scholarly journals Shifts in the Oral Microbiota During a Four-Week Commercial Saturation Dive to 200 Meters

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxane Monnoyer ◽  
Kjersti Haugum ◽  
Jacky Lautridou ◽  
Arnar Flatberg ◽  
Astrid Hjelde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Obligate Anaerobe ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Hyperbaric Stress ◽  
Bacterial Content ◽  
Metagenomic Approach

During commercial saturation diving, divers live and work under hyperbaric and hyperoxic conditions. The myriads of bacteria that live in and on the human body must adjust to the resultant hyperbaric stress. In this study, we examined the shifts in bacterial content in the oral cavity of saturation divers, using a metagenomic approach to determine the diversity in the composition of bacterial phyla and genera in saliva from 23 male divers before, during, and immediately after 4 weeks of commercial heliox saturation diving to a working depth of circa 200 m. We found that the bacterial diversity fell during saturation, and there was a change in bacterial composition; with a decrease at the phylum level of obligate anaerobe Fusobacteria, and an increase of the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Oribacterium, and Veillonella decreased, whereas Neisseria and Rothia increased. However, at the end of the decompression, both the diversity and composition of the microbiota returned to pre-dive values. The results indicate that the hyperoxic conditions during saturation may suppress the activity of anaerobes, leaving a niche for other bacteria to fill. The transient nature of the change could imply that hyperbaric heliox saturation has no lasting effect on the oral microbiota, but it is unknown whether or how a shift in oral bacterial diversity and abundance during saturation might impact the divers’ health or well-being.

scholarly journals Transition of Bacterial Diversity and Composition in Tongue Microbiota during the First Two Years of Life

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Kageyama ◽  
Mikari Asakawa ◽  
Toru Takeshita ◽  
Yukari Ihara ◽  
Shunsuke Kanno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

ABSTRACTNewborns are constantly exposed to various microbes from birth; hence, diverse commensal bacteria colonize the oral cavity. However, how or when these bacteria construct a complex and stable ecosystem remains unclear. This prospective cohort study examined the temporal changes in bacterial diversity and composition in tongue microbiota during infancy. We longitudinally collected a total of 464 tongue swab samples from 8 infants (age of <6 months at baseline) for approximately 2 years. We also collected samples from 32 children (aged 0 to 2 years) and 73 adults (aged 20 to 29 years) cross-sectionally as control groups. Bacterial diversities and compositions were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The tongue bacterial diversity in infancy, measured as the number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs), rapidly increased and nearly reached the same level as that in adults by around 80 weeks. The overall tongue bacterial composition in the transitional phase, 80 to 120 weeks, was more similar to that of adults than to that of the early exponential phase (EEP), 10 to 29 weeks, according to analysis of similarities. Dominant OTUs in the EEP corresponding toStreptococcus perorisandStreptococcus lactariusexponentially decreased immediately after EEP, around 30 to 49 weeks, whereas several OTUs corresponding toGranulicatella adiacens,Actinomyces odontolyticus, andFusobacterium periodonticumreciprocally increased during the same period. These results suggest that a drastic compositional shift of tongue microbiota occurs before the age of 1 year, and then bacterial diversity and overall bacterial composition reach levels comparable to those in adults by the age of 2 years.IMPORTANCEEvaluating the development of oral microbiota during infancy is important for understanding the subsequent colonization of bacterial species and the process of formation of mature microbiota in the oral cavity. We examined tongue microbiota longitudinally collected from 8 infants and found that drastic compositional shifts in tongue microbiota occur before the age of 1 year, and then bacterial diversity and overall bacterial composition reach levels comparable to those in adults by the age of 2 years. These results may be helpful for preventing the development of various diseases associated with oral microbiota throughout life.

scholarly journals TRFLP analysis for revealing the diversity of rice phyllosphere bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1743-1749
Author(s):  
SRI MARTINA WIRASWATI ◽  
ARIS TRI WAHYUDI ◽  
IMAN RUSMANA ◽  
ABDJAD ASIH NAWANGSIH
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
H Index ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Straightforward Method ◽  
Metagenomic Approach ◽  
Peak Value

