Effect of elevated temperature on green gram [Vigna radiata (I).Wilczek] performance under temperature gradient tunnel (TGT) environment in Punjab

Physiology of green gram is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the thermal environment. Abnormally high temperatures during pod setting to pod development stage induces reduction in pod setting, nonhealthy development and early maturity of grain which results in yield decline. We evaluated the effect of elevated temperatures in a Temperature Gradient Tunnel (TGT) on phenology, physiology and crop performance of green gram cultivars at semi-arid climate of Indian Punjab (Ludhiana). Five green gram cultivars were grown in TGT chambers in a factorial randomized block design with varying level of elevated temperatures (+3.3° C to 5.2° C) for two consecutive kharif seasons (2015-2016). The results reveal that the phenological stages of green gram, were advanced under elevated temperature within the TGT compared to open / ambient condition by 12-13 days. Maximum influence was observed in pod formationand pod maturity stages. With rise in temperatures by 3.3 to 5.2°C in TGT over ambient condition, the plant height increased but the number of branches per plant and the total above ground biomass as well as grain yield decreased consistently. It was found that with 1 oC increase in average seasonal temperature, the grain yield decreased by 75 kg ha-1. On the other hand, the harvest index was in general lower inside TGT chamber implying adverse influence of elevated temperature on biomass production although the partitioning of biomass was more efficient inside the TGT as evident from increase in harvest index. There was strong negative correlation of elevated temperature (inside TGT) with different yield attributes like 1000 seed weight, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant. Among the five green gram cultivars, ML-2037 was the most tolerant while cv. SML-1811 was the most susceptible to elevated temperature condition. In general, the grain yield decreased linearly with gradual increase in temperature.Average seasonal temperature of 29-30 oC may be considered as the favourable thermal conditions for the green gram crop in semi-arid conditions of Punjab. However, the future thrust will be to create more temperature gradients in the lower side so that the critical temperature threshold limits for optimum yield of green gram can be ascertained more accurately.

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Effect of Temperature on Sowing Dates of Wheat under Arid and Semi-Arid Climatic Regions and Impact Quantification of Climate Change through Mechanistic Modeling with Evidence from Field

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12070927 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 927

Author(s):

Jamshad Hussain ◽

Tasneem Khaliq ◽

Muhammad Habib ur Rahman ◽

Asmat Ullah ◽

Ishfaq Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Arid Region ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Seasonal Temperature ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Rcp 8.5 ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Semi Arid

Rising temperature from climate change is the most threatening factor worldwide for crop production. Sustainable wheat production is a challenge due to climate change and variability, which is ultimately a serious threat to food security in Pakistan. A series of field experiments were conducted during seasons 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 in the semi-arid (Faisalabad) and arid (Layyah) regions of Punjab-Pakistan. Three spring wheat genotypes were evaluated under eleven sowing dates from 16 October to 16 March, with an interval of 14–16 days in the two regions. Data for the model calibration and evaluation were collected from field experiments following the standard procedures and protocols. The grain yield under future climate scenarios was simulated by using a well-calibrated CERES-wheat model included in DSSAT v4.7. Future (2051–2100) and baseline (1980–2015) climatic data were simulated using 29 global circulation models (GCMs) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. These GCMs were distributed among five quadrants of climatic conditions (Hot/Wet, Hot/Dry, Cool/Dry, Cool/Wet, and Middle) by a stretched distribution approach based on temperature and rainfall change. A maximum of ten GCMs predicted the chances of Middle climatic conditions during the second half of the century (2051–2100). The average temperature during the wheat season in a semi-arid region and arid region would increase by 3.52 °C and 3.84 °C, respectively, under Middle climatic conditions using the RCP 8.5 scenario during the second half-century. The simulated grain yield was reduced by 23.5% in the semi-arid region and 35.45% in the arid region under Middle climatic conditions (scenario). Mean seasonal temperature (MST) of sowing dates ranged from 16 to 27.3 °C, while the mean temperature from the heading to maturity (MTHM) stage was varying between 12.9 to 30.4 °C. Coefficients of determination (R2) between wheat morphology parameters and temperature were highly significant, with a range of 0.84–0.96. Impacts of temperature on wheat sown on 15 March were found to be as severe as to exterminate the crop before heading. The spikes and spikelets were not formed under a mean seasonal temperature higher than 25.5 °C. In a nutshell, elevated temperature (3–4 °C) till the end-century can reduce grain yield by about 30% in semi-arid and arid regions of Pakistan. These findings are crucial for growers and especially for policymakers to decide on sustainable wheat production for food security in the region.

