Proper Immune Response Depends on Early Exposure to Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chicks

The successional changes in the early intestinal microbiota occur concomitantly with the development, expansion, and education of the mucosal immune system. Although great attention of researchers has been focused on understanding the linkage between microbiota and immune functions, many essential details of the symbiotic relationship between the intestinal pioneer microbiota and the avian immune system remain to be discovered. This study was conducted to understand the impact of different early life intestinal colonizers on innate and adaptive immune processes in chicks and further identify immune-associated proteins expressed in the intestinal tissue. To accomplish it, we performed an in ovo application of two apathogenic Enterobacteriaceae isolates and lactic acid bacteria (L) to determine their influences on the intestinal proteome profile of broilers at the day of hatch (DOH) and at 10 days old. The results indicated that there were predicted biological functions of L-treated chicks associated with the activation and balanced function of the innate and adaptive immune systems. At the same time, the Enterobacteriaceae-exposed birds presented dysregulated immunological mechanisms or downregulated processes related to immune development. Those findings suggested that a proper immune function was dependent on specific gut microbiota exposure, in which the prenatal probiotic application may have favored the fitting programming of immune functions in chicks.

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Immunosenescence : Penuaan Pada Sel Makrofag

Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran ◽

10.26891/jik.v13i1.2019.14-22 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Fajri Marindra Siregar

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Dna Repair ◽

Immune System ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Wound Repair ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Class Ii Mhc ◽

Weakening Of Immune System ◽

The Impact

Immune function will decrease with age. The weakening of immune system is known as immunosenescence.Macrophages that play a major role in carrying out innate and adaptive immune functions have potential to undergoaging (macrophaging). Some potential mechanisms that can affect the aging of macrophages include telomereshortening, oxidative damage and impaired DNA repair processes. The impact of macrophaging can be a decreasenumber of macrophages in bone marrow, changing cytokine secretion, decreasing class II MHC expression, changingmacrophages polarization, decreasing ability of phagocytosis, and decreasing ability of wound repair and tissueregeneration.

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Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 699

Author(s):

Cielo García-Montero ◽

Oscar Fraile-Martínez ◽

Ana M. Gómez-Lahoz ◽

Leonel Pekarek ◽

Alejandro J. Castellanos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Inflammatory Disorder ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Nutritional Components ◽

Westernized Diet ◽

Prevention And Health Promotion ◽

Health And Disease

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer) are rising worldwide. All of them share the condition of an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. These multifactorial maladies also have in common malnutrition related to physiopathology. In this context, diet is the greatest modulator of immune system–microbiota crosstalk, and much interest, and new challenges, are arising in the area of precision nutrition as a way towards treatment and prevention. It is a fact that the westernized diet (WD) is partly responsible for the increased prevalence of NCDs, negatively affecting both gut microbiota and the immune system. Conversely, other nutritional approaches, such as Mediterranean diet (MD), positively influence immune system and gut microbiota, and is proposed not only as a potential tool in the clinical management of different disease conditions, but also for prevention and health promotion globally. Thus, the purpose of this review is to determine the regulatory role of nutritional components of WD and MD in the gut microbiota and immune system interplay, in order to understand, and create awareness of, the influence of diet over both key components.

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T Cells Limit Accumulation of Aggregate Pathology Following Intrastriatal Injection of α-Synuclein Fibrils

Journal of Parkinson s Disease ◽

10.3233/jpd-202351 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Sonia George ◽

Trevor Tyson ◽

Nolwen L. Rey ◽

Rachael Sheridan ◽

Wouter Peelaerts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

B Cells ◽

Substantia Nigra ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Proteinase K ◽

T And B Cells ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Immunocompromised Mice ◽

The Impact

Background: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the predominant protein in Lewy-body inclusions, which are pathological hallmarks of α- synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Other hallmarks include activation of microglia, elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of T and B cells. These immune changes point towards a dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to recognize epitopes derived from α-syn and altered populations of T cells have been found in PD and MSA patients, providing evidence that these cells can be key to the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective To study the role of the adaptive immune system with respect to α-syn pathology. Methods: We injected human α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of immunocompromised mice (NSG) and assessed accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology, proteinase K-resistant α-syn pathology and microgliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. We also assessed the impact of adoptive transfer of naïve T and B cells into PFF-injected immunocompromised mice. Results: Compared to wildtype mice, NSG mice had an 8-fold increase in phosphorylated α-syn pathology in the substantia nigra. Reconstituting the T cell population decreased the accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology and resulted in persistent microgliosis in the striatum when compared to non-transplanted mice. Conclusion: Our work provides evidence that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental α-synucleinopathy.

