dr. Guralnik will discuss the connection between cellular changes and clinical manifestations of AACD. He will report on an expert consensus study group which developed an initial framework to identify self-reported symptoms and observable signs of AACD in adults over50 years. Lastly, Dr. Singh will discuss the evidence for nutritional interventions to address sources of AACD, focusing on those targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent research on dietary interventions with urolithin A (an activator of mitophagy) and nicotinamide riboside (an NAD+ booster) will be reviewed. Overall, this symposium will highlight key mechanisms and clinical signs of AACD, and the potential for novel nutrition interventions to support cellular function and healthy aging.

scholarly journals Intake of Products Containing Anthocyanins, Flavanols, and Flavanones, and Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha L. Gardener ◽  
Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith ◽  
Michael Weinborn ◽  
Catherine P. Bondonno ◽  
Ralph N. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Intracellular Signaling Pathway ◽  
Age Related

The purpose of this review is to examine human research studies published within the past 6 years which evaluate the role of anthocyanin, flavanol, and flavanone consumption in cognitive function, and to discuss potential mechanisms of action underlying any observed benefits. Evidence to date suggests the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods, such as berries and cocoa, may have the potential to limit, or even reverse, age-related declines in cognition. Over the last 6 years, the flavonoid subgroups of anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavanones have been shown to be beneficial in terms of conferring neuroprotection. The mechanisms by which flavonoids positively modulate cognitive function are yet to be fully elucidated. Postulated mechanisms include both direct actions such as receptor activation, neurotrophin release and intracellular signaling pathway modulation, and indirect actions such as enhancement of cerebral blood flow. Further intervention studies conducted in diverse populations with sufficient sample sizes and long durations are required to examine the effect of consumption of flavonoid groups on clinically relevant cognitive outcomes. As populations continue to focus on adopting healthy aging strategies, dietary interventions with flavonoids remains a promising avenue for future research. However, many questions are still to be answered, including identifying appropriate dosage, timeframes for intake, as well as the best form of flavonoids, before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the extent to which their consumption can protect the aging brain.

scholarly journals Current Evidence and Possible Future Applications of Creatine Supplementation for Older Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 745
Author(s):  
Darren G. Candow ◽  
Scott C. Forbes ◽  
Ben Kirk ◽  
Gustavo Duque
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aging Muscle

Sarcopenia, defined as age-related reduction in muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, is associated with other age-related health conditions such as osteoporosis, osteosarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, physical frailty, and cachexia. From a healthy aging perspective, lifestyle interventions that may help overcome characteristics and associated comorbidities of sarcopenia are clinically important. One possible intervention is creatine supplementation (CR). Accumulating research over the past few decades shows that CR, primarily when combined with resistance training (RT), has favourable effects on aging muscle, bone and fat mass, muscle and bone strength, and tasks of physical performance in healthy older adults. However, research is very limited regarding the efficacy of CR in older adults with sarcopenia or osteoporosis and no research exists in older adults with osteosarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, physical frailty, or cachexia. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is (1) to evaluate and summarize current research involving CR, with and without RT, on properties of muscle and bone in older adults and (2) to provide a rationale and justification for future research involving CR in older adults with osteosarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, physical frailty, or cachexia.

scholarly journals MCMs in Cancer: Prognostic Potential and Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si Yu ◽  
Guanqun Wang ◽  
Yue Shi ◽  
Haifeng Xu ◽  
Yongchang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Replication Initiation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Minichromosome Maintenance ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

Enabling replicative immortality and uncontrolled cell cycle are hallmarks of cancer cells. Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs) exhibit helicase activity in replication initiation and play vital roles in controlling replication times within a cell cycle. Overexpressed MCMs are detected in various cancerous tissues and cancer cell lines. Previous studies have proposed MCMs as promising proliferation markers in cancers, while the prognostic values remain controversial and the underlying mechanisms remain unascertained. This review provides an overview of the significant findings regarding the cellular and tumorigenic functions of the MCM family. Besides, current evidence of the prognostic roles of MCMs is retrospectively reviewed. This work also offers insight into the mechanisms of MCMs prompting carcinogenesis and adverse prognosis, providing information for future research. Finally, MCMs in liver cancer are specifically discussed, and future perspectives are provided.

scholarly journals Epidermal Lamellar Body Biogenesis: Insight Into the Roles of Golgi and Lysosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarmistha Mahanty ◽  
Subba Rao Gangi Setty
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Lamellar Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cargo Transport ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Lysosome Related Organelles ◽  
Golgi Network ◽  
Insight Into

Epidermal lamellar bodies (eLBs) are secretory organelles that carry a wide variety of secretory cargo required for skin homeostasis. eLBs belong to the class of lysosome-related organelles (LROs), which are cell-type-specific organelles that perform diverse functions. The formation of eLBs is thought to be related to that of other LROs, which are formed either through the gradual maturation of Golgi/endosomal precursors or by the conversion of conventional lysosomes. Current evidence suggests that eLB biogenesis presumably initiate from trans-Golgi network and receive cargo from endosomes, and also acquire lysosome characteristics during maturation. These multistep biogenesis processes are frequently disrupted in human skin disorders. However, many gaps remain in our understanding of eLB biogenesis and their relationship to skin diseases. Here, we describe our current understanding on eLB biogenesis with a focus on cargo transport to this LRO and highlight key areas where future research is needed.

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