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Yield and partitioning in crops of contrasting cultivars of winter wheat in response to CO2 and temperature in field studies using temperature gradient tunnels

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859697005017 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 130 (1) ◽

pp. 17-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

G. R. BATTS ◽

R. H. ELLIS ◽

J. I. L. MORISON ◽

P. N. NKEMKA ◽

P. J. GREGORY ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temperature Gradient ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Biomass Yield ◽

Field Studies ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Seasonal Temperature ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Maximum Benefit ◽

The Impact

Diverse cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in the field in 1993/94 and 1994/95 at Reading UK in temperature gradient tunnels at normal atmospheric (c. 370) or elevated CO2 concentration (c. 700 μmol CO2 mol−1 air). In 1993/94, grain yield of cv. Avalon was insensitive to mean temperature (between 8·8 and 10·9°C), while elevated CO2 increased yield by 1·3 t ha−1 (12·6%). In all other cultivars, warming reduced grain yield and CO2 increased grain yield. In 1993/94, in cvs Galahad and Mercia the effects of CO2 and temperature on yield were additive. However, for cv. Hereward in both years and for cv. Soissons in 1994/95, there were negative interactions between the effects of CO2 and temperature on yield: the maximum benefit of doubling CO2 to grain yield, 4·5 and 2·7 t ha−1 (65 and 29%) respectively, occurred at cooler temperatures; there was no benefit from doubling CO2 (i.e. 0%) once the temperature had increased above the seasonal mean by 2·2–2·6°C in cv. Hereward and by 1·3°C in cv. Soissons. The beneficial effect of doubling CO2 on grain yield in cvs Galahad, Hereward, Mercia and Soissons was negated by an increase in mean seasonal temperature of only 0·7–2·0°C. Warming decreased root dry mass at anthesis in 1994/95 while it increased at elevated CO2 (49 and 186%, coolest and warmest regime, respectively). Carbon partitioned to roots declined progressively with warming, while at elevated CO2 there was an average of 56% increase in allocation to roots. The relative impacts of both CO2 and temperature were greater on root dry mass than on either grain yield or total above-ground biomass, while the effects on grain and biomass yield varied considerably between cultivars, suggesting that the impact of rising CO2 and temperature are likely to be dependent on cultivar.

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Phenotypic Traits, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Maize Cultivars Under Combinations of Management Practices in Semi-arid Conditions of Iran

International Journal of Plant Production ◽

10.1007/s42106-021-00151-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Rahimi Jahangirlou ◽

Gholam Abbas Akbari ◽

Iraj Alahdadi ◽

Saeid Soufizadeh ◽

Uttam Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Yield Components ◽

Management Practices ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Phenotypic Characteristics ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Maize Cultivars ◽

Semi Arid

AbstractIn semi-arid regions, selecting cultivars and planning management practices are critical issues for improving yields and reducing risks of maize cultivation in the short summer cropping season. This study aimed to assess the responses of grain yield (GY) and important phenotypic characteristics of maize cultivars from different maturity groups under various irrigation regimes, planting dates, and nitrogen rates, in a 2-year experiment. According to the clusters identified in the loading plot, stover yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE), height, leaf greenness index, stem weight, and ear size during flowering (VT/R1) were strongly correlated with GY, yield components and harvest index. Based on analysis of variance, more irrigation or N, or their interaction often increased GY, rows ear−1, grains row−1 and hundred-grain weight. Late planting decreased GY of KSC704 (late maturity cultivar). KSC260 (early maturity cultivar) had greater flexibility in planting time, required less days for maturity, and had less water consumption. The findings highlight the physiological basis of the relationship between the different phenotypic characteristics and how they affect GY and its components. They were in line with the established theories that higher RUE, biomass and sink activity (e.g. grain weight and numbers, and larger ear size) are associated with better genetic gains to produce high GY. Although the results were not consistent between years, findings suggested the good performance of recently released early maturity cultivars for use during the summer growing season.

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Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on growth and yield of wheat grown in sub-humid climate of eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)

MAUSAM ◽

10.54302/mausam.v68i3.702 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 499-506

Author(s):

VED PRAKASH ◽

S. K. DWIVEDI ◽

SANTOSH KUMAR ◽

J. S. MISHRA ◽

K. K. RAO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Ambient Condition ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Gangetic Plain ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Physiological Maturity