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The Microbiotic Highway to Health—New Perspective on Food Structure, Gut Microbiota, and Host Inflammation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10111590 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1590 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Nina Hansen ◽

Anette Sams

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Food Structure ◽

New Perspective ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact

This review provides evidence that not only the content of nutrients but indeed the structural organization of nutrients is a major determinant of human health. The gut microbiota provides nutrients for the host by digesting food structures otherwise indigestible by human enzymes, thereby simultaneously harvesting energy and delivering nutrients and metabolites for the nutritional and biological benefit of the host. Microbiota-derived nutrients, metabolites, and antigens promote the development and function of the host immune system both directly by activating cells of the adaptive and innate immune system and indirectly by sustaining release of monosaccharides, stimulating intestinal receptors and secreting gut hormones. Multiple indirect microbiota-dependent biological responses contribute to glucose homeostasis, which prevents hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory conditions. The composition and function of the gut microbiota vary between individuals and whereas dietary habits influence the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota influences both the nutritional and biological homeostasis of the host. A healthy gut microbiota requires the presence of beneficial microbiotic species as well as vital food structures to ensure appropriate feeding of the microbiota. This review focuses on the impact of plant-based food structures, the “fiber-encapsulated nutrient formulation”, and on the direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participate in host immune function.

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The Roles of Prebiotics on Impaired Immune System in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Literature Review

Amerta Nutrition ◽

10.20473/amnt.v5i1sp.2021.21-26 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1SP) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Zakiudin Munasir

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Literature Review ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Immune System Development ◽

Narrative Literature ◽

Narrative Literature Review ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Background: After birth, preterm infants face numerous challenges, including short and long-term morbidities, to survive and grow well with impaired immune and gastrointestinal systems. According to data from 184 countries, preterm birth rate ranges from 5-18%, accounting for 35% of all new born deaths. Purpose: This literature review aimed to summarize the evidence for the impact of prematurity on immune system development and the benefit of prebiotics on gut microbiota and immune responses. Discussion: Various studies in this narrative literature review showed that preterm infants have both qualitative and quantitative immune response deficits compared to term infants. Preterm newborns also have impaired intestinal immunity, underdeveloped intestinal mucosa barrier, and gut dysbiosis, which predisposes them to life-threatening infections. Early balanced gut microbiota in infants believed to be essential for adequate intestinal physiological functions and immune system maturation. The use of prebiotics, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in human breast milk, has been found to decrease the risk of various infections and cognitive impairment. A previous study found that prebiotic oligosaccharides supplementation was well-tolerated, significantly increased Bifidobacteria growth, and reduced the presence of gut pathogens. Conclusions: There was robust evidence that breast milk and prebiotics supplementation may support the gut microbiome and immune system in preterm infants. However, different types of synthetic prebiotics offer different benefits, and the protective effect seems to depend on the supplementation duration and dosage.

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Impact of gut microbiota on immune system

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/030.2021.01532 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Farhad Riazi-Rad ◽

Ava Behrouzi ◽

Hoora Mazaheri ◽

Asal Katebi ◽

Soheila Ajdary

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Disease Susceptibility ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Vital Role ◽

Symbiotic Relationship ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Physiological Homeostasis ◽

Environmental Antigens

AbstractThe commensal microflora collection known as microbiota has an essential role in maintaining the host's physiological homeostasis. The microbiota has a vital role in induction and regulation of local and systemic immune responses. On the other hand, the immune system involves maintaining microbiota compositions. Optimal microbiota-immune system cross-talk is essential for protective responses to pathogens and immune tolerance to self and harmless environmental antigens. Any change in this symbiotic relationship may cause susceptibility to diseases. The association of various cancers and auto-immune diseases with microbiota has been proven. Here we review the interaction of immune responses to gut microbiota, focusing on innate and adaptive immune system and disease susceptibility.

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Suppression of the Peripheral Immune System Limits the Central Immune Response Following Cuprizone-Feeding: Relevance to Modelling Multiple Sclerosis

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8111314 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1314 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sen ◽

Almuslehi ◽

Gyengesi ◽

Myers ◽

Shortland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Synaptic Function ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Splenic Atrophy ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain ◽