Wiraswati SM, Wahyudi AT, Rusmana I, Nawangsih AA. 2018. TRFLP analysis for revealing the diversity of rice phyllospherebacteria. Biodiversitas 19: 1743-1749. Phyllosphere environment of rice plant is usually inhabited by diverse bacteria which mostlycontribute beneficial effects to the plant fitness. TRFLP method is a rapid and straightforward method to determine the bacterialdiversity of many environments, including rice phyllosphere environment. This study aimed to analyze rice phyllosphere bacterialdiversity of healthy rice plant cultivar Ciherang obtained from Sukabumi, Jasinga, and Situgede. The bacterial genomes were amplifiedand digested with two restriction enzymes, i.e., MspI and BstUI. The bacterial diversity (H’ index) and evenness (E index) werecalculated from the peak value. From TRFs analysis, Betaproteobacteria and Pseudomonadales were dominantly found in nearly allsamples with different relative abundance. In addition, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were also dominant in the severalsamples. The unique bacteria groups were inhabited in the sample from specific regions with certain growth phase. This finding informsus that the geographical factors might be more influent than the growth phase factor. Furthermore, the bacterial diversity and evennessof the metagenomic approach are higher than cultivation-dependent approach.

scholarly journals Effects of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on oral malodor and the oral environment: a single-center observational study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nao Suzuki ◽  
Richiko Beppu ◽  
Masahiro Yoneda ◽  
Toru Takeshita ◽  
Mikari Asakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Oral Malodor ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Organoleptic Test ◽  
H Pylori

Abstract Objective: Although a relationship between Helicobacter pylori and oral malodor has been suggested, it remains to be confirmed. One reason for this is that many studies assess oral malodor subjectively. Another reason for the uncertainty is that the reduction in oral malodor may be due to the effect of antibiotics on the oral microbiota. In this study, changes in oral malodor after eradication of H. pylori were investigated by organoleptic test and gas chromatography. In addition, the salivary bacterial composition and clinical parameters were analyzed.Results: The organoleptic test score, hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide concentrations, and all clinical parameters except for tongue-coating score were significantly decreased at 1 week compared with baseline. On the date that H. pylori was determined to have been eradicated from all of the subjects (7 weeks after treatment), only the organoleptic test score was significantly lower compared with baseline. Although the overall composition of the salivary bacterial populations was altered by antibiotic treatment, they had recovered at 7 weeks. Therefore, it is possible that the levels of odorous components other than volatile sulfur compounds related to oral malodor were decreased by H. pylori eradication.

scholarly journals Relative Contributions of Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors on Mosquito Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haikel Nasser Bogale ◽  
Matthew V. Cannon ◽  
Kalil Keita ◽  
Denka Camara ◽  
Yaya Barry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Main Driver

Abstract Background The commensal microbiota of mosquitoes impacts their development, immunity, and competency, and could provide a target for alternative entomological control approaches. However, despite the importance of the mosquito/microbiota interactions, little is known about the relative contribution of genetic and non-genetic factors in shaping the bacterial communities of mosquitoes. Methods We used a high-throughput sequencing based assay to characterize the bacterial composition and diversity of 665 individual field-caught mosquitoes, as well as their species, genotype at an insecticide resistance locus, blood meal composition, and the eukaryotic parasites and viruses they carry. We then used these data to rigorously estimate the individual effect of each parameter on the bacterial diversity as well as their relative contribution to the microbial composition. Results Overall, multivariate analyses did not reveal any significant contribution of the mosquito species, insecticide resistance or blood meal to the bacterial composition of the mosquitoes surveyed. Infection with parasites and viruses only contributed very marginally and the main driver of the bacterial diversity was the location where each mosquito was collected which explained roughly 20% of the variance observed. Conclusions This analysis shows that, when confounding factors are taken into account, the sites where the mosquitoes are collected is the main driver of the bacterial diversity of wild-caught mosquitoes, although further studies will be needed to determine how the specific components of the local environment affecting the bacterial composition.

scholarly journals The Dysbiosis and Inter-Kingdom Synergy Model in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, a New Perspective in Pathogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martinna Bertolini ◽  
Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Significant Enrichment ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Mucosal Candidiasis ◽  
The Relationship

As more information emerges on oral microbiota using advanced sequencing methodologies, it is imperative to examine how organisms modulate the capacity of each other to colonize or trigger infection. Most mouse models of oral C. albicans infection have focused on interactions with single bacterial species. Thus, little is known about the microbiome-mediated interactions that control the switch of C. albicans from commensalism to infection. Evidence is accumulating that in immunosuppression where mucosal candidiasis is more prevalent, there is an altered oral bacterial microbiome with reduced diversity, but not an altered mycobiome. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunosuppressed humans and mice is associated with a further reduction in oral bacterial diversity and a dysbiotic shift with significant enrichment of streptococcal and enterococcal species. Our recent studies in a cancer chemotherapy mouse model supported the combined profound effect of immunosuppression and C. albicans in reducing oral bacterial diversity and provided the first direct evidence that these changes contribute to pathogenesis, representing dysbiosis. There is still a gap in understanding the relationship between Candida and the oral bacterial microbiome. We propose that certain oral commensal bacteria contribute to fungal pathogenesis and we identify gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in this cooperative virulence.