The atmospheric CO2 will be in the range of 510 to 760 L-1 by the end of 21st century and mean global temperature will be 1.5 to 4.5 oC higher than the present day which has a direct and indirect effect on agriculture. India is a key global region vulnerable to climate change; however, limited studies have focused on the combine effect of CO2 enrichment and temperature on wheat production in Sub-humid climate of eastern IGP in India. To address this issue, an Open top chamber (OTCs) experiment was conducted during 2013-14, to determine the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat. Wheat cultivars (DBW 14 and HD 2967) were grown with four treatment combination of CO2 and temperature in OTCs, during the rabi season. The study revealed that wheat genotypes performed better under elevated CO2 condition in term of grain number, test weight and grain yield than an ambient condition. The greater biomass under elevated CO2 was brought about by an increase in radiation use efficiency (RUE) during both heading and physiological maturity periods. Elevated temperature decreased the grain yield but increase plant height compared to ambient temperature. Days to physiological maturity was reduced by 4 to 7 days in both the cultivars under elevated temperature condition and increased by 3 to 4 days under the elevated CO2 condition with respect to ambient condition. The elevated CO2 had positive effects whereas elevated temperature had negative effects on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat. With elevation of both CO2 and temperature, elevated CO2 compensate the negative effects of elevated temperature on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat.

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Genetic Variability, Diversity and Association of Quantitative Traits with Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Journal of Bio-Science ◽

10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7110 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Praveen Pandey ◽

P John Anurag ◽

DK Tiwari ◽

SK Yadav ◽

Binod Kumar

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Oryza Sativa ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Height ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Test Weight ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Biological Yield

Context: Genetic diversity is pre-requisite for any crop improvement programme as it helps in the development of superior recombinants. Objectives: Recognizing the importance of genetic diversity in plant breeding experiments, the present research work was taken up to estimate genetic diversity in different accessions of rice for various agro-economically important characters. Materials and Methods: Experiments were carried out with 40 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes which were evaluated for yield and yield contributing traits in Kharif-2007-08. The data were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants from each replication for 12 quantitative characters studied. However days to 50% flowering was recorded on per plot basis. Mean values were subjected to analysis of variance to test the significance for each character. The genetic divergence was estimated and the grouping of the genotypes into cluster was done.Results: Sufficient amount of variability was found in the entire gene pool for all traits studied. The higher magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation was recorded for plant height, grain yield per hill, harvest index and biological yield per hill. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was registered for harvest index, grain yield, plant height, biological yield, test weight, number of tillers per hill and number of spikelets per panicle suggesting preponderance of additive gene action in the expression of these characters. On the basis of Mahalanobis D2 statistics the genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Plant height, biological yield and test weight contributed considerably, accounting for 86.16 % of total divergence. The genotypes superior in some clusters may be involve in a multiple crossing programme to recover transgressive segregants with high genetic yield potential and early maturity. Conclusion: The promising genotypes selected from diverse clusters should be involved in the hybridization programme in order to transfer some of the desirable yield contributing characters consisted by them. Key words: Rice (Oryza sativa); genetic variability; diversity; clustering pattern DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7110J. bio-sci. 17: 77-82, 2009

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Season and plant type affect the response of rice yield to nitrogen fertilisation in a semi-arid tropical environment

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/a97056 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 179 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. K. Borrell ◽

A. L. Garside ◽

S. Fukai ◽

D. J. Reid

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Season ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Northern Australia ◽

Plant Type ◽

Matter Production ◽

Early Maturing ◽

Semi Arid

Production of flooded direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in semi-arid tropical regions of northern Australia would be enhanced by increasing the efficiency of fertiliser nitrogen (N) use. Short-statured and early-maturing genotypes have replaced the taller and later genotypes in northern Australia, and they may respond differently to N. This paper reports the results of 4 experiments comparing the response of 3 rice genotypes differing in maturity and stature to 5 rates of applied nitrogen (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg/ha) over 4 seasons (2 wet and 2 dry seasons) in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area, northern Australia. Grain yield varied among seasons and was negatively correlated with average daily mean temperature during the 30-day period before anthesis. The response of yield to N fertilisation was generally higher in the dry season. Panicle number was correlated with grain yield in both seasons, yet responded to N fertilisation only in the dry season. In 3 of 4 experiments, grain yield responded to the application of up to 70 kg N/ha, yielding about 750 g/m2. In only 1 dry season experiment did grain yield respond to the application of 140 kg N/ha, yielding about 930 g/m2. In this experiment, the response of grain yield to N rate also varied among genotypes such that yield in the early-maturing genotypes (Newbonnet and Lemont) was more responsive to N rates above 70 kg/ha than in the late-maturing genotype (Starbonnet). Of the 3 genotypes examined, highest yields were attained in Newbonnet (early-maturing, medium-statured) by combining high total dry matter production with high harvest index, indicating that this plant type may have an advantage in northern Australia. Yields in Lemont (early-maturing, short-statured) and Starbonnet (late-maturing, tall-statured) were limited by dry matter production and harvest index, respectively. There is some evidence that increased dry matter production in Newbonnet compared with Lemont was related to increased stem length. The evidence linking high harvest index with increased earliness in Newbonnet compared with Starbonnet is less compelling.