Inside Out

Cuprizone (CPZ) preferentially affects oligodendrocytes (OLG), resulting in demyelination. To investigate whether central oligodendrocytosis and gliosis triggered an adaptive immune response, the impact of combining a standard (0.2%) or low (0.1%) dose of ingested CPZ with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), using pertussis toxin (PT), was assessed in mice. 0.2% CPZ(±PT) for 5 weeks produced oligodendrocytosis, demyelination and gliosis plus marked splenic atrophy (37%) and reduced levels of CD4 (44%) and CD8 (61%). Conversely, 0.1% CPZ(±PT) produced a similar oligodendrocytosis, demyelination and gliosis but a smaller reduction in splenic CD4 (11%) and CD8 (14%) levels and no splenic atrophy. Long-term feeding of 0.1% CPZ(±PT) for 12 weeks produced similar reductions in CD4 (27%) and CD8 (43%), as well as splenic atrophy (33%), as seen with 0.2% CPZ(±PT) for 5 weeks. Collectively, these results suggest that 0.1% CPZ for 5 weeks may be a more promising model to study the ‘inside-out’ theory of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, neither CD4 nor CD8 were detected in the brain in CPZ±PT groups, indicating that CPZ-mediated suppression of peripheral immune organs is a major impediment to studying the ‘inside-out’ role of the adaptive immune system in this model over long time periods. Notably, CPZ(±PT)-feeding induced changes in the brain proteome related to the suppression of immune function, cellular metabolism, synaptic function and cellular structure/organization, indicating that demyelinating conditions, such as MS, can be initiated in the absence of adaptive immune system involvement.

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In ovo administration of CpG ODN induces expression of immune response genes in neonatal chicken spleen

Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.1515/jvetres-2017-0050 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 451-458 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joanna Sajewicz-Krukowska ◽

Monika Olszewska-Tomczyk ◽

Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

High Dose ◽

Cpg Odn ◽

In Ovo ◽

Chicken Spleen ◽

Class B ◽

Synthetic Ligand ◽

The Impact ◽

Experimental Group

AbstractIntroduction:Due to their immunostimulatory properties TLR ligands are used prophylactically to protect against a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens in mammals. Knowledge of the molecular and functional aspects of TLRs is essential for a better understanding of the immune system and resistance to diseases in birds. For that reason, this study attempted to determine the impact of TLR21 stimulation by its synthetic ligand (CpG ODN, class B) on the chicken immune system.Material and Methods:Sixty embryonated chicken eggs were randomly allocated into three groups (control and two experimental groups). On day 18 of embryonic development, chickens in one experimental group were administeredin ovoa low dose of CpG ODN and the birds of the second experimental group were given a high dose of the ligand. Spleens were collected at 1, 2, 5, and 10 days post-hatching (dph) for analysis of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 expression using qRT-PCR.Results:Significant differences were observed in mRNA expression levels of all the measured cytokines associated with the modulation and regulation of the immune response at different time points.Conclusion:The obtained data clearly demonstrate that immune response induction takes place afterin ovoadministration of class B CpG ODN, and that the ligand has the ability to induce cytokine responses in neonatal chicken spleen.

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CRISPR/Cas9 and cancer

Veterinarska stanica ◽

10.46419/vs.53.2.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nora Mimoune ◽

Mohamed Wail Bahouh ◽

Said Boukhechem ◽

Djamel Khelef ◽

Rachid Kaidi

Keyword(s):

Cancer Research ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Immune System ◽

Genome Engineering ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Powerful Method ◽

Efficient Technology ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Mouse Models Of Cancer ◽

The Impact

CRISPR/Cas9 has become a powerful method for making changes to the genome of many organisms. First discovered in bacteria as part of an adaptive immune system, CRISPR/Cas9 and modified versions have found widespread use in genome engineering and in the activation or repression of gen expression. As such, CRISPR/Cas9 promises to accelerate cancer research by providing an efficient technology to dissect mechanisms of tumorigenesis, identify targets for drug development, and possibly arm cells for cell-based therapies. Here, we review the current applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for cancer research and therapy. We highlight the impact of CRISPR/Cas9 in generating organoid and mouse models of cancer. Finally, we provide an overview of the first clinical trials applying CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic approach against cancer.

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The role of microbiome in rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease ◽

10.1177/1759720x19844632 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 1759720X1984463 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Rahul Bodkhe ◽

Baskar Balakrishnan ◽

Veena Taneja

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Autoimmune Disorder ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Partial Restoration ◽

Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽

The Impact

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder with multifactorial etiology; both genetic and environmental factors are known to be involved in pathogenesis. Treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) plays an essential role in controlling disease progression and symptoms. DMARDs have immunomodulatory properties and suppress immune response by interfering in various pro-inflammatory pathways. Recent evidence has shown that the gut microbiota directly and indirectly modulates the host immune system. RA has been associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Patients with RA treated with DMARDs show partial restoration of eubiotic gut microbiome. Hence, it is essential to understand the impact of DMARDs on the microbial composition and its consequent influences on the host immune system to identify novel therapies for RA. In this review, we discuss the importance of antirheumatic-drug-induced host microbiota modulations and possible probiotics that can generate eubiosis.

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