Metagenomic Approach to Bacterial Diversity and Lipolytic Enzymes’ Genes from a Steam Soil of Los Humeros Geothermal Field (Puebla, México)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Paola Carolina Mora-González ◽  
Graciela Espinosa-Luna ◽  
Abril Ramírez-Higuera ◽  
Carolina Peña-Montes ◽  
Gerardo Valerio-Alfaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Lipolytic Enzymes ◽  
Metagenomic Approach

Bacterial diversity associated with ornithogenic soil of the Ross Sea region, AntarcticaThis article is one of a selection of papers in the Special Issue on Polar and Alpine Microbiology.

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Aislabie ◽  
S. Jordan ◽  
J. Ayton ◽  
J. L. Klassen ◽  
G. M. Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Ornithogenic Soils ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Selection Of

In the Ross Sea region of Antarctica, ornithogenic soils form on land under Adélie Penguin rookeries. Compared with mineral soils of the Ross Sea region, ornithogenic soils are generally high in microbial biomass, organic carbon, and total nitrogen and phosphorus, with high electrical conductivity and large variations in pH. The objective of this study was to assess the bacterial composition of ornithogenic soils from Cape Hallett and Cape Bird in the Ross Sea region using culture-independent methods. Soil clone libraries were constructed and those clones that occurred ≥3 times were sequenced. The bacterial diversity of the soils was dependent on the presence of penguins. Firmicutes most closely related to the endospore-formers (e.g., Oceanobacillus profundus and Clostridium acidurici ) and (or) Gammaproteobacteria belonging to the genus Psychrobacter dominated soils currently occupied with penguins. In contrast, Gammaproteobacteria, closely related to cultured members of the genera Rhodanobacter , Psychrobacter , Dokdonella , and Lysobacter , dominated the soils previously colonized by penguins. Results of this study indicate that despite relatively high nutrient levels and microbial biomass, bacterial communities of ornithogenic soils were not more diverse than those of mineral soils of the Ross Sea region of Antarctica.

Oral Health Impacts on Flavor and Significance in Dental Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 238008442199509
Author(s):  
G. Ellender ◽  
P. Moynihan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Restorative Materials

The mouth is pivotal in the generation of flavor, the pleasure of eating, and the selection of food. Flavor—representing the integration of olfaction (smell) with gustation (physiologic taste) and as influenced by oral somatosenses—is rarely afforded attention in oral research and dental practice. This article considers the interrelationship between oral health and flavor and highlights gaps in current knowledge. Altered oral function associated with operative and restorative treatment can feasibly alter the perception of flavor through diverse ways. Oral diseases and the generation of biofilms on restorative materials have potential to influence the oral microbiota and the perception of flavor. Alterations in masticatory function (through tooth loss, restorative materials, and prostheses with nonbiological surfaces and shapes) compounded by associated influences in the composition and quantity of saliva can affect the release of odorants and tastants from foods and beverages. Furthermore, changes occur in the perception of flavor throughout life and are significant in the aging and medically compromised population with the potential to affect nutrition and pleasure. Dental research and clinical practice should be at the forefront of biomedical science in understanding and promoting the importance and relevance of flavor in the well-being of patients. However, more research is required to guide clinical practice in consideration of olfactory and gustatory function as a component of total patient care. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This commentary highlights the research gaps in knowledge pertaining to the association between oral health and flavor and the significance of flavor to dental practice.

scholarly journals Effects of simulated warming on bacterial diversity and abundance in tropical soils from East Malaysia using open top chambers

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Chuen Yang Chua ◽  
Clemente Michael Vui Ling Wong
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Soil Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
16S Rdna Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Set Up

The effects of global warming are increasingly evident, where global surface temperatures and atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide have increased in past decades. Given the role of terrestrial bacteria in various ecological functions, it is important to understand how terrestrial bacteria would respond towards higher environmental temperatures. This study aims to determine soil bacterial diversity in the tropics and their response towards in situ warming using an open-top chamber (OTC). OTCs were set up in areas exposed to sunlight throughout the year in the tropical region in Malaysia. Soil samples were collected every 3 months to monitor changes in bacterial diversity using V3–V4 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing inside the OTCs (treatment plots) and outside the OTCs (control plots). After 12 months of simulated warming, an average increase of 0.81 to 1.15 °C was recorded in treatment plots. Significant changes in the relative abundance of bacterial phyla such as Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi were reported. Increases in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria were also observed in treatment plots after 12 months. Substantial changes were observed at the genus level, where most bacterial genera decreased in relative abundance after 12 months. This study demonstrated that warming can alter soil bacteria in tropical soils from Kota Kinabalu.

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