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IMPROVEMENT OF SPRING DURUM WHEAT SELECTION METHODOLOGIES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2019/3/33-36 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 33-36

Author(s):

А. I. Grabovets ◽

V. P. Kadushkina ◽

S. А. Kovalenko

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Unit Area ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Chemical Mutagenesis ◽

Main Method ◽

The Relationship ◽

Selection Of

With the growing aridity of the climate on the Don, it became necessary to improve the methodology for conducting the breeding of spring durum wheat. The main method of obtaining the source material remains intraspecific step hybridization. Crossings were performed between genetically distant forms, differing in origin and required traits and properties. The use of chemical mutagenesis was a productive way to change the heredity of genotypes in terms of drought tolerance. When breeding for productivity, both in dry years of research and in favorable years, the most objective markers were identified — the size of the aerial mass, the mass of grain per plant, spike, and harvest index. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients between the yield per unit area and the elements of its structure is established. It was most closely associated with them in dry years, while in wet years it decreased. Power the correlation of the characteristics of the pair - the grain yield per square meter - the aboveground biomass averaged r = 0.73, and in dry years it was higher (0.91) than in favorable ones (0.61 - 0.70) , between the harvest and the harvest index - r = 0.81 (on average). In dry years, the correlation coefficient increased to 0.92. Research data confirms the greatest importance of the mass of grain from one ear and the plant in the formation of grain yield per unit area in both dry and wet years. In dry years, the correlation coefficient between yield and grain mass per plant was on average r = 0.80; in favorable years, r = 0.69. The relationship between yield and grain mass from the ear was greater — r = 0.84 and r = 0.82, respectively. Consequently, the breeding significance of the aboveground mass and the productivity of the ear, as a criterion for the selection of the crop, especially increases in the dry years. They were basic in the selection.

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Growth and grain yield of eight maize hybrids are aligned with water transport, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis in a semi‐arid irrigated system

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1111/ppl.13400 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sean M. Gleason ◽

Lauren Nalezny ◽

Cameron Hunter ◽

Robert Bensen ◽

Satya Chintamanani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Transport ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Semi Arid

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Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Mortar and Paste Cured at Room Temperature

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13091473 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1473

Author(s):

Jun Zhao ◽

Kang Wang ◽

Shuaibin Wang ◽

Zike Wang ◽

Zhaohui Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Elevated Temperature ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Residual Strength ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

High Volume ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Geopolymer Concrete ◽

Ordinary Concrete ◽

Exposure Temperature

This paper presents results from experimental work on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete, mortar and paste prepared using fly ash and blended slag. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted on large sets of geopolymer and ordinary concrete, mortar and paste after exposure to elevated temperatures. From Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) test results, the geopolymer exhibits excellent resistance to elevated temperature. Compressive strengths of C30, C40 and C50 geopolymer concrete, mortar and paste show incremental improvement then followed by a gradual reduction, and finally reach a relatively consistent value with an increase in exposure temperature. The higher slag content in the geopolymer reduces residual strength and the lower exposure temperature corresponding to peak residual strength. Resistance to elevated temperature of C40 geopolymer concrete, mortar and paste is better than that of ordinary concrete, mortar and paste at the same grade. XRD, TGA and SEM analysis suggests that the heat resistance of C–S–H produced using slag is lower than that of sulphoaluminate gel (quartz and mullite, etc.) produced using fly ash. This facilitates degradation of C30, C40 and C50 geopolymer after exposure to elevated temperatures.

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Studies on compatibility of nitrogen fixation by high-temperature-adapted Rhizobium strains and Vigna radiata genotypes at two moisture levels in calcareous soil

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600037692 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 101 (2) ◽

pp. 377-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

R. Rai ◽

V. Prasad

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

High Temperature ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Vigna Radiata ◽

Calcareous Soil ◽

Nitrogenase Activity ◽

Summer Season ◽

Green Gram ◽

Rhizobium Strains

SUMMARYRhizobium strains adapted to high temperature, and genotypes of green gram, were used to study the symbiotic N2-fixation in a summer season at two moisture levels in calcareous soil. Different interactions between strains and genotypes were observedatthe two moisture levels. At both moisture levels, strain S4 with the green gram genotype S8 showed the greatest grain yield, nitrogenase activity, leghaemoglobin and ethanolsoluble carbohydrate of nodules.

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