Heterologous Overexpression of Arabidopsis cel1 Enhances Grain Yield, Biomass and Early Maturity in Setaria viridis

Physiology of green gram is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the thermal environment. Abnormally high temperatures during pod setting to pod development stage induces reduction in pod setting, nonhealthy development and early maturity of grain which results in yield decline. We evaluated the effect of elevated temperatures in a Temperature Gradient Tunnel (TGT) on phenology, physiology and crop performance of green gram cultivars at semi-arid climate of Indian Punjab (Ludhiana). Five green gram cultivars were grown in TGT chambers in a factorial randomized block design with varying level of elevated temperatures (+3.3° C to 5.2° C) for two consecutive kharif seasons (2015-2016). The results reveal that the phenological stages of green gram, were advanced under elevated temperature within the TGT compared to open / ambient condition by 12-13 days. Maximum influence was observed in pod formationand pod maturity stages. With rise in temperatures by 3.3 to 5.2°C in TGT over ambient condition, the plant height increased but the number of branches per plant and the total above ground biomass as well as grain yield decreased consistently. It was found that with 1 oC increase in average seasonal temperature, the grain yield decreased by 75 kg ha-1. On the other hand, the harvest index was in general lower inside TGT chamber implying adverse influence of elevated temperature on biomass production although the partitioning of biomass was more efficient inside the TGT as evident from increase in harvest index. There was strong negative correlation of elevated temperature (inside TGT) with different yield attributes like 1000 seed weight, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant. Among the five green gram cultivars, ML-2037 was the most tolerant while cv. SML-1811 was the most susceptible to elevated temperature condition. In general, the grain yield decreased linearly with gradual increase in temperature.Average seasonal temperature of 29-30 oC may be considered as the favourable thermal conditions for the green gram crop in semi-arid conditions of Punjab. However, the future thrust will be to create more temperature gradients in the lower side so that the critical temperature threshold limits for optimum yield of green gram can be ascertained more accurately.

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ASSESSING THE COMBINING ABILITY OF RICE GENOTYPES IN F1 GENERATION USING COMPLETE DIALLEL CROSS

Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.47432/2020.36.2.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 135-140

Author(s):

I. A. Odhano ◽

H. B. Bozdar ◽

M. A. Sial

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Short Stature ◽

Combining Ability ◽

Panicle Length ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Cross Combination ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Days To Heading

A complete diallel analysis was carried out to determine combining ability of Shandar, NIA-Mehran, NIA-19/A, KS-282 and Shua-92 rice varieties in F1 during 2017. The objective of the study was to identify potential recombinants for future rice breeding program. The research was conducted at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Genotypic mean squares were significant (P ?0.01) for all of the traits i.e.; days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of tillers plant-1, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and grain yield plant-1 indicating genetic variation. Importance of both additive and non-additive gene action was found with preponderance of additive genetic effects in expression of traits studied. Showing negative GCA effects, NIA-Mehran, NIA-19/A and Shua-92 proved better parent varieties for developing early maturity. While, NIA-Mehran, KS-282 and Shua-92 for developing short stature genotypes. While, Shandar remained the best combiner for yield and yield associated traits with higher positive GCA effects. Cross combination of Shandar × KS-282 was the best with higher negative effects for days to heading and maturity and higher positive effects for grain yield plant-1. NIA-Mehran × Shua-92 gave the highest negative SCA effects indicating best combination for short stature. In case of number of tillers plant-1 and grains panicle-1, the cross NIA-19/A × KS-282 was the better combination with the highest positive SCA effects. Shandar × NIA-Mehran manifested the highest value for panicle length. Findings of reciprocal SCA revealed that the reciprocal cross combination of Shua-92 × Shandar was fruitful illustrating negative effects for days to heading and maturity. While, KS-282 × NIA-Mehran was the best reciprocal combination for yield and yield associated traits. It is concluded that rice varieties Shandar and NIA-Mehran could be used to improve yield contributing traits in rice, while, NIA-Mehran and KS-282 may be used to improve early maturity and short stature in rice crop.

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Breeding Malting Barley under Stress Conditions in South America

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/3713-cjgpb ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 140-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Germán S

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

South America ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Rust ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Malting Quality ◽

Malt Extract ◽

Malting Barley ◽

Net Blotch ◽

Early Maturity

The annual average area sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare) in South America during 1999–2003 was 795 000 ha. In Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, two-rowed spring cultivars are used mostly for malt production. Research has been developed in private malting companies and official institutions supported by the industry. In Argentina, tolerance to drought and heat stress during grain filling are important in drier areas. Yield and malt extract had been improved in cultivars released from 1940 to 1998. In Brazil, progress in grain yield, grain size, malting quality, early maturity, and resistance to net blotch, powdery mildew, and leaf rust has been achieved by EMBRAPA and malting companies. Higher tolerance to soil acidity and resistance to spot blotch are required. Since 1976, malting barley breeding in INIA-Chile has improved grain yield, grain size, beer production efficiency, and resistance to scald, net blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust. Uruguay produces high quality malt exported mainly to Brazil. Malting companies have released locally bred and introduced cultivars since the early 1970’s. Initiated in 1988, INIA-Uruguay breeding program has improved yield, malting quality, and lodging and disease resistance. Fusarium head blight is a new challenge for research in Brazil and Uruguay. Information regarding malting barley production, the most important stresses in different areas of production, and breeding progress under South American conditions is provided.  

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Effect of plant density on grain yield and yield stability of sorghum hybrids differing in maturity

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9900257 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 257 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

LJ Wade ◽

ACL Douglas

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Yield Stability ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Yield Level ◽

Wide Range ◽

Plant Densities ◽

The Stability ◽

Sorghum Grain

The extent and significance of the maturity x density interaction in dryland grain sorghum, and its implications for yield stability, were examined for 3 hybrids over 6 locations. Site mean grain yield ranged from 0.44 to 4.96 t/ha. Early maturity was superior in environments truncated by water stress, while late maturity was superior in favourable environments. Mid-season maturity provided greater stability of grain yield. Maximum yield by each hybrid at each yield level did not differ significantly from yield at a density of 75 000 plants/ha. The highest grain yields should be obtained with plant densities of 50000-100000 plants/ha under rainfed conditions, where yield expectations range from 0 to 5.0 t/ha. The results demonstrate the stability of sorghum grain yield over a wide range of plant density and crop maturity. Regression analysis aided data presentation and interpretation.

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Influence of genotype, sowing date, and seeding rate on wheat development and yield

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9930751 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 751 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

DR Coventry ◽

TG Reeves ◽

HD Brooke ◽

DK Cann

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Sowing Time ◽

Spike Density ◽

Early Maturity ◽

North Eastern

A 3-year study was conducted to measure the effect of sowing time and seeding rate on the development and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under high-yielding conditions in north-eastern Victoria. A range of wheat cultivars with different development responses, including 'winter' types, was used in 2 experiments in each season. High grain yields for dryland wheat were measured in the first 2 seasons (1985-86), and in 1985, near-optimal water use efficiencies (>18 kg/ha. mm effective rainfall) were obtained. In the third season (1987) grain yield was limited by adverse climatic conditions-in the me- and post-anthesis period. In each season, grain yield declined with delay in sowing time. In 1985 there was a loss of 200-250 kg grain/ha for each week's delay in sowing time. In 1987, yield loss with delayed sowing was 50-110 kg grain/ha. In each season, cultivars with late or midseason maturity development gave the highest mean yields, and the use of these maturity types allowed earlier sowing, in mid April. However, with late sowing of wheat there was a trend for early maturity types to give higher yields, and so the use of 2 wheat cultivars with distinct maturity development responses to climate is recommended. If only 1 wheat cultivar is to be used, then a late maturity type is recommended. Higher wheat yields were also obtained as spike density increased, as a result of higher seeding rates. Our data suggest that in the higher rainfall region of north-eastern Victoria, a spike density of about 500 spikes/m2 is required to optimise wheat yields.

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Phenological development–yield relationships in spring barley in a subarctic environment

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps95-015 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 93-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. M. Dofing

Keyword(s):

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Fill Rate ◽

Physiological Maturity ◽

Early Maturing

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) producers in northern, marginal agricultural areas require cultivars that are both early maturing and high yielding. However, negative relationships between these two characteristics limit their simultaneous improvement. A better understanding of the relative contribution of the developmental stages to grain yield would assist breeders' selection. This study was undertaken to assess the relationships between patterns of phenological development and grain yield in barley grown in a subarctic environment. Sixteen genetically diverse spring barley cultivars were grown for 3 yr at Palmer, Alaska, and evaluated for grain fill rate, grain fill period, growing degree days (GDD) to heading, GDD from heading to physiological maturity, and GDD from physiological maturity to ripe maturity. Cultivars developed in temperate regions tended to have slower grain fill rates than those developed in subarctic regions. Rapid grain fill rate was associated with high kernel weight, but not with grain fill duration or grain yield. Increasing GDD to heading would result in higher grain yield, while increasing grain fill duration would have little effect. These results indicate that northern-adapted cultivars should have pre-heading periods lasting as long as possible, followed by short grain-fill periods. Simultaneous selection for early maturity and relatively long time to heading is recommended for the development of early-maturing, high-yielding cultivars adapted to northern conditions. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., phenology, development, yield

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Creation and study of raw material for grain sorghum breeding

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202022404018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 224 ◽

pp. 04018

Author(s):

E. A. Vertikova ◽

V I Zhuzhukin ◽

V V Pylnev ◽

L G Kurasova

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Arid Zone ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Raw Material ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Forage Crop ◽

Lower Volga Region ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Sorghum Breeding ◽

Variety Testing

For the arid zone of the Lower Volga region, grain sorghum is an important forage crop. The paper presents the results of a comparative assessment of grain yield and biomass of breeding lines of grain sorghum in the nursery of preliminary variety testing. The volume of the nursery for the preliminary variety testing was 117 breeding lines. The most productive were the breeding lines of grain sorghum, the grain yield of which reached 3.95 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-56); 4.10 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-113); 4.15 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-55); 4.50 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-92) with a yield of 3.75 t / ha of the standard variety Volzhskoe 4. As a result of scientific research, the promising breeding lines of grain sorghum were identified: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-92, which were recommended to be submitted for competitive variety testing. It is advisable to use the breeding line of grain sorghum PSI-17 / EV-54V for early maturity. The breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-90 are planned to be included in crosses to create varieties and hybrids with high grain quality. Breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-50, PSI-17 / EV-54, PSI-17 / EV-92 and PSI-17 / EV-127 are planned to be used in breeding for biomass yield.

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GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT AND STABILITY ANALYSES OF DRYLAND MAIZE HYBRIDS

10.21107/amzeri.2020.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Achmad Amzeri ◽

◽

B.S. DARYONO ◽

M. SYAFII ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Phenotypic Analysis ◽

Stability Parameters ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

The Stability

The phenotypic analysis of new candidate varieties at multiple locations could provide information on the stability of their genotypes. We evaluated the stability of 11 maize hybrid candidates in five districts in East Java Province, Indonesia. Maize hybrids with high yield potential and early maturity traits derived from a diallel cross were planted in a randomized complete block design with two checks (Srikandi Kuning and BISI-2) as a single factor with four replicates. The observed traits were grain yield per hectare and harvest age. The effects of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction on yield were highly significant (P < 0.01). KTM-1, KTM-2, KTM-4, KTM-5, and KTM-6 showed higher average grain yield per hectare than the checks (Srikandi Kuning = 8.49 ton ha−1 and BISI-2 = 7.32 ton ha−1) at five different locations. The average harvest age of 11 candidates was less than 100 days. KTM-4 and KTM-5 had production yields that were higher than the average yield of all genotypes in all environments (Yi > 7.78 tons ha−1) and were considered stable on the basis of three stability parameters, i.e., Finlay–Wilkinson, Eberhart–Russell, and additive main effect multiplicative interaction (AMMI). KTM-2 had the highest yield among all tested genotypes (9.33 ton ha−1) and was considered as stable on the basis of AMMI but not on the basis of Finlay–Wilkinson and Eberhart–Russell. KTM-1 performed well only in Pamekasan, whereas KTM-6 performed well only in Sampang. Thus, these two genotypes could be targeted for these specific locations.

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Inheritance of Early Maturity in Some Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Genotypes under Rain Fed Conditions in Northern Ghana

Advances in Agriculture ◽

10.1155/2018/8930259 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Emmanuel Yaw Owusu ◽

Richard Akromah ◽

Nicholas Ninju Denwar ◽

Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah ◽

Francis Kusi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Segregation Ratio ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Flower Initiation ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Cropping Season ◽

Maturity Indices ◽

Positive Correlations

A field experiment was conducted at Savanna Agricultural Research Institute in 2015 cropping season to examine the inheritance of early maturity among an extra-early maturing landrace Sanzi and a medium maturing variety Padi-Tuya and their progenies. The results indicated highly significant (P<0.01) genetic variations for the maturity indices, namely, days to first flower initiation (DFFI), days to 50% flowering (DFF), days to first pod maturity (DFPM), days to 90% pod maturity (DNPM), and plant height (P_PLT), seed per pod (S_Pod), and hundred seed weight (H_SWT). Heritability estimates for these traits varied from 74% to 99%. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between F1 and RF1, implying absence of maternal effect. The segregation ratio in the F2 population for early and medium maturity fitted into the ratio 3 : 1, indicating single dominant gene mode of inheritance. Significant positive correlations were found between DNPM, DFFI, DFF, and DFPM; hence selection criteria to improve early maturity of cowpea should focus on these traits. Grain yield also had significant positive correlations with maturity indices indicating high grain yield is associated with late maturity; therefore, high grain yield should be considered alongside early maturity when selecting progenies for earliness